ecology and parts

1. PRESENTATION BY
abhishek chauhan
ROLL NO : 20401009

2. ECOLOGY : (Branch of ecology) It is the
interaction of organism with other and
physical environment.
CLIMATIC FACTORS : Sunlight, temperature,
humidity, rainfall and wind velocity.
EDAPHIC FACTORS : All these factors are
related to soil.

3. TOPOGRAPHIC FACTORS : Altitude and slopes.
BIOTIC FACTORS : Bacteria,fungi with which
we interact with our daily life.
SPECIES : Group of organisms capable of
intervreeding forming population.
BRANCHES OF ECOLOGY :
1.Autoecology : Here this term describes about
single individual ecology.
2. Synecology : Community’s ecology living
organisms are around us.

4. TENSLE(1930) GAVE TERM ECOSYSTEM.
ECOSYSTEM : It is the interaction between biotic
and abiotic components.
LEVELS OF ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION :
1. Individual
2. Population
3. Biological Community
4. Ecosystem
5. Landscape
6. Biome
7. Biosphere

5. NICHE : It is specific part of habitat occupied
by individual of a species which is
circumscribed by its range of tolerance, range
of movement, microclimate, types of food and
it’s availability.

6.  BIOME : A large naturally occurring community of flora and
fauna occupying a major habitat.
 Topographic factors :
1. Tropical region ( Haryana, Punjab)
2. Sub tropical regions (hilly areas)
3. Temperate zone (Shimla, summers are present, types of
vegetation ( coniferous gymnosperm) , timberline (long
tree)
4. Alpine scale forest ( vegetation usually less at height – 10
ft)
5. Alpine r,egion ( grass, lichens, lots of snowfall)

7.  ALLEN’S RULE: It is started that animal adapted to colder
regions have shorter limbs and bodily appendages than
other animals adapted to warn climate.
 BERGMANN’S RULE: Birds or mammmals have bigger size in
colder regions as compared to the other animals who live in
warmer region. Example : Polar bear have bigger size as
compared to Brown Bears.
 JORDEN‘S RULE: It is only applicable for fishes. Those fishes
which are found in low temperature. They have more no.
Of vertebrae as compared to other fishes.
 GLOGER‘S RULE : It is based upon pigmentation. Those birds
are mammals which are found in warmer region are darker
in color due to avoid UV radiating.

8. SOIL PROFILE

10. HYDROPHYTES:
*Air spaces(Buoyancy) in cells root system do not
develop well.
*Stomata at upper side.
*Usually they have leaves of bigger size.
*Pollen granis have ribbon like structure.

11. 1. Qualitative character:
A. Floristic character:It is related to plants and trees analysis speciation nereby
our selected area. Describing a region with relatively uniform composition of
plants species.
B. Stratification : It is a structural attribution of ecosystem it represents vertical
distribution of different species occupying different levels. It is the structure
which recognize the pattern of member of community.
Example = top layer – trees
Secondary layer – shrubs
Bottom layer – grasses and herbs
C. Phenology : It is the time relation between development stages full life history
of plant.
# RAUNKIAER = Scientist who researches on bud habitat.

12. 1. PHENEROPHYTES :
In which the buds are located on the shoot of the
tree at 30m or above 30m.
# Megaphanerophytes = { <30m} tall trees.
# Mesophanerophytes = {8 to 30m}
# Microphanerophytes = {2 to 8m}
# Nanophanerophytes = {>2m} shrubs

13. 2. CHANEROPHYTES :
Those buds which are situated close to the
ground surface.
These type of plants are found in high altitude.

14. 3. CHRYPTOPHYTES : [chrypto = cold ]
Just below the soil (buds are under the soil). These
plants are also found in cold in cold regions.
4. CNEROPHYTES : [ completely buried in soil ].
This type of plant formed inside under the soil.

15. QUANTITATIVE CHARACTER : PLANTS PER UNIT
AREA
1. FREQUENCY : It is defined as the frequency of
plants when we move to tropical region then
those plants who was found on temperate zone
when we move upward. Then tropical zone plant
will be less.

16. 2. ABUNDANT : Number of particular spices found
in a common region.
3. ECOTONE : As we know when we move towards
ground area to hilly area then there us seen to
be changes in floration composition, but this is
transition zone where constant spices or
floration are found.

17. *MEGATHERMS : These plants which require
higher temperature for growth.
*MESOTHERMS : These plant which can grow only
in low temperature in winter seasons.
*MICROTHERMS : These pants which can grow
only on low temperature.
*EXICOTOTHERMS : These plants which requires
constant low temperature.

18. TYPES OF GRASSLANDS :
1) Stepes : Europe
2) Prairies: Canada and USA
3) Pampus : South America
4) Velets : South Africa
Largest grassland in the world is RUSSIA

19. ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION: Biotic community is
seldom. It’s composition change with due to
interaction between biotic and abiotic
components so all the changes occurs in
sequencial arrangement in a specific area and
finally from a most advance community that is
near equilibrium to it’s environment known as
the ecological succession.

20. There are two types of ecological succession:
1) Hydrosere: It is start in newly formed water
bodies.
1st stage phytoplankton and zooplankton
2nd stage submerged plant (Hydrilla, Vallisnaria,
Potamogeton)
3rd submerged free floating plant stage (Wolfia,
Rzolla, Pistia)
4th Reed swamp stage (Typhya)
5th Marsh medow stage (Cyprus)
6th scrub stage (Salix, Populus)
7th cimax stage (Forest)

22. XEROSERE:
It is ecological succession in dry habitat and it
involve following stage :-
1st lichens stage
2nd bryophyte stage
3rd herb stage
4th shrubs stage
5th trees stage

24. POPULATION ITERACTION :
Mutualism: (+, +) Interaction in which both
species are benefited ex, photosynthetic algae
and fungus.
COMPETITION: (-, -) It is defined as the struggle
between individual for the same resources.
There is reduction in growth and reproduction of
competition in between same individuals.

25. *INTRASPECIFIC: It is the struggle of resources in
between same species.
*INTERSPECIFIC: It is the struggle of resources in
between different species.
PREDATION: (+, -) It is the natural way of
transforming energy to higher tropical level.
Example : grass>deer>lion.

26. AMENSALISM : (-, 0) It is the interaction between
two different species in which an organism does
not allow the growth of other organism. But
without getting any benefit.
Example: penicillium does not allow the growth
of streptococcus.

27. PARASITISM: (+, -) One species depend upon the
other species for food shelter and in the process
host is damaged.
Example: Malarial parasite.
COMMENSALISM: (+, 0) Interaction in which, one
species benefits and other is neither harmed or
benefited.
Example: branacles growing on the back of whale.

28. MIMICRY: Phenomenon characterist by the super
facial resemblance of two or more organism that
are not closely related taxonomically.
Exame: Monarchy butterfly.