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Economics class 11 theory of Demand.pptx
- 1. 1 The Economics of Demand The Demand Curve Elasticity of Demand Changes in Demand
- 2. 2 Demand Why arenewspapers sold in vending machines that allow you to take more than one copy? How much do you eat when you can eat all you want? What cures ‘spring fever’? What economic principle is behind the saying, “Been there, done that”? Why do higher cigarette taxes cut smoking by teens more than by other age groups? Consider
- 3. 3 The Demand Curve Explain the law of demand Interpret a demand schedule and demand curve Objectives
- 4. 4 The Demand Curve demand law of demand marginal utility law of diminishing marginal utility demand curve quantity demanded individual demand market demand Key Terms
- 5. 5 Demand Demand indicates howmuch of a product consumers are both willing and able to buy at each possible price during a given period, other things remaining constant.
- 6. 6 Law of Demand Thelaw of demand says that quantity demanded varies inversely with price, other things constant. Thus, the higher the price, the smaller the quantity demanded.
- 7. 7 Law of Demand Demand,wants, and needs Substitution effect The change in the relative price (the price of one good relative to the prices of other goods) causes the substitution effect If all prices changed by same margin, there would be no substitution effect Income effect Money income – the number of dollars you receive per period Real income – measure in terms of how many goods and services you can buy Diminishing marginal utility Marginal utility – additional satisfaction you derive from each item Law of marginal utility you derive from each additional item consumed decreases as your consumption increases (example: pizza slices)
- 8. 8 Demand Schedule and DemandCurve Demand versus quantity demanded Individual demand Market demand
- 9. 9 Demand Schedule Price QuantityDemanded per Pizza per Week (millions) a $15 8 b 12 14 c 9 20 d 6 26 e 3 32
- 10. 10 8 14 2026 32 Millions of pizzas per week $15 12 9 6 3 0 Price per pizza Demand Curve for Pizza a b c d e D
- 11. 11 $12 8 4 1 (c) Chris $12 8 4 1 2 (b)Brianna $12 8 4 Price 1 2 3 Pizzas (per week) (a) Hector Individual Demand for Pizzas dH dB dC
- 12. 12 $12 8 4 Price 1 2 3Pizzas (per week) (d) Market demand for pizzas 6 Market Demand for Pizzas dH dB dC D + + =
- 13. 13 Elasticity of Demand Compute the elasticity of demand and explain its relevance. Discuss factors that influence elasticity of demand. Objectives
- 14. 14 Computing the Elasticity ofDemand Elasticity of demand measures the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by percentage change in price. Elasticity of demand = Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price
- 15. 15 Computing Elasticity of Demand Elasticityvalues >1 it is elastic Percentage change in price will result in larger percentage change in the quantity demanded =1 it is unit-elastic <1 it is inelastic Demand is usually more elastic at higher prices and less elastic with lower prices Elasticity and total revenue Price x’s quantity demanded at that price
- 16. 16 8 14 2026 32 Millions of pizzas per week $15 12 9 6 3 0 Price per pizza The Demand for Pizza D
- 17. 17 Determinants of Demand Elasticity Availability of substitutes The greater the availability of substitutes for a good, the greater the good’s elasticity of demand Share of consumer’s budget spent on the good Increase in prices reduced the demand because people are not both willing and able to purchase @ higher prices A matter of time The longer the adjustment period, the greater the consumer’s ability to substitute Some elasticity estimates The elasticity of demand is greater in the long run because consumers have more time to adjust
- 18. 18 50 75 95100Millions of gallons per day 0 $1.25 1.00 Price per gallon Dy Dm Dw Demand Becomes More Elastic Over Time
- 19. 19 Selected Elasticities of Demand ProductShort Run Long Run Electricity (residential) 0.1 1.9 Air travel 0.1 2.4 Medical care and hospitalization 0.3 0.9 Gasoline 0.4 1.5 Movies 0.9 3.7 Natural gas (residential) 1.4 2.1
- 20. 20 Other Determinants of Demand ConsumerIncome The prices of related goods The number and composition of consumers Consumer expectations Consumer tastes
- 21. 21 Changes in Consumer Income Ifincome ↑, consumers willing and able to buy more which ↑ demand Demand curve shifts to the right Two categories of goods: Normal goods – demand increases as money income increases Inferior goods – demand decreases as money income increases Examples: used clothing, bus rides, etc.
- 22. 22 Changes in thePrices of Related Goods Substitutes Decrease in price of one item will reduce the demand for a substitute Example: Tacos and Pizza Complements Certain goods used together Example: airline tickets and car rentals A decrease in the price of one shifts the demand of the other rightward
- 23. 23 Changes in Pricesof Related Goods (cont) Changes in size or composition of the population will increase demand and shift the curve to the right Changes in consumer expectations can shift the demand curve to the left or the right Changes in consumer tastes Tastes are your likes and dislikes as a consumer
- 24. 24 Movement along the Curve Movementvs. Shift A change in price, causes a movement along the demand curve, changes the quantity demanded A change in one of the determinants of demand other than price causes a shift of a demand curve
- 25. 25 Extensions of Demand Analysis Roleof time Your willingness to pay more for time- saving goods depends on the opportunity cost of your time!