The document discusses how economic integration has increased globally since the 1990s through greater trade, financial, and supply chain links. While this has boosted living standards, it has also amplified the transmission of external shocks across borders. As a result, domestic policies need to take more account of external factors, and collective, multilateral policy responses are important to address common challenges and mitigate spillover risks from external shocks. Strengthening domestic resilience and maintaining open, rules-based international cooperation are also key to managing the implications of deepening global integration.
Will risks-derail-the-modest-recovery-oecd-interim-economic-outlook-march-2017OECD, Economics Department
Global GDP growth is projected to pick up modestly to around 3½ per cent in 2018, from just under 3% in 2016, boosted by fiscal initiatives in the major economies. The forecast is broadly unchanged since November 2016. Confidence has improved, but consumption, investment, trade and productivity are far from strong, with growth slow by past norms and higher inequality.
2017 Global Economic Outlook by Dun & BradstreetDun & Bradstreet
Learn from Dun & Bradstreet’s economists as they share our 2017 global economic outlook. Discover the top five economic game changers, take a look at the short-term economic outlook and view deep-dive analyses on featured countries.
Will risks-derail-the-modest-recovery-oecd-interim-economic-outlook-march-2017OECD, Economics Department
Global GDP growth is projected to pick up modestly to around 3½ per cent in 2018, from just under 3% in 2016, boosted by fiscal initiatives in the major economies. The forecast is broadly unchanged since November 2016. Confidence has improved, but consumption, investment, trade and productivity are far from strong, with growth slow by past norms and higher inequality.
2017 Global Economic Outlook by Dun & BradstreetDun & Bradstreet
Learn from Dun & Bradstreet’s economists as they share our 2017 global economic outlook. Discover the top five economic game changers, take a look at the short-term economic outlook and view deep-dive analyses on featured countries.
Global FDI flows collapsed with the global financial crisis in 2008 and remain 40% below pre-crisis levels. A major reason for this is the EU. While FDI flows in the rest of the world recovered by 2010, the EU continues to struggle due to structural factors that are undermining the quality of the EU’s investment environment. This paper analyses why and puts forward policy options.
Find out more at www.oecd.org/investment
Better but-not-good-enough-oecd-economic-outlook-presentation-june-2017Michael D. Underhill
Global Economic Outlook, June 2017: OECD expects global GDP to grow at a 3.5% clip this year and at a 3.6% pace in 2018, thanks in part to stronger business and consumer confidence, recovering trade flows and improving unemployment dynamics.
The Least Developed Countries Report 2011 puts forward a policy framework for enhancing the development impact of South–South cooperation, and proposes ways to leverage South–South financial cooperation for development in the LDCs.
OECD: The impact of the Covid-19 outbreak on economic (Presentation)chaganomics
The impact of the Covid-19 outbreak on economic prospects is severe Growth was weak but stabilising until the coronavirus Covid-19 hit. Restrictions on movement of people, goods and services, and containment measures such as factory closures have cut manufacturing and domestic demand sharply in China. The impact on the rest of the world through business travel and tourism, supply chains, commodities and lower confidence is growing.
See more studies and complete blog article:
http://ged-project.de/2014/03/31/profits-globalization/
Globalization, understood as the economic, political and social interconnection of countries, leads to increased economic growth. On average, the more a country proceeds its interconnection with the rest of the world, the greater its economic growth will be. If real per capita gross domestic product (GDP) is chosen as the reference index for the economic benefits of globalization, Finland can point to the largest gain from globalization from 1990 to 2011. Ranked according to this perspective, Germany holds fourth place out of a total of 42 economies evaluated.
Session by Catherine Mann, Chief Economist, G20 Finance Deputy and Special Counsellor to the Secretary-General, OECD
The global economy remains in a low-growth trap with world GDP stuck in 2016 at around 3%, well-below the long-run average for the fifth consecutive year. Disappointing growth outcomes have led to weak consumption and investment, sustaining a vicious cycle of poor productivity improvements and further growth disappointments. Weak investment accounts for a large share of this poor productivity performance with capital spending in the OECD barely above the pre-crisis peak and well below the trajectory of past recoveries. Most strikingly, investment has not responded to the exceptionally low interest rates brought about by monetary policy.
Increases in investment are needed to push economies onto a higher growth path and this calls for decisive policy actions. During this presentation, OECD’s Chief Economist will share insights into how fiscal initiatives and structural reforms can lead to higher growth without compromising debt sustainability.
The global economy is expected to continue expanding at a moderate pace over the coming two years, but policymakers must ensure that instability in financial markets and underlying fragility in major economies are not allowed to derail growth, according to the OECD’s latest Economic Outlook.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Economic and policy implications of greater global integration OECD Economic Outlook May 2018
1. Special Chapter of OECD Economic Outlook
30 May 2018
Economic and policy
implications of greater
global integration
http://www.oecd.org/eco/outlook/economic-outlook/
ECOSCOPE blog: oecdecoscope.wordpress.com
2. Key messages
2
Economies are more integrated across national borders
• Trade and financial integration have increased considerably since the 1990s.
• Emerging market economies are more integrated into the global economy.
• Multinationals and global value chains also transmit shocks across borders.
• The US dollar is dominant in global transactions.
Enhanced integration improves living standards, but also raises the strength
of external shocks, with implications for domestic policy
• Financial markets are increasingly linked by the global financial cycle.
• Greater integration and changed cross-border links amplify external shocks.
• Monetary policy needs to respond more to external shocks, but less to domestic ones.
• Collective policy action has become more effective.
Policy choices need to reflect the risks of spillovers and the opportunities to
benefit from multilateral co-operation
• Domestic policy choices need to enhance resilience and help those affected by shocks.
• Collective action is important to address common global challenges.
• Global standards and continued multilateral dialogue are essential.
3. 3
Trade integration has increased substantially
Trade in goods and services, % of GDP
Note: Trade and GDP are measured in volumes in US dollars at market exchange rates. Trade is measured as the average of import and
export volumes. The 1995 data refer to 1996 for Brazil and 1997 for India.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 103 database.
4. 4
Global value chains make trade linkages more
complex
Value-added trade
Note: The bubble size reflects the share of world trade in value-added terms in 2014 of a country or economic area. The thickness of the
lines between two bubbles measures the amount of bilateral trade of value added in final demand between trading partners. Bilateral
trade flows between countries that are less than 0.2% of total world trade flows are not shown. DAE denotes the Dynamic Asian
Economies and OEM a group of the 129 emerging and developing countries that account for around 10% of world trade.
Source: OECD TiVA database; and OECD calculations.
5. 5
International assets and liabilities have expanded
rapidly, and their composition has changed
International investment assets and liabilities, % of world GDP
Note: Sum of international assets and liabilities for advanced and selected emerging market economies (Argentina, Brazil, China,
Chile, Colombia, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Poland, Russia, South Africa and Turkey).
Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics; and OECD calculations.
6. 6
EMEs have become more integrated in the
global economy, especially on the trade side
Trade volumes
% of world total
Note: Trade volumes refer to the average of import and export volumes at market exchange rates. International assets and liabilities in US
dollars. Selected EMEs include: Argentina, Brazil, China, Chile, Colombia, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Poland, Russia, South Africa
and Turkey.
Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics; and OECD Economic Outlook 103 database.
Sum of international assets and liabilities
% of world total
7. 7
Rising cross-border sales and FDI income have
increased firms’ exposure to the global economy
Share of foreign sales in total net sales
median company listed on the stock exchange, %
Foreign Direct Investment income
% of GDP
Note: The share of foreign sales incorporates changes in composition of the stock indices. For the Nikkei 225, the listed firms 2011 are used for
the period 1995-2011. For the STOXX 600, listed firms in 1999 are used for 1995-99. For the firms considered as national in the euro area,
foreign sales include sales to the rest of the euro area. FDI income is for the years indicated, or the closest available.
Source: Thomson Reuters Worldscope; IMF Balance of Payments Statistics; and OECD calculations.
8. 8
Global flows of people and data have also
deepened integration
International migrant stock
Million people, host countries
Global IP traffic
Exabytes per month
Note: High-income, Middle-income and Low-income countries are as classified by the World Bank. Russia is included in the IP data for Europe.
Source: United Nations; Cisco; OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2015; and OECD calculations.
10. 10
Global factors increasingly link national equity markets
and are becoming more important for GDP growth
Factors explaining economic and financial developments in 15 advanced economies
Note: Factors are estimated using dynamic factor models with annual data for the periods shown. They capture all features driving the co-
movements of a given variable across a group of countries. A global factor affects all countries, and the country-specific factor captures
everything else. The figures show the average contributions across all countries in a given sample.
Source: OECD calculations.
Equity price growth, % GDP growth, %
11. 11
Changes in trade patterns and trade openness affect
spillovers from shocks
With different trade patterns
%points, average in first two years
Note: Difference from baseline, following a decline of 2 percentage points in the growth rate of domestic demand growth in China for two
years. The initial simulation is shown in the blue bar and the difference in the second simulation in the red bar. Commodity exporting
economies include Australia, Brazil, Indonesia, Russia, South Africa and other non-OECD oil-exporting economies. Lower and higher trade
openness refer to two different starting points for the shock, with the ratio of trade to GDP rising by 11 percentage points in the median
economy between these starting points.
Source: OECD calculations.
With different trade openness
%points, average in first two years
GDP growth effects of a negative demand shock of 2%pts in China
12. 12
A stronger policy response is needed to mitigate
adverse spillovers from higher integration
With different trade patterns
%pts, second year of shock
Note: Difference from baseline, following a decline of 2 percentage points in the growth rate of domestic demand growth in China for two
years. The initial simulation is shown in the blue bar and the difference in the second simulation in the red bar. Commodity exporting
economies includes Australia, Brazil, Indonesia, Russia, South Africa and other non-OECD oil-exporting economies. Lower and higher trade
openness refer to two different starting points for the shock, with the ratio of trade to GDP rising by 11 percentage points in the median
economy between these starting points.
Source: OECD calculations.
With different trade openness
%pts, second year of shock
Change in policy interest rates in response to a negative demand shock in China
13. 13
Higher integration enhances the multipliers and
spillovers from collective fiscal action
Impact in G7 economies
% change in GDP, first year of shock
Note: Difference from baseline, following a permanent rise in public investment of 0.5% of GDP in the G7 economies, either undertaken
individually or collectively. All groups weighted together using PPPs. In the first chart the orange bar shows the impact from expansion in
only one country, the green bar shows the additional impact from all countries expanding investment. The G7 column in the second chart
shows the overall weighted impact on the G7 economies as a whole in the collective shock.
Source: OECD calculations.
Spillovers from collective G7 expansion
% change in GDP, first year of shock
GDP impact of raising public investment by 0.5% of GDP in the G7 economies
14. 14
Financial integration raises spillovers from
financial shocks
Change in GDP
%, second year of shock
Note: Difference from baseline, following a rise of 1 percentage point in the US equity risk premium for two years. The lower equity
market integration scenario is based on pre-1995 linkages and the higher equity market integration scenario on linkages over the
past decade. The initial scenario is shown in the blue bar and the difference in the second scenario in the red bar.
Source: OECD calculations.
Change in policy interest rates
%points, second year of shock
Impact of a 1 percentage point rise in the US equity risk premium
15. 15
The US dollar’s dominance in international trade and
finance strengthens the global transmission of US shocks
Share of US dollar in financial liabilities
% of total
Note: Data in LHS panel for 2016 apart from Australia (2015-16), Indonesia (2010-15), India (2012-13) and Brazil (2011). Merchandise trade for
all countries apart from Russia (goods plus services). Data for all European countries only cover extra-EU trade.
Source: national sources; Eurostat; Bank for International Settlements; and OECD calculations.
Invoicing in US dollars and euros
% of total imports
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
International debt securities
International loans
16. 16
Currency moves can have sizeable
revaluation effects
Change in net foreign assets following a 10% appreciation of the
US dollar against all other currencies
% of GDP
-8 -4 0 4 8
Canada
United Kingdom
Korea
Japan
China
Argentina
Australia
Italy
Mexico
Brazil
France
Germany
South Africa
India
Indonesia
Russia
Turkey
United States
Note: Calculations are based on foreign assets and liabilities (excluding derivatives when the data are available) for 2017 and their currency
composition as of 2012, as estimated by Bénétrix et al. (2015).
Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics; Bénétrix et al. (2015), “International Currency Exposures, Valuation Effects and the Global Financial
Crisis,” Journal of International Economics, 96(S1), 98-109; and OECD calculations.
17. 17
Trade volumes have become less responsive to
exchange-rate driven relative price changes
Change in the long run impact of relative price movements
Difference between 2005 and 2014 OECD estimates
Note: A negative value indicates a decline in the long run relative price elasticity of export (import) volumes with respect to a change
in the relative price of exports (imports). Exports and imports refer to goods plus services at constant prices.
Source: OECD calculations.
18. POLICY CHOICES
TO REDUCE SPILLOVER RISKS AND
ENHANCE OPPORTUNITIES TO BENEFIT
FROM MULTILATERAL CO-OPERATION
18
19. 19
Countries need to continue to strengthen domestic
resilience, especially in the financial sector
Note: The easing or the removal of a financial policy is coded as -1; the tightening or introduction of a financial regulation is coded as +1.
Selected EMEs include: Argentina, Brazil, China, Colombia, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Poland, Russia, South Africa and Turkey.
Currency-based measures include regulations to lower the risks of currency mismatch in bank balance sheets.
Source: OECD calculations.
Advanced economies Selected EMEs
Cumulative number of financial policy measures taken
20. 20
Reforms are needed to help people and displaced
workers adapt to shocks and find new opportunities
Take-up of reforms
% share of Going for Growth recommendations
Note: Refers to reform priorities identified in Going for Growth in 2017 for the 46 economies covered.
Source: OECD Going for Growth 2018
21. 21
Collective and more effective global policy co-
ordination is needed to tackle common challenges
International macro co-ordination, notably in crisis conditions
• Collective action faced with a common shock (e.g. fiscal expansion in 2009).
• Strengthening global and regional financial safety nets.
Ensuring an effective global rules-based system to enhance
domestic resilience and lower risks of adverse policy spillovers
• OECD BEPS: common standards and improved transparency to tackle tax
avoidance strategies that exploit gaps and mismatches in tax rules.
• OECD Code of Liberalisation of Capital Movements: facilitates transparent
dialogue and co-operation on capital flow issues and policies.
Regulatory co-operation and continued multilateral dialogue are
essential.
22. 22
Complex supply chains raise the gains from safeguarding
and expanding the rules-based global trade system
Exports to Japan via third markets
% of value-added
Note: How to read this chart: for example, in 2014 35% of total value-added manufacturing exports from France to Japan passed through
one or more third markets on the way to Japan.
Source: OECD TiVA database; and OECD calculations.
23. Key messages
23
Economies are more integrated across national borders
• Trade and financial integration have increased considerably since the 1990s.
• Emerging market economies are more integrated into the global economy.
• Multinationals and global value chains also transmit shocks across borders.
• The US dollar is dominant in global transactions.
Enhanced integration improves living standards, but also raises the strength
of external shocks, with implications for domestic policy
• Financial markets are increasingly linked by the global financial cycle.
• Greater integration and changed cross-border links amplify external shocks.
• Monetary policy needs to respond more to external shocks, but less to domestic ones.
• Collective policy action has become more effective.
Policy choices need to reflect the risks of spillovers and the opportunities to
benefit from multilateral co-operation
• Domestic policy choices need to enhance resilience and help those affected by shocks.
• Collective action is important to address common global challenges.
• Global standards and continued multilateral dialogue are essential.