PREPARED OF ENG: ADEL OMAR SAEED Introduction to earthworks machineries Civil engineering is one of the ancient careers in the history and constructions technologies have been always one of the criterions of any civilization evolution . Due to the development in our constructions humans needed an advanced tools to make thier jobs easier and more sufficient . nowadays machines do the most of the work in the construction field starting with moving objects till mixing concrete and mobiles such as tractors, dumb truck, front loaders and cranes are the most important type of machines that we can't do any construction without using it  nowadays machines do the most of the work in the construction field starting with moving objects till mixing concrete and mobiles such as tractors, dumb truck,front loaders and cranes are the most important type of machines that we can't do any construction without using it Civil engineering is one of the ancient careers in history of construction; technologies have always been one of the criterions of any civilization evolution . Due to the development in our constructions, humans needed an advanced tools to make their jobs easier and more sufficient.nowadays machines do the most of the work in the construction field starting with moving objects till mixing concrete and mobiles such as tractors, dumb truck,front loaders and cranes are the most important type of machines that we can't do any construction without using it . nowadays machines do the most of the work in the construction field starting with moving objects till mixing concrete and mobiles such as tractors, dumb truck,front loaders and cranes are the most important type of machines that we can't do any construction without using it Civil engineering is one of the ancient careers in history of construction; technologies have always been one of the criterions of any civilization evolution . Due to the development in our constructions, humans needed an advanced tools to make their jobs easier and more sufficient.nowadays machines do the most of the work in the construction field starting with moving objects till mixing concrete and mobiles such as tractors, dumb truck,front loaders and cranes are the most important type of machines that we can't do any construction without using it . nowadays machines do the most of the work in the construction field starting with moving objects till mixing concrete and mobiles such as tractors, dumb truck,front loaders and cranes are the most important type of machines that we can't do any construction without using it Civil engineering is one of the ancient careers in history of construction; technologies have always been one of the criterions of any civilization evolution . Due to the development in our constructions, humans needed an advanced tools to make their jobs easier and more sufficient.nowadays machines do the most of the work in the construction field starting with moving objects till mixing concrete an

1. Introduction to earthworks
machineries
Civil engineering is one of the ancient careers in the history and
constructions technologies have been always one of the criterions
of any civilization evolution . Due to the development in our
constructions humans needed an advanced tools to make thier
jobs easier and more sufficient . nowadays machines do the most
of the work in the construction field starting with moving objects till
mixing concrete and mobiles such as tractors, dumb truck, front
loaders and cranes are the most important type of machines that
we can't do any construction without using it

2. con’t nowadays machines do the most of the work in the
construction field starting with moving objects till mixing
concrete and mobiles such as tractors, dumb truck,front
loaders and cranes are the most important type of machines
that we can't do any construction without using it
Civil engineering is one of the ancient careers in history of
construction; technologies have always been one of the
criterions of any civilization evolution . Due to the development
in our constructions, humans needed an advanced tools to
make their jobs easier and more sufficient.nowadays machines
do the most of the work in the construction field starting with
moving objects till mixing concrete and mobiles such as
tractors, dumb truck,front loaders and cranes are the most
important type of machines that we can't do any construction
without using it .

3. Tractors
A tractor is a vehicle which is powered by a
gasoline or diesel engine and has great pulling
or pushing power . The word tractor is Latin and
means "to pull" There are two kinds of tractors .
One is a track mounted assemblage (much like
a tank), and the other is wheel mounted. Both
types are used in construction and agriculture
applications for clearing sites of unwanted fill
and debris, and manipulating the earth to obtain
rough grade.

4. Tractor Attachments:
Buckets
The bucket is like it sounds, a large bucket attached to
the front of a tractor. Used for many tasks such as
picking up or hauling large/heavy objects.
Blades
The blade is much like a snow plow. Used for pushing
large debris around.
Rippers
The ripper looks like many curved blades. Used for
tearing up the land and loosening compacted soils

5. Tractors :-
Track-mounted
Wheel-mounted
Track-mounted
Wheel-mounted

6. Loaders
A loader (also known as: bucket/ front/ front
end/pay/scoop/skip/wheel loader and or shovel.)
is a type of tractor, usually wheeled, sometimes
on tracks, that has a front mounted square wide
bucket connected to the end of two booms
(arms) to scoop up loose material from the
ground, such as dirt, sand or gravel, and move it
from one place to another without pushing the
material across the ground.

7. Description
A loader is a type of tractor, usually wheeled, sometimes on
tracks, that has a front-mounted square wide bucket
connected to the end of two booms (arms) to scoop up
loose material from the ground, such as dirt, sand or gravel,
and move it from one place to another without pushing the
material across the ground. A loader is commonly used to
move a stockpiled material from ground level and deposit it
into an awaiting dump truck or into an open trench
excavation.
The loader assembly may be a removable attachment or
permanently mounted. Often the bucket can be replaced
with other devices or tools—for example, many can mount
forks to lift heavy pallets or shipping containers, and a
hydraulically opening "clamshell" bucket allows a loader to
act as a light dozer or scraper. The bucket can also be
augmented with devices like a bale grappler for handling
large bales of hay or straw.

8. Types & uses of earthworks
machineries(heavy equipment)
Many types of heavy equipment are used for
earthwork, and when you are on a construction site,
you will want to know what to call each one
Earthworks machines can be classified by their
purposes:
1.loaders:
Loaders are very common in heavy construction.
They are known to be efficient multipurpose low cost
and low-maintenance machines. Loaders are mainly
used in construction to manipulate and move
materials in projects that include digging, road
construction and planning a site. Some models are
dedicated to specific tasks such as waste
management

9. 2.DUMPERS
Dumpers are a heavy duty 4 wheel drive vehicle designed for
carrying bulk material and move construction material on
construction sites, with the added advantage of legal road use.

Formerly, the dumper was a sort of rocking wagon: it would be
used to unload the content: fruits, vegetables and so on, by
tipping over. The cart would be pulled by animals, usually
horses. The principle of modern dumpers as construction
equipment is similar: it is a truck with a bucket that can carry and
pour the material out and into a crusher for example.
 There are different kinds of dumpers:

 Articulated Dump Trucks
 Rigid Dump Trucks
 Tracked Dump Trucks
 Mini Dumpers

10. Articulated Dump
Trucks
MINI DUMPERS
Rigid Dump
Truck
Tracked dump
truck

11. 3. EXCAVATORS:
3. EXCAVATORS:
Excavators are construction equipment used for digging and earth
removal. The excavator consists of an extending limb, referred to
as a boom, and a cab on a swivelling platform, which is called the
house. Excavators can either come with wheels or tracks which
are attached to the undercarriage. The house sits on the
undercarriage and can pivot using hydraulic fluid; which
accomplishes all movement and function. Excavator design
comes from the evolution of the steam.
An excavator is a self-propelled wheeled or crawler machine with
an upper portion capable of revolution, that excavates, swings
and discharges material by utilizing a bucket fixed to the
telescoping boom, or boom and arm, without having to move the
undercarriage or chassis at any time of the machines work period.

12. excavator

13. 4.bulldozers
The first bulldozers were made from a farm tractor. The first one
is manufactured in the USA in 1883 by James Piteous.

Dozers were first used to dig canals, raise earth dams, and
make grading. The tractors were equipped with a large thick
metal piece. This one was called a "blade". The blade "peels"
layers of soil and pushes forward while the tractor moves.
Specialized blades have been developed: for high volume and
for high densities. The blade is now curved to get ability:
* The rake blade is to remove only larger rocks
* The blade with sharp edges as razors, to cut sections of trees.
* The blade for earthmoving, known as the "pig"

14. bulldozer

17. 5. MOTOR GRADERS
 Motor Graders are construction machines that have a characteristic long
blade at the bottom. A grader is commonly referred to as road grader, the
blade or maintainer. It is mainly used in roads construction to the make the
ground flat.

 Most popular maintainer brands have three axles. The engine and cab are
located behind vehicle, above the rear axles. The third axle is at the front and
the blade is usually right behind it. Most motor grader models have a second
blade in front of the front axles.

 Uses of Motor Graders
 Their basic function is to flatten the ground. Civil engineers use to it to finish
after the rough work has been done by the scrapers and bulldozers. The
name “maintainer” refers to the fact that a grader is used to maintain dirt and
gravel roads. In the construction of large buildings, a grader is used to set the
foundation.

18. MOTOR GRADER(CALLED
SCRAPER)

19. CRANE
 A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist, wire ropes or
chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to
move them horizontally.Cranes are distinguished from hoists, which can lift
objects but that cannot move them sideways. Cranes are also distinguished
from conveyors, that lift and move bulk materials, such as grain and coal, in a
continuous process. The word crane is taken from the fact that these
machines have a shape similar to that of the tall, long-necked bird of the
same name.
Human beings have used a wide variety of devices to lift heavy objects since
ancient times. One of the earliest versions of the crane to be developed was
the shaduf, first used to move water in Egypt about four thousand years ago.
The shaduf consists of a long, pivoting beam balanced on a vertical support.
A heavy weight is attached to one end of the beam and a bucket to the other.
The user pulls the bucket down to the water supply, fills it, then allows the
weight to pull the bucket up. The beam is then rotated to the desired position
and the bucket is emptied. The shaduf is still used in rural areas of Egypt and
India.

20. CON’T
due to the developing of the construction
technology cranes have been developed
too.nowadays cranes are used in many
fields and techniques which made cranes
develop to many deferent types so it can be
suitable for every lifting jobs. And some of
those types are :

21. 1) Mobile Cranes
The most basic type of crane consists of a steel
truss or telescopic boom mounted on a mobile
platform, which could be a rail, wheeled, or even on
a cat truck. The boom is hinged at the bottom and
can be either raised or lowered by cables or
hydraulic cylinders.

22. The tower crane is a modern form
of a balance crane. When fixed to
the ground, tower cranes will
often give the best combination of
height and lifting capacity and are
also used when constructing tall
buildings.
2) Tower Crane

23. 3)Rough Terrain Crane
&4)Overhead Crane
A crane that is mounted on an
undercarriage with four
rubber tires, designed for
operations off road. The
outriggers extend vertically
and horizontally to level and
stabilize the crane when
hoisting. These types of
cranes are single engine
machines where the same
engine is used for powering
the undercarriage as it is for
powering the crane. In these
types of cranes, the engine is
normally mounted in the
Also refered to as a
suspended crane, this type is
normally used in a factory,
with some of them being able
to lift very heavy loads. The
hoist is set on a trolley which
will move in one direction
along one or two beams,
which move at angles to that
direction along elevated or
ground level tracks, often
mounted along the side of an
assembly area.Also refered
to as a suspended crane, this
type is normally used in a
factory, with some of them
being able to lift very heavy
loads.