Livestock Diets in 1,000 Days: Pathways to Healthy, Sustainable Futures
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The document discusses the role of livestock-derived foods (LDF) in nutrition outcomes during the first 1,000 days of life in low-income countries. It notes that consuming one egg per day can almost halve stunting rates, and meat intake is linked to better development scores. LDF contain essential micronutrients like vitamin B12, iron, zinc, and vitamin A in highly bioavailable forms. However, both underconsumption and overconsumption of LDF can present health risks. The presentation calls for aligning livestock and nutrition policies to consider the needs of vulnerable groups and contribute to sustainable development goals.
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Livestock Diets in 1,000 Days: Pathways to Healthy, Sustainable Futures
- 1. Livestock enhanced diets in the first 1,000 days: pathways to healthy and sustainable futures in low-income countries? Nabila Shaikh from Chatham House Silvia Alonso, Mats Lannerstad and Paula Dominguez-Salas from ILRI EAT Forum Stockholm, Sweden, 11 June 2018
- 2. Livestock products and the environment
- 3. 1,000 days: Livestock products, nutrition and health • What impacts do livestock-derived foods (LDF) have on nutrition? • How do livestock interventions and production contribute to nutrition outcomes? • What are the health and environment side effects and risks of consuming livestock-derived foods?
- 4. Livestock products and nutrition One egg a day = almost halved stunting Meat intake = better scores
- 5. Nature, Gupta 2016 LDF composition: concentration and availability Contains essential micronutrients • Vit B12: brain development; mostly in animal products • Good micronutrient profile • Iron, zinc, vit A in highly bioavailable form
- 6. LDF composition: concentration and availability Contains essential micronutrients • Vit B12: mostly in animal products • Good micronutrient profile • Iron, zinc, vit A in highly bioavailable form • High protein concentration • Amino acid profile
- 7. UNICEF, 2018 Source: Global databases 2017, based on 66 country MICS, DHS and other national surveys. Diet diversity 3 LDF
- 8. Too much… too little? I
- 9. Too much… too little? II
- 10. Sustainable livestock systems (?)
- 11. Enabling policy environment • Align livestock and nutrition policies (national/international) • Nutritional needs of most vulnerable to be considered in the Sustainable Development debate • Livestock-nutrition allies contributing to SDG and Global Sustainability agenda
- 12. While the health and nourishment of all the world’s people matter, there is simply no moral equivalence between those who make poor food choices and those who have no food choices at all, between those who over- consume livestock-source foods and those who can afford no livestock-source foods at all. J. Smith, ILRI
- 13. This presentation is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence. better lives through livestock ilri.org
Editor's Notes
- I believe all of us here share the goal of the EAT Foundation – “to reform the global food system and enable us to feed a growing global population with healthy food from a healthy planet.” This recent article in the guarding presents a worrying reality and calls for a desirable action – to reduce global LDF consumption. As shown in many studies, and now recently in the Science paper by J. Poore and T. Nemecek3 recently published, agriculture, and in particular livestock production, has a massive natural resource use, land, nutrients, water, and often negative environmental impacts, with GHG emissions as the prime focus/concern. To make agricultural production more resource efficient with less environmental impacts, and to adjust the global dietary choices are thus two sides of the same coin. One main alternative will thus be to reduce the global demand for LDF, which has been lifted by e.g. Chatham House in several reports how to mitigate CC This speaks a lot to me, and I am sure to many of you in this room, who have choices and access to different rich foods. However, unfortunately, the world doesn’t look like Stockholm everywhere. There is another world out there that consumes far too little LDF, and that have no many choices when it comes to foods. I am talking about children who don’t eat DLF daily, no milk, no meat, no eggs, at risk of stunting and related impaired physical and mental development. Pregnant and lactating mothers that struggle to meet their increased energy and nutrient requirements with the available foods, increasing their risk of death, and vulnerability to illness. I am talking about the next generation in most low- and middle-countries and how to help them achieve their full potential, to protect their futures.
- [Include several images of studies that speak about the role of LDF on nutrition and health, both positive and negative findings] Fundamentally the article in the guardian may be right, but we must be asking ourselves the following questions: What impacts do livestock-derived foods (LDF) have on the nutrition of children during their first 1,000 days? How do livestock interventions and production contribute to nutrition outcomes in the first 1,000 days? What are the health and environment side effects and risks of consuming livestock-derived foods in the first 1,000 days? Addressing these question, ILRI and CH have just published a report that builds on an extensive review of research work to understand the role that LDF can play to improve nutrition in the first 1,000 days, and to generate evidence-based recommendations to support the needs in this vulnerable moment in time.
- “There is increasing evidence that over-consumption of LDF is associated with an increase risk of Non Communicable Diseases; also LDF are known vehicles for foodborne disease; There is similarly increasing evidence that LDFs can make in important contribution to nutrition and health, specially in early years. Benefits of LDF for nutrition: (PRESENT SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE) Milk: evidence that milk supports growth, and that it might have more effect in worse off populations nutritionally Meat: evidence of cognitive development outcomes Eggs: Equador => a supplement of one egg a day almost halved stunting, and supplied nutrients relevant for cognitive development But scientific evidence on this remains scarce. There is virtually no data on the effects of LDF consumption by pregnant women and lactating mothers on the nutritional outcomes of their babies. And very limited info on first 2 years of life.
- Another reason why LDF are particularly relevant for nutrition is their food composition. Most important food-source of VitB12, good micronutrient profile (here explain that eggs are rich in so many nutrients) and high concentrations and high bioavailability of iron, zinc and vit A (here explain the pictures at the bottom).
- Another reason why LDF are particularly relevant for nutrition is their food composition. Most important food-source of VitB12, good micronutrient profile (here explain that eggs are rich in so many nutrients) and high concentrations and high bioavailability of iron, zinc and vit A (here explain the pictures at the bottom).
- A widely recommended indicator of infant diet is the individual dietary diversity: The minimum dietary diversity is “4 food groups” Dietary diversity is a proxy of micronutrient adequacy. The more varied and diverse the diets, the more likely to achieve the nutrient requirement Total of groups is 7 of which 3 are LDF. Including LDF in diets increased diversity (and increases micronutr. adequacy). Only LDF as only non-LDF would be very poor diets. Note: Analysis is based on a subset of 66 countries with comparable data from 2010-2017, comprising 59 per cent of the global population. * Population coverage for the 3 indicators in urban areas is 47%; interpret with caution. Source: UNICEF Global databases 2017, based on MICS, DHS and other national surveys.
- As there are lots of people in the world over eating (and this has health consequences, and environment consequences), there are lots of people in the world under eating. Livestock-derived foods represented less than 15 per cent of the total protein supply across Asia and sub-Saharan Africa (year 2013). In North America and Europe, more than 50 per cent of the protein supply came from meat, milk and eggs. We are concerned that curbing the negative environmental impacts from livestock/agriculture will lead to nutritional needing groups “falling between the cracks”. LDF can very efficiently complement poor/not-diverse diets. And if we look only at 1,000 days, they don’t even need that much !!! (show graph). Here allude to reasons to promote LDF in first 1,000 days but also beyond in certain strata in LMIC. Some people has to decrease consumption, but there are lots of people that need to increase!
- As there are lots of people in the world over eating (and this has health consequences, and environment consequences), there are lots of people in the world under eating. Livestock-derived foods represented less than 15 per cent of the total protein supply across Asia and sub-Saharan Africa (year 2013). In North America and Europe, more than 50 per cent of the protein supply came from meat, milk and eggs. We are concerned that curbing the negative environmental impacts from livestock/agriculture will lead to nutritional needing groups “falling between the cracks”. LDF can very efficiently complement poor/not-diverse diets. And if we look only at 1,000 days, they don’t even need that much !!! (show graph). Here allude to reasons to promote LDF in first 1,000 days but also beyond in certain strata in LMIC. Some people has to decrease consumption, but there are lots of people that need to increase!
- So how do we put LDF in their plates? We need to decrease LDF demand by those that are overeating, and work towards more efficient and less environmental impacting livestock production practices globally. However, when it comes to LDF production in LMIC, this is primarily a LIVELIHOOD BASED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION = environmental sustainability is only one part of the “sustainability equation”: we forget social and economic aspects of sustainability: In LMIC Livestock’s multiple contributions to economic and social well-being for millions of smallholders: Integrated biomass and nutrient use in mixed systems Draught animal power / traction Manure Broadened income Milk and egg – daily income vs. harvest crop Resilience climatic variability Capital reserve Cultural and religious links They are there, and won’t disappear, and can provide readily accessible nutrient rich foods for communities, and a source of income for those producing them. Eggs, and poultry meat, easily accessible to poor HHs in LMIC through poultry keeping. Milk and meat highly accessible to HH with such livestock = However, in rural areas, where more livestock is available, currently 1 in 4 children do not achieve the bare minimum when it comes to diet diversity. Having livestock not enough to ensure better diets. So increasing availability is not enough = we must address accessibility issues. Also, from environmental sustainability perspective, these system are often sub-efficient – ILRI’s work is addressing that. Considering livestock are an important and widely present asset in LMIC, it would be irresponsible not to take the chance to produce more LDF, and more efficiently, so that those under eating, can eat a bit more. We don’t need much to at least protect the first 1,000 days.
- Nutrition people influenced by global debate. Nutrition people need to pay attention to the livestock. LIVESTOCK SENSITIVE Livestock working on genetics, their own world. They need to pay attention to nutrition. NUTRITION SENSITIVE They need to come together and both contribute to the SDG and the Global Sustainability agenda.
- The health and environmental concerns of producing and overconsuming livestock-derived foods, particularly in high-income countries are legitimate, but these should not be a reason to limit nutritional choices for the undernourished in poorer countries. It would be irresponsible, and unethical, to fail to better utilise existing livestock resources to improve the diets of undernourished children and new mothers. In our enthusiasm to save the planet, we don’t need to leave some of the people fall out of the cracks.