The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a graphical presentation of the electrical activity of the heart during each heartbeat. The ECG indicates the rate and rhythm of heartbeats as well as blood flow in heart muscles. The ECG produces distinct waves - P, QRS, and T - which represent atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization during each heartbeat. The ECG is recorded using either a pen recorder system or oscilloscope recorder system, which detect the tiny electrical changes on the skin that are produced with each heartbeat. Abnormalities in the size of the ECG waves can help detect various heart conditions.
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) records the electrical signal from your heart to check for different heart conditions. Electrodes are placed on your chest to record your heart's electrical signals, which cause your heart to beat. The signals are shown as waves on an attached computer monitor or printer
Biatrial enlargement is diagnosed when criteria for both right and left atrial enlargement are present on the same ECG.
The diagnosis of biatrial enlargement requires criteria for LAE and RAE to be met in either lead II, lead V1 or a combination of leads.
Non infarction Q waves
Precise guide for Allied Health Science Students especially cardiac specialty students, DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students regarding Non Infarction Q waves
Electrocardiography: is the recording of the electrical impulses that are generated in the heart. These impulses initiate the contraction of cardiac muscles.
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) records the electrical signal from your heart to check for different heart conditions. Electrodes are placed on your chest to record your heart's electrical signals, which cause your heart to beat. The signals are shown as waves on an attached computer monitor or printer
Biatrial enlargement is diagnosed when criteria for both right and left atrial enlargement are present on the same ECG.
The diagnosis of biatrial enlargement requires criteria for LAE and RAE to be met in either lead II, lead V1 or a combination of leads.
Non infarction Q waves
Precise guide for Allied Health Science Students especially cardiac specialty students, DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students regarding Non Infarction Q waves
Electrocardiography: is the recording of the electrical impulses that are generated in the heart. These impulses initiate the contraction of cardiac muscles.
An electrocardiogram(ECG) is a simple test that can be used to check your heart's rhythm and electrical activity. Sensors attached to the skin are used to detect the electrical signals produced by your heart each time it beats.
Principal and importance of ECG in disease diagnosisowaisyousf002
This PowerPoint presentation offers an extensive overview of Electrocardiogram (ECG) fundamentals, interpretation techniques, and clinical applications.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
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NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
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is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
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5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
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The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
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of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...
ECG - Electrocardiogram
1. Electrocardiogram (ECG) -Sarvjeet Sharma
➢ The Electrocardiogram is a graphical presentation of the electrical activity of a
heart during each heartbeat.
➢ The electrocardiogram also indicates the rate and rhythm of heartbeats as well as
blood flow in heart muscles.
➢ The instrument which is used in an electrocardiogram is called electrocardiograph.
➢ Willem Einthoven ( Dutch physician and physiologist), invented the first practical
ectrocardigram (ECG) in 1895. Later, he received the nobel prize for the discovery
of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram in 1924.
➢ Human body is a good conductor of electricity. Many types of ions are found in a
body fluids which conduct electrical current. Therefore, action potentials move
through the heart, and generate electrical current that can be detected at the surface
of the body.
Figure: An electrocardiogram (ECG)
➢ ECG produces three distinct waves known as P, QRS and T. These waves represent
the depolarization and repolarization of the atria and ventricles.
➢ P wave represents atrial depolarization (contraction), which spreads from the SA
node throughout the atria. The duration time of this wave is 80 to 100 millisecond.
The P wave is indicated as small upward deflection from the isoelectric line.
➢ QRS complex represents the ventricular depolarization (contraction). In
QRScomplex, the Q wave is known as a first downward (negative) deflection after
the P wave, the R wave is known as a first upward (positive) deflection after the Q
2. wave and the S wave is known as a first downward (negative) deflection after the
R wave.
➢ T wave represents the ventricular repolarization (relaxation). This wave is wider
in shape than QRS complex because the rate of repolarization is more slowly than
rate of depolarization. Repolalrization happens in the ventricles at the duration of
0.25 to 0.30 second after ventricles depolarization.
➢ The PR interval consists of P wave and PR segment. The PR segment represents
the time taken by AV node to conduct the impulse. The PR interval becomes short
at high heart rates (e.g. due to exercise) but becomes large at lower heart rate (e.g.
during sleep).
➢ The ST segment is found between QRS & T. This segment represents the time
duration between depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles.
➢ QT interval is measured from the beginning of QRS complex to end of T wave. It
represents the time gap between activation of electrical activity in the ventricles
and their return to resting phase.
➢ Recording of ECG:
➢ There are two main techniques are used to in ECG recording. One is called pen
recorder system and another is called oscilloscope recorder system.
➢ (1) Pen Recording System: Specially designed pen is used in this recording
system. The pen is made by a thin tube, which is connected to a powerful
electromagnetic system. It makes the pen capable to move back and forth at very
high speed. The pen records the electrical activity of a heart as ECG paper moves
forward. Amplifiers are used to control the movement of the pen during ECG test.
➢ (2) Oscilloscope recorder system: Cathode ray based oscilloscope is used in this
recording system. It is made up of cathode ray tube, which consists of an electron
gun and a fluorescent surface.
ECG analysis:
➢ Abnormalities can be detected by analyzing the size of the ECG waves.
➢ If P wave is found larger than normal, then it indicates enlargement of an atrium.
➢ If Q wave is found larger than normal, then it indicates the myocardial infarction
(heart attack).
➢ If R wave is found larger than normal, then it indicates enlargement of ventricles.
➢ If T wave is found flatter than normal, then it indicates that heart muscle is not
getting sufficient oxygen.
3. ➢ During hyperkalemia (high K+
concentration in blood), the T wave may be found
elevated.
➢ Key Points:
➢ Depolarization: When membrane potential of a cell starts to become positive
inside and negative outside. During ECG, depolarization indicates that cell is
contracting which is known as systolic.
➢ Repolarization: When membrane potential of a cell starts to become negative
inside and positive outside. During ECG, repolarization indicates cell is relaxing
which is known as Diastolic.
➢ Wave: Upward or downward deflection from the isoelectric line. It represents a
specific electrical event.
➢ Interval: It indicates the time between two ECG events.
➢ Segment: The length between two specific point on an ECG.
➢ Complex: The combination of many waves is called complex.