Diversity of fern/ pteridophytes - introduction , history , classification of pteridophytes, diversity of fern in India , about fern , Fern's diversity alpha diversity and beta diversity , explanation of fern through the reproduction example , different varieties of fern.
Diversity of Soil Fauna and Ecosystem Function tariqulmasud12
Soils are natural resources of utmost. Importance for a number of ecosystem and biosphere processes such as plant production, cycling of organic matter and nutrients, storage of C and water, and release of nitrous oxides, CO2 and methane. Soil degradation, through various processes, is a matter of great concern, since their integrity is absolutely critical to increasing food production (FAO, 1995), and regulating atmospheric fluxes of greenhouse gases (Jenkinson, 199 1 ; Wallace, 1994).
Diversity of fern/ pteridophytes - introduction , history , classification of pteridophytes, diversity of fern in India , about fern , Fern's diversity alpha diversity and beta diversity , explanation of fern through the reproduction example , different varieties of fern.
Diversity of Soil Fauna and Ecosystem Function tariqulmasud12
Soils are natural resources of utmost. Importance for a number of ecosystem and biosphere processes such as plant production, cycling of organic matter and nutrients, storage of C and water, and release of nitrous oxides, CO2 and methane. Soil degradation, through various processes, is a matter of great concern, since their integrity is absolutely critical to increasing food production (FAO, 1995), and regulating atmospheric fluxes of greenhouse gases (Jenkinson, 199 1 ; Wallace, 1994).
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
2. ECOLOGY : (Branch of ecology) It is the
interaction of organism with other and
physical environment.
CLIMATIC FACTORS : Sunlight, temperature,
humidity, rainfall and wind velocity.
EDAPHIC FACTORS : All these factors are
related to soil.
3. TOPOGRAPHIC FACTORS : Altitude and slopes.
BIOTIC FACTORS : Bacteria,fungi with which
we interact with our daily life.
SPECIES : Group of organisms capable of
intervreeding forming population.
BRANCHES OF ECOLOGY :
1.Autoecology : Here this term describes about
single individual ecology.
2. Synecology : Community’s ecology living
organisms are around us.
4. TENSLE(1930) GAVE TERM ECOSYSTEM.
ECOSYSTEM : It is the interaction between biotic
and abiotic components.
LEVELS OF ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION :
1. Individual
2. Population
3. Biological Community
4. Ecosystem
5. Landscape
6. Biome
7. Biosphere
5. NICHE : It is specific part of habitat occupied
by individual of a species which is
circumscribed by its range of tolerance, range
of movement, microclimate, types of food and
it’s availability.
6. BIOME : A large naturally occurring community of flora and
fauna occupying a major habitat.
Topographic factors :
1. Tropical region ( Haryana, Punjab)
2. Sub tropical regions (hilly areas)
3. Temperate zone (Shimla, summers are present, types of
vegetation ( coniferous gymnosperm) , timberline (long
tree)
4. Alpine scale forest ( vegetation usually less at height – 10
ft)
5. Alpine r,egion ( grass, lichens, lots of snowfall)
7. ALLEN’S RULE: It is started that animal adapted to colder
regions have shorter limbs and bodily appendages than
other animals adapted to warn climate.
BERGMANN’S RULE: Birds or mammmals have bigger size in
colder regions as compared to the other animals who live in
warmer region. Example : Polar bear have bigger size as
compared to Brown Bears.
JORDEN‘S RULE: It is only applicable for fishes. Those fishes
which are found in low temperature. They have more no.
Of vertebrae as compared to other fishes.
GLOGER‘S RULE : It is based upon pigmentation. Those birds
are mammals which are found in warmer region are darker
in color due to avoid UV radiating.
10. HYDROPHYTES:
*Air spaces(Buoyancy) in cells root system do not
develop well.
*Stomata at upper side.
*Usually they have leaves of bigger size.
*Pollen granis have ribbon like structure.
11. 1. Qualitative character:
A. Floristic character:It is related to plants and trees analysis speciation nereby
our selected area. Describing a region with relatively uniform composition of
plants species.
B. Stratification : It is a structural attribution of ecosystem it represents vertical
distribution of different species occupying different levels. It is the structure
which recognize the pattern of member of community.
Example = top layer – trees
Secondary layer – shrubs
Bottom layer – grasses and herbs
C. Phenology : It is the time relation between development stages full life history
of plant.
# RAUNKIAER = Scientist who researches on bud habitat.
12. 1. PHENEROPHYTES :
In which the buds are located on the shoot of the
tree at 30m or above 30m.
# Megaphanerophytes = { <30m} tall trees.
# Mesophanerophytes = {8 to 30m}
# Microphanerophytes = {2 to 8m}
# Nanophanerophytes = {>2m} shrubs
13. 2. CHANEROPHYTES :
Those buds which are situated close to the
ground surface.
These type of plants are found in high altitude.
14. 3. CHRYPTOPHYTES : [chrypto = cold ]
Just below the soil (buds are under the soil). These
plants are also found in cold in cold regions.
4. CNEROPHYTES : [ completely buried in soil ].
This type of plant formed inside under the soil.
15. QUANTITATIVE CHARACTER : PLANTS PER UNIT
AREA
1. FREQUENCY : It is defined as the frequency of
plants when we move to tropical region then
those plants who was found on temperate zone
when we move upward. Then tropical zone plant
will be less.
16. 2. ABUNDANT : Number of particular spices found
in a common region.
3. ECOTONE : As we know when we move towards
ground area to hilly area then there us seen to
be changes in floration composition, but this is
transition zone where constant spices or
floration are found.
17. *MEGATHERMS : These plants which require
higher temperature for growth.
*MESOTHERMS : These plant which can grow only
in low temperature in winter seasons.
*MICROTHERMS : These pants which can grow
only on low temperature.
*EXICOTOTHERMS : These plants which requires
constant low temperature.
18. TYPES OF GRASSLANDS :
1) Stepes : Europe
2) Prairies: Canada and USA
3) Pampus : South America
4) Velets : South Africa
Largest grassland in the world is RUSSIA
19. ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION: Biotic community is
seldom. It’s composition change with due to
interaction between biotic and abiotic
components so all the changes occurs in
sequencial arrangement in a specific area and
finally from a most advance community that is
near equilibrium to it’s environment known as
the ecological succession.
20. There are two types of ecological succession:
1) Hydrosere: It is start in newly formed water
bodies.
1st stage phytoplankton and zooplankton
2nd stage submerged plant (Hydrilla, Vallisnaria,
Potamogeton)
3rd submerged free floating plant stage (Wolfia,
Rzolla, Pistia)
4th Reed swamp stage (Typhya)
5th Marsh medow stage (Cyprus)
6th scrub stage (Salix, Populus)
7th cimax stage (Forest)
21.
22. XEROSERE:
It is ecological succession in dry habitat and it
involve following stage :-
1st lichens stage
2nd bryophyte stage
3rd herb stage
4th shrubs stage
5th trees stage
23.
24. POPULATION ITERACTION :
Mutualism: (+, +) Interaction in which both
species are benefited ex, photosynthetic algae
and fungus.
COMPETITION: (-, -) It is defined as the struggle
between individual for the same resources.
There is reduction in growth and reproduction of
competition in between same individuals.
25. *INTRASPECIFIC: It is the struggle of resources in
between same species.
*INTERSPECIFIC: It is the struggle of resources in
between different species.
PREDATION: (+, -) It is the natural way of
transforming energy to higher tropical level.
Example : grass>deer>lion.
26. AMENSALISM : (-, 0) It is the interaction between
two different species in which an organism does
not allow the growth of other organism. But
without getting any benefit.
Example: penicillium does not allow the growth
of streptococcus.
27. PARASITISM: (+, -) One species depend upon the
other species for food shelter and in the process
host is damaged.
Example: Malarial parasite.
COMMENSALISM: (+, 0) Interaction in which, one
species benefits and other is neither harmed or
benefited.
Example: branacles growing on the back of whale.
28. MIMICRY: Phenomenon characterist by the super
facial resemblance of two or more organism that
are not closely related taxonomically.
Exame: Monarchy butterfly.
