EBM or cases or both? - Tom Jefferson
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The document discusses evidence-based medicine (EBM) and the role of case reports and individual patient stories in healthcare. It notes that EBM primarily relies on controlled studies like randomized controlled trials, while case reports allow for consideration of individual patient contexts and rare diseases. The document advocates celebrating and standardizing the reporting of case reports and stories, as they can provide important contextualized evidence when controls are not available or ethical. It also discusses guidelines developed based on systematic reviews of infectious disease case reports.
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This document discusses the basics of pathophysiology. It begins by defining anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology, noting that pathophysiology builds on knowledge of normal structure and function by exploring how disease develops and changes anatomy and physiology. It then discusses several key pathophysiology topics: the causes and mechanisms of disease; how pathologists study tissues and cells to determine disease cause; how normal and abnormal structure and function relate to disease signs and symptoms; and how specific diseases affect individual organ systems based on normal structure and function. The document emphasizes that understanding pathophysiology helps physicians develop effective prevention, diagnostic, treatment, and management strategies for disease.
2-Epidemiological studies
The document discusses different types of epidemiological studies, including descriptive studies like case reports and case series that focus on person, place and time to create hypotheses. Analytical studies like case-control and cohort studies are used to test hypotheses by being either observational or interventional. Randomized controlled trials are the gold standard for comparing new interventions. Observational analytical studies include cross-sectional, cohort and case-control designs, while interventional analytical studies are clinical trials. The appropriate study design depends on the research goals and objectives.
English: Dr. Brian Fallon
The views expressed in the presentations are that of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Government of Canada. Presentations are shared in the original format received from the presenter.
Presentations given at the Conference to Develop a Federal Framework on Lyme Disease are the property of the author, unless otherwise cited. If you reference the author's work, you must give the author credit by naming the author and their work as well as the place and date it was presented.
For more information, contact the Lyme Disease Conference Secretariat at maladie_lyme_disease@phac-aspc.gc.ca
XNN001 Introductory epidemiological concepts - Study design
This document provides an overview of key epidemiological concepts and study designs. It defines epidemiology and discusses why epidemiological data is collected through monitoring and surveillance and to identify relationships between exposures and disease. The main observational study designs covered are ecological, cross-sectional, case-control, cohort studies as well as randomized controlled trials. For each study design, the document outlines their structure, advantages and limitations.
Etiology Research.pptx
Etiologic research aims to establish causal relationships between determinants and disease outcomes. There are two main observational study designs for etiologic research: cohort studies and case-control studies. Cohort studies follow groups of individuals over time based on exposure to a determinant and compare disease outcome rates. Case-control studies identify cases of a disease and controls without the disease and compare past exposure to determinants. Both study designs are prone to biases like selection bias, information bias, and confounding, which can distort the true determinant-outcome relationship if not adequately addressed.
6..Study designs in descritive epidemiology DR.SOMANATH.ppt
This document provides an overview of various epidemiological study designs used in public health research. It begins with descriptive studies, which observe disease distribution by time, place and person without attempting to draw conclusions about causes. It then covers analytical studies, including ecological, cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies. Ecological studies examine population-level associations, while cross-sectional studies measure prevalence. Case-control studies test hypotheses by comparing exposures in cases vs controls, and cohort studies prospectively follow groups to measure disease incidence and relative risks. The document discusses key aspects of study design, biases, strengths and limitations for each type.
analyticalstudydesignscasecontrolstudy-160305174642.pdf
Analytical case-control studies compare exposures in groups with and without a disease. Cases are selected who have the disease, and controls without the disease are matched on characteristics like age and sex. Investigators collect exposure data and calculate odds ratios to evaluate associations between exposures and diseases. Case-control studies are useful for rare diseases and outbreak investigations but are susceptible to biases from non-representative sampling and inaccurate recall of past exposures.
Analytical study designs case control study
Analytical case-control studies compare exposures in groups with and without a disease. Cases are selected who have the disease, and controls without the disease are matched on characteristics like age and sex. Investigators measure past exposures and compare frequencies between cases and controls. The odds ratio association measure compares the odds of exposure in cases versus controls. Selection bias can occur if cases or controls are not representative, and recall bias can occur if cases remember past exposures differently than controls.
The State of Play in Diagnosis
Genomic sequencing is expected to have the most impact in stratifying cancer patients for treatment, diagnosing genetic diseases to enable prevention, and providing information to reduce adverse drug reactions. However, diagnosing rare diseases using genomics faces many challenges, including a lack of expertise, infrastructure, and reimbursement for interpretation. Additionally, databases of genetic variants are often inaccurate, with around 27% of entries being wrong in their clinical implications. This leads to difficulties in diagnosis and determining treatment relevance. New interdisciplinary diagnostic concepts and centers are needed to help address these hurdles.
Similar to EBM or cases or both? - Tom Jefferson (20)
STUDY DESIGNS that explain why disease se may spread and how to . a.pptx
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Evidence Based Practice and Finding the Information You Need
Evidence Based Practice and Finding the Information You Need
Brief introduction to different types of studies (Pyramid of Evidence)
Brief introduction to different types of studies (Pyramid of Evidence)
XNN001 Introductory epidemiological concepts - Study design
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6..Study designs in descritive epidemiology DR.SOMANATH.ppt
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- 1. EBM or cases or both? Tom Jefferson Cochrane Ari Group , Cochrane Vaccines Field etc Jefferson.tomail.com Thanks to Dr Massimo Arlotti, Sebastiano Leone, Fabio Franzetti, Evangelo Boumis, Angelo Pan Celebrating case reports and stories in health care
- 4. Celebrating case reports and stories in health care Repeated observation across different contexts Induction Theories and general principles Deduction Conclusions and explanations The arch of knowledge
- 7. Infective endocarditis (Dr Boumis) Celebrating case reports and stories in health care Reporting variable No missing / 19 reports Age 1 Comorbidities/risk factors 1 Symptom duration 3 Symptom descr 4 Physical examination findings 7 Imaging data 3 Lab data 13 Which valve involved 1 Agente sensitivity (MIC) 2 Antibiotic dosage 11 Antibiotic tx duration 6 Outcome description 4 Follow up duration 5
- 9. Tom Jefferson B eware of red herrings How to read and listen to scientific items - Bufala spotting Case report quick assessment NO Is the topic of interest? YES Is presentation clear? YES NO Is the narrative logical? NO YES Is there a a declaration of conflicts? NO YES Is the sponsor identifiable? NO YES Can you reproduce the pathway? YES NO Are off-lables used Are there ethical Problems? No Yes