The document discusses earthquakes, including what causes them, their effects, and how to prepare for and respond to them. Some key points include: - Earthquakes are caused by movements of tectonic plates and can cause widespread damage and loss of life. - Major historical earthquakes are described that caused extensive damage, such as in Kobe, Japan and Bhuj, India. - Earthquakes can have secondary effects like tsunamis, land faults, fires, liquefaction, and epidemics. - Advice is provided on how to prepare for earthquakes and stay safe during and after shaking occurs.

1. EARTHQUAKE AWARENESS http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

2. Earthquakes are one of the most frightening and destructive phenomena of nature, strike suddenly, violently, and without warning . If an earthquake occurs in a populated area, it may cause many deaths and injuries and extensive property damage

3. Earthquake is a sudden slipping or movement of a portion of the earth’s crust accompanied and followed by a series of vibrations. What is an Earthquake? http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

4. Tectonic Plates and Faults

5. Kobe JAPAN January 17, 1995 Kobe Earthquake http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

6. Before After 1935 – Earthquake struck Quetta (Pakistan) 40,000 - 60,000 killed & thousands injured 30 seconds

7. Bhuj was the worst affected, 90% of the buildings had been damaged, and power supplies and the telephone system were down. Gujarat (India) Earthquake 2001 Over 20,000 persons reported dead and about 1.7 Lakhs injured 3,39,000 buildings/houses collapsed and partially damaged http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

8. Millions of people have been affected. Communities of 12 Countries have been effected . TSUNAMI HIT COASTAL BELT OF SOUTH-EAST ASIA SUNDAY 26 TH DEC. 2004 Thousands of people have been dead. Thousands of survivors have been left homeless.

9. Area Affected: 30000 sq km Population Affected: 3.5 million Human Loss: 87000 plus Injured: 77000 plus Houses: 70% destroyed 30% damaged Families affected: 500,000 STRONG EARTHQUAKE STRUCK KASHMIR & NORTHERN PAKISTAN

10. CHINA EARTHQUAKE May 12, 2008 More than 60,000 killed and thousands injured http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

11. “ Earthquakes don’t kill people” “ Un-safe buildings do”

12. Before the Tremor Secure heavy furnishings and keep heavy objects on lower shelves http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

13. Before the Tremor Secure your water heater with wall and floor

14. Do not hang heavy items such as decorative items, fancy lights, pictures and mirrors above beds or seating areas. Before the Tremor http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

15. Store weed killers, pesticides, and flammable products securely in closed cabinets with latches and on bottom shelves. Before the Tremor

16. Check roofs and wall foundation for stability Before the Tremor http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

17. Before the Tremor Repair defective electrical wiring and leaky gas connections

18. Develop an emergency survival Kit Food items (rice, noodles, canned food, milk power, beverages, water) Solid fuel and matches – A First Aid Kit – A portable battery-operated transistor radio. Before the Tremor http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

19. Keep list of Emergency phone numbers, Police Help, Fire Service, Ambulance Service , Rescue , Electric Dept. & Gas Dept. Before the Tremor

20. Before the Tremor Decide where family members will reunite if separated http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

21. Ground shaking in earthquake is lasting for not more than 15-30 seconds During these few seconds, stay calm, do not run or panic. When a Tremor Occurs

22. When a Tremor Occurs If indoor, stay indoor, where you are. Most injuries occur as people are entering or leaving buildings. Minimize your movements to a few steps to reach a nearby safe place Know the danger & safe spot in home http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

23. When a Tremor Occurs Take shelter under a sturdy table, desk or bed and protect your head and face as that will provide you with provide you with air space and protection against falling objects.

24. Stay away from windows, doors, walls, display shelves and anything that could fall and hurt you, like lightings, furniture or fixtures. When a Tremor Occurs http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

25. When a Tremor Occurs Do not use elevators, use stairways in multi-story buildings

26. If you are outdoors, stay away from buildings, trees and overhead electrical cables. Remain in the open until the tremor stops. When a Tremor Occurs http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

27. When a Tremor Occurs If you are driving, stop as quickly as safety permits. Stay in your vehicle. Avoid stopping near or under trees, buildings, bridges, over passes or overhead electrical cables. Proceed cautiously after the event – watching for road and bridge damage

28. After the Tremor Stops Check yourself and others for injuries… administer first aid quickly and carefully http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

29. After the Tremor Stops Do not use candles, matches or other naked flames during and after the tremor, as there might be a gas leak.

30. After the Tremor Stops Do not touch any damaged electrical wiring. Also, report to concerned authorities. Learn how to cut off utilities http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

31. After the Tremor Stops Check your home for any structural defects. Repair any deep cracks in ceilings or foundations. Get expert advice if there are signs of structural defects.

32. After the Tremor Stops Use the telephone to report life-threatening emergencies only http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

33. After the Tremor Stops Be prepared for aftershocks which may cause additional damage and may bring weakened structures down. Aftershocks may occur hours, days, weeks, or even months after the quake.

34. Enhancing Your Survivability If Trapped Under Rubble/Debris http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

35. Avoid unnecessary movement so that you don’t kick up dust. Maintain moral and fighting sprits high. Periodically move your fingers and toes to ensure blood circulation. Trapped under debris

36. Trapped under debris Cover your mouth and nose with anything you have on hand. Try to breath through the available cotton material. http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

37. Trapped under debris Do not shout; shout only as a last resort. Shout can cause a person to inhale dangerous amounts of dust.

38. Tap on a pipe or wall so that rescuers can hear where you are. If available use a flashlight to signal your location. Trapped under debris http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

39. EARTHQUAKE AFFECTS

40. Classes of Earthquake There are three classes of earthquake that are known & recognized as, tectonic, volcanic and artificially produced Tectonic: Tectonic quake are by far the most common, devastating and most difficult to predict. They are caused by stresses set up by movements of a dozen or so huge plates that form the earth’s crusts. Most earthquakes occur at the boundaries of these plates. Where two plates slides over and collides against each other; some earthquakes do occur in the middle of plates. Volcanic: Volcanic quakes are seldom very large or destructive; they often precede or accompany volcanic eruption. Artificial: Artificially produced earthquake are EQ induced by activities such as the filling of new reservoir or the pumping of fluid deep into the earth through wells. This type of EQ can be noticeable but are hardly destructive. http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

41. Earthquakes are one of the most destructive of natural hazards. They may occur at any time of year, day or night, with sudden impact and little warning. Destroy buildings and or damage structure of the building, bridges, communications Loss of human lives Dense casualties/injuries Extensive property damages Disruption/Disturbance to normal human life activities Destabilize the government, economy and social structure of a country. Affects of Earthquake

42. Surface rupture-Fault movements can break the ground surface, damaging buildings and other structures. Destruction of Earthquake http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

43. Damaged bridges, pipelines, power lines, and roads. Earthquakes often damage roads, hindering rescue and recovery efforts and causing accidents. Water and sewer pipeline breaks result in water loss and can cause “sinkholes” that undermine roads and buildings. Damage to natural gas and electrical distribution systems can cause fires, as well as major service outages . EARTHQUAKE IMPACT

44. Earthquakes can trigger landslides that damage roads, buildings, pipelines, and other infrastructure. Earthquake Impact: Landslides http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

45. Earthquake Impact: Hazardous material releases Earthquake damage can cause releases of hazardous materials from refineries and other chemical storage and distribution systems, research and industrial laboratories, manufacturing plants, and railroad tank cars.

46. Earthquake Impact: Dam failures Earthquake shaking can cause dams to fail causing flooding and reduced water supplies. In addition, many dams provide hydroelectric power, which could be critically needed following a quake. http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

47. Earthquake Effects: Ground Shaking

48. Tsunamis Land faulting Fire Liquefaction Epidemic Secondary Affects of Earthquake http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

49. Great earthquakes occurring anywhere in the Pacific Ocean may displace the ocean floor, generating tsunamis that could affect the coastal areas. Earthquake Secondary Effects: Tsunamis

50. Earthquake Secondary Effects: Land Faulting http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

51. gas lines break, electrical shorts ignite fires, damaged water tanks and broken pipes limit water for firefighting, and clogged roads and collapsed bridges prevent firefighter access. These factors can lead to fires spreading, causing extensive additional damage and burning entire neighborhoods. Earthquakes in urban areas are often followed by destructive fires because - Earthquake Secondary Effects … FIRES

52. Earthquake shaking can cause soils to behave like a liquid and lose their ability to support structures. Liquefaction often causes buried gas and water lines to break. The highest hazard is in low-lying areas where there are loose, sandy soils or poorly compacted artificial fill. Earthquake Secondary Effects: Liquefaction http://disaster-risk-management.blogspot.com

53. Earthquake Secondary Effects: Epidemic

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