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- 1. Evidence Based Medicine An evidence-based approach to answering clinical questions
- 2. Outline Introduction What is EBM? Why do we need it? How to use EBM in daily practice EBM resources
- 4. Pierre Louis (1787-1872) Inventor of the “numeric method” and the “method of observation” Found that, on average, patients who were bled did worse than those who were not.
- 5. Overall Results (n=77) “Experimental” Group “Control” Group Absolute Risk Reduction Bled Early Mortality Bled Late Difference 44% 25% - 19%
- 6. William Osler (1849 -1919) First “attending physician” at Johns Hopkins Hugely influential textbook author, believed that most drugs in his day were useless, but still advocated blood-letting in some cases.
- 7. But…. We practice EBM today
- 8. Patient: Mr. A Mr. A is a 60 year old presenting with 1 hour of retrosternal chest pain. ECG shows lateral ST-elevation consistent with acute MI. QUESTION: In patients with acute MI, does treatment with aspirin reduce mortality? What is the best evidence?
- 9. Evidence: 1988 Reduction of mortality in acute myocardial infarction with streptokinase and aspirin therapy. Results of ISIS-2. – Patients with acute MI treated with ASA vs. placebo had a significant 23% relative risk reduction in five-week cardiovascular mortality, with an absolute risk reduction of 11.8% to 9.4%. – The combination of SK and ASA resulted in a 42% relative risk reduction in cardiovascular mortality after five weeks compared with the placebo.
- 10. Application: 1997 How many patients receive ASA following acute myocardial infarction? 463 patients with a definitive diagnosis of acute MI – Aspirin was not given to 55%!!! – 78% of patients who did receive aspirin received it more than 30 minutes after arrival to the emergency department. Annals of Intern Medicine. Jul 1997;127(2):126
- 11. EBM Misconceptions FALLACY FACT EBM is useless when there is no good evidence EBM means appropriately using the best available evidence to care for patients EBM is algorithms that ignore clinical judgment/expertise Clinical judgment must be used in deciding how to apply the evidence EBM is just numbers and statistics EBM is not numbers in a vacuum – the evidence must be individualized to each patient
- 12. EBM - What is it? Clinical Expertise Research Evidence Patient Preferences
- 13. Why EBM? Caring for patients creates the need for clinically important information – Diagnosis….Therapy….Prognosis Knowledge deteriorates with time: Practitioners practice what they learned during residency training – EBM: goal of life-long self-directed learning
- 14. Why EBM? New evidence often changes clinical practice Prospective learning from reading journals and going to conferences is important, but not sufficient – Impossible to prospectively acquire all information necessary to treat all future patients
- 15. Evidence is not Black and White Use it to inform Clinical Practice
- 16. Besieged with Information More than 3800 biomedical journals in MEDLINE More than 7300 citations added weekly Lag period – – Publication of research findings Implementation in clinical practice
- 17. Besieged with Information All studies not equally well designed or interpreted – Adding expert synthesis and analysis can truly help busy clinicians
- 18. EBM Method So, how does it work?
- 19. EBM Method A ssess your patient A sk clinical questions A cquire the best evidence A ppraise the evidence A pply evidence to patient care
- 20. Assess Your Patient History Physical examination Objective data – labs, x-rays • Formulate differential diagnosis • Pretest probability of disease
- 21. Ask Clinical Questions Components of Clinical Questions Patient/ Population Intervention/ Exposure Comparison Outcome In patients with acute MI does early treatment with a statin compared to placebo decrease cardiovascular mortality? In women with suspected coronary disease what is the accuracy of exercise ECHO compared to exercise ECG for diagnosing significant CAD? In postmenopausal women does hormone replacement therapy compared to no HRT increase the risk of breast cancer?
- 22. Transforming Clinical Question into Searchable Question PICO(T) Question Patient In adult patients following spinal tap procedures I Question P Intervention or Issue of Interest Does Bedrest C O Comparison Outcome of Interest Compared to No Bedrest T Time In first 4-8 hours post procedure Result in Decreased Incidence and Severity of Headaches
- 23. Transforming Clinical Question into Searchable Question PICO(T) Question Question P I Patient Intervention or Issue of Interest In older adults with a risk for falls C O Comparison Outcome of Interest Compared to No hip protectors T Time Occurring with Accidental Falls Does the use of hip protectors Result in Decreased Incidence of Hip Fractures
- 24. Transforming Clinical Question into Searchable Question PICO(T) Question Question P I Population Intervention or Issue of Interest For Adult Children C Comparison In Placing a Parent in a Nursing Home O Outcome of Interest T Time Stressors Associated with Decision Making
- 25. Acquire the Best Evidence Where do you find high-quality evidence? – Textbook (print or online) – Medline or PubMed search: find and review articles – Pre-appraised evidence Best Evidence Clinical Evidence (Therapy only) Cochrane Collaboration (Therapy only) UpToDate Which source enables you to find answers most quickly?
- 26. Appraise the Evidence Are the results valid? What Can are the results? we apply the results to our patient?
- 27. Appraise the Evidence Determine if evidence is unbiased or flawed – – Critically appraise articles yourself Used a source that appraises trials for you Best Evidence Clinical Evidence Cochrane Library UpToDate
- 28. Apply the Evidence Evidence must be applied to each individual patient Is your patient similar enough to those studied? – Do benefits outweigh harms? – Cost – What are your patient’s values and preferences? –
- 29. Rules of Evidence All evidence is not created equal. Evidence alone never makes clinical decisions. Values always influence decisions.
- 30. Learning through play Try all “buttons” Make lots of “mistakes” Have fun Survey your ‘information environment’; try to influence choices of new resources
- 32. Believe You Can Do It … Start to Develop the New Skills
- 33. The bridge to address all of these improvement mandates and to cross the “quality chasm” is evidence-based practice brought alive at the microsystem level
Editor's Notes
- Postprandial somnolence Guide to knowing when to nap
- “Explicit, judicious, and conscientious use of current best evidence from medical care research to make decisions about the medical care of individuals” Clinical expertise IS important! Why? Experience with patients: improves efficiency of diagnosis and treatment Improves ability to determine applicability of research data to your patients Allows consideration of patient preferences EBM is the process of systematically finding the most recent applicable research, appraising its validity, and using it as the basis for clinical decisions. Clinical Expertise improves efficiency of Dx and Rx considers patient preferences Overestimates usefulness of therapy -placebo effect - loss to follow-up “Have not all concerned physicians been doing this (EBM) for ages... ? The steps and recommendations of the EBM acolytes reek of obfuscations and platitudes.” WKC Morgan, London, Ontario Lancet, October 28, 1995
- 1) Our up-to-date knowledge and clinical performance that we all possessed upon completing our residency program definitely deteriorate with time. Sure, we certainly gain experience and some knowledge with practicing medicine, but we tend to lose more than we gain. 2) New types of evidence are generated daily which should create major changes in the way we care for our patients. Also, modern evaluation tools allow dissection, understanding, and objectification of the diagnostic reasoning skills of expert clinicians. In other words we can sort out how skilled doctors think and apply these rigorous systems to training doctors. 3) Although we need to use the new research information being generated daily, we usually fail to use it. 4) Listserv example of variation in care delivery (PE diagnosis, pneumovax) What’s the evidence that we need it? If we look at the delivery of healthcare, we don’t see a well-ordered, knowledge-based system. When health insurers and employers, the people paying for health insurance in America, they don’t see a well-ordered, knowledge-based system. We and they see chaos! Now, am I being excessively alarmist or critical? A story in a past Sunday New York Times Magazine has likened unexplained variation to three jumbo jets crashing every two days. Highlight the number of patients killed every year because of missed diagnoses, medication mishaps, and other preventable errors.
- The balance, and even tension, between evidence and clinical expertise is summarized by Sackett:
- The lag period between publication of research findings demonstrating clinical effectiveness and the subsequent implementation in clinical practice is well recognized. Practitioners continue to base clinical decisions on outdated training and on experience with individual patients.
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