Ecology 1
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The document discusses population dynamics and ecosystem changes over time. It notes that when a species like rabbits are introduced to an island with no predators, the population will rapidly increase until environmental resistance factors like limited resources cause the growth to slow. In natural ecosystems, complex predator-prey relationships further influence population sizes. The document also examines past mass extinctions, threats to current biodiversity like habitat loss and deforestation, and concludes that human-caused environmental changes have already disrupted ecosystems and caused extinctions on a large scale.
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This document discusses biodiversity and the threats it faces. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including diversity of genes, species, and ecosystems. The three main threats are habitat destruction, pollution, and species introductions. Deforestation is a major driver of habitat loss and occurs for reasons like agriculture, logging, and cattle ranching. Deforestation leads to habitat fragmentation and isolation of species. At least 100,000 plant and animal species have been lost in recent decades. Conservation goals aim to protect biodiversity for its benefits to humankind.
Animal Extinctionand Endangerment
The document discusses mass extinction events that have occurred throughout Earth's history, including the currently ongoing Holocene extinction. It notes that approximately 150-270 species go extinct every day, and that the main drivers of extinction are habitat destruction, pollution, climate change, and other human activities. If current trends continue, half of all plant and animal species are predicted to become extinct by 2100. The document emphasizes the importance of protecting endangered species and their habitats in order to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem services that humans depend on.
Populations Biology 2014
This document discusses populations in biology. It defines key population concepts like niche, habitat, and limiting factors. It describes how populations grow over time in characteristic S-curves from exponential growth to stabilizing at the environment's carrying capacity. Predator-prey relationships are examined as well as density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors. Different types of population pyramids are shown representing expanding, stable, and contracting growth. Examples of various countries' population pyramids through history are provided to illustrate changing growth patterns over time.
Conservation 4.2
The document discusses factors that lead to loss of biodiversity such as introduced species, natural hazards, agriculture, habitat degradation, pollution, and hunting. It then evaluates characteristics that make species more vulnerable to extinction, such as being habitat specialists, having low reproductive rates, large body size, low population densities, narrow geographic ranges, and small/declining population sizes. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List highlights species at higher risk of extinction based on population trends, geographic distribution, habitat quality and other factors.
5 2 population growth
No population can continue growing indefinitely due to limitations on resources and competition among species. Populations can grow, shrink, or stay the same depending on births, deaths, immigration, and emigration. When a population exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment, the population may crash due to lack of resources or disease. Communities and ecosystems change over time in response to environmental conditions through the process of ecological succession as different species colonize and replace one another.
apes_chapter_9_sustaining_biodiversity.pptx
This document provides information about threats to biodiversity and causes of species extinction. It discusses how the passenger pigeon went extinct in the early 1900s due to overhunting. Current extinction rates are estimated to be 100-1000 times higher than background rates. The greatest threats to species are habitat loss, invasive species, human population growth, pollution, climate change, and overexploitation. Species become locally or globally extinct for various reasons, and preserving biodiversity is important for ecological, economic and ethical reasons.
En danger and treatened
This document discusses endangered and threatened species in the Philippines. It outlines several major threats to biodiversity like habitat loss, introduction of invasive species, overhunting, climate change, and more. Certain characteristics make species more vulnerable to endangerment, like large size, specialized diets/habitats, low reproduction rates, and small population sizes. Endemic and rare species are at high risk due to limited distributions. The document reviews criteria used by IUCN to evaluate endangered species status and lists numbers of threatened species in the Philippines according to these criteria.
Extinction Of Animal Extinction
The document discusses animal extinction and the current mass extinction event caused by human activity. It notes that the Earth is currently undergoing a sixth mass extinction, with human choices negatively impacting other species through environmental degradation, habitat destruction, and climate change. Invasive species introduced by humans also have significant negative effects on ecosystems. If human impacts are not addressed, many more species will likely go extinct.
Specice extinction
The seminar covered the topics of species extinction including defining extinction, estimating the number of species on Earth, the rates of species loss, the timing and causes of extinctions. Natural causes include climate change, changes in sea levels or currents, asteroids, and disease. Human causes were identified as climate change, increased human population, habitat destruction and fragmentation, and trade in endangered species. Facts presented included that over 16,000 species are threatened and the current extinction rate is estimated to be 1,000 to 10,000 times higher than the natural background rate. Some easy actions people can take to help endangered species were also outlined.
Invasive species kendall arthur
The document discusses invasive species and their threats and impacts. It defines invasive species as alien species whose introduction causes economic, environmental, or health harm. Invasive species bring diseases that native species lack immunity against, prey upon native species without natural defenses, compete more efficiently than native species, can hybridize with and eliminate native gene pools through interbreeding, and alter habitats in ways that harm native species. Examples highlighted include the chestnut blight fungus, brown tree snake on Guam, gray squirrels in Europe and Italy, and zebra mussels in North America. The document also asserts that humans are the most invasive species, through activities like industrial pollution, disease spread, habitat destruction including deforestation, overexploitation of resources
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Ecology 1
- 1. Ecosystems
- 11. Ecosystems make population growth curves complicated, as species #’s depend on each other
- 18. Mass Extinctions Vertical axis - percentage extinction of genera, horizontal axis - millions of years ago; from Wikipedia
- 19. Mass Extinctions: 5 Vertical axis - percentage extinction of genera, horizontal axis - millions of years ago; from Wikipedia
- 20. Mass Extinctions: 5 Vertical axis - percentage extinction of genera, horizontal axis - millions of years ago; from Wikipedia
- 21. Mass Extinctions: 5 Vertical axis - percentage extinction of genera, horizontal axis - millions of years ago; from Wikipedia
- 22. Mass Extinctions: 5 Vertical axis - percentage extinction of genera, horizontal axis - millions of years ago; from Wikipedia
- 23. Arrival of Homo Sapiens is bad for the locals:
- 26. 6 th Extinction? “ The current extinction rate is between 1,000 and 10,000 times higher than the natural rate.” (International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN)
- 27. 6 th Extinction? “ The current extinction rate is between 1,000 and 10,000 times higher than the natural rate.” (International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN) Wikipedia
- 28. 6 th Extinction? “ The current extinction rate is between 1,000 and 10,000 times higher than the natural rate.” (International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN) Not a number from science: We don’t really know
- 29. 6 th Extinction? Mammals, have an average species "lifespan" from origination to extinction of about 1 million years. !
- 30. 6 th Extinction? Mammals, have an average species "lifespan" from origination to extinction of about 1 million years. So: 5,000 mammal species extant: in the last 400 years, predict ~2 extinctions. !
- 31. 6 th Extinction? Mammals, have an average species "lifespan" from origination to extinction of about 1 million years. So: 5,000 mammal species extant: in the last 400 years, predict ~2 extinctions. Actually had 89; ~50 times background. !
- 32. Habitat loss: forests http://www.the-environmentalist.org/2008/10/cost-of-forest-loss-exceeds-current.html
- 34. Current World forests NASA http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/forest-height-map.html
- 35. Forest loss: are things improving? Millions of hectares change per year Losses slowing, some reforestation
- 36. Amazon Forest
- 39. Forest loss: the damage has already been done From William B. Greeley's, The Relation of Geography to Timber Supply, Economic Geography, 1925