The document describes key features of Earth. It discusses Earth's distance from the Sun, its orbit and rotation. It then covers Earth's structure like its spheroid shape and density. The document also summarizes the major layers of Earth's atmosphere and their properties. Finally, it briefly outlines Earth's lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.
its a small view of layers of atmosphere! maximum every person have to know this type of information etiher they're engineer, doctor or accountant! it's a basic for our lives!
An introduction to the 4 spheres that make up the interconnected global systems of the earth: the lithosphere, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the biosphere.
this ppt is mainly for the students of grade 7 igcse
go ahead,have a look!
follow for more ppts!
just comment whichever ppt you want next and it will be ready for u!
-proud dsrvian
The surface of the earth is divided into four inter-connected spheres called "geo-spheres". These are the lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere. Geologists, scientists and researchers discovered and classified life and material on or near the surface of the earth in these four spheres. The four spheres derived its names from the Greek words litho for stone, atmo for air, hydro for water and bio for life.
its a small view of layers of atmosphere! maximum every person have to know this type of information etiher they're engineer, doctor or accountant! it's a basic for our lives!
An introduction to the 4 spheres that make up the interconnected global systems of the earth: the lithosphere, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the biosphere.
this ppt is mainly for the students of grade 7 igcse
go ahead,have a look!
follow for more ppts!
just comment whichever ppt you want next and it will be ready for u!
-proud dsrvian
The surface of the earth is divided into four inter-connected spheres called "geo-spheres". These are the lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere. Geologists, scientists and researchers discovered and classified life and material on or near the surface of the earth in these four spheres. The four spheres derived its names from the Greek words litho for stone, atmo for air, hydro for water and bio for life.
Importance of Atmosphere –
Physical and chemical characteristics of Atmosphere –
Vertical structure of the atmosphere –
Composition of the atmosphere –
Temperature profile of the atmosphere –
Lapse rates –
Temperature inversion –
Effects of inversion on pollution dispersion.
Atmospheric stability
Earth’s atmosphere is a thin blanket of gases and tiny particles — together called air.
Atmosphere is the air surrounding the earth.
The Earth’s atmosphere is a mixture of gases and water vapour, and also of some amount of aerosols (dust, smoke, condensation products of vapor)
It contains life-giving gases like Oxygen for humans and animals and carbon dioxide for plants.
It envelops the earth all round and is held in place by the gravity of the earth.
It helps in stopping the ultraviolet rays harmful to the life and maintains the suitable temperature necessary for life.
Atmosphere is the blanket of air that surrounds the earth and the composition of the Atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen 0.9% argon and 0.1% other gases. Earth has 6 layers of Atmosphere around it to protect us from harmful gases & maintain the suitable temperature for the life on the earth .The layers are Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere , Thermosphere , Exosphere and Ionosphere.
Chapter 4THE ATMOSPHERE14.1 THE ATMOSPHERE4.1.1 .docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 4
THE ATMOSPHERE
1
4.1 THE ATMOSPHERE
4.1.1 INTRODUCTION
The atmosphere, the gaseous layer that surrounds the earth, formed over four billion years ago. During
the evolution of the solid earth, volcanic eruptions released gases into the developing atmosphere. Assuming
the outgasing was similar to that of modern volcanoes, the gases released included: water vapor (H2O),
carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrochloric acid (HCl), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3),
nitrogen (N2) and sulfur gases. The atmosphere was reducing because there was no free oxygen. Most of
the hydrogen and helium that outgassed would have eventually escaped into outer space due to the inability
of the earth's gravity to hold on to their small masses. There may have also been signi�cant contributions
of volatiles from the massive meteoritic bombardments known to have occurred early in the earth's history.
Water vapor in the atmosphere condensed and rained down, eventually forming lakes and oceans. The
oceans provided homes for the earliest organisms which were probably similar to cyanobacteria. Oxygen
was released into the atmosphere by these early organisms, and carbon became sequestered in sedimentary
rocks. This led to our current oxidizing atmosphere, which is mostly comprised of nitrogen (roughly 71
percent) and oxygen (roughly 28 percent). Water vapor, argon and carbon dioxide together comprise a
much smaller fraction (roughly 1 percent). The atmosphere also contains several gases in trace amounts,
such as helium, neon, methane and nitrous oxide. One very important trace gas is ozone, which absorbs
harmful UV radiation from the sun.
4.1.2 ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE
The earth's atmosphere extends outward to about 1,000 kilometers where it transitions to interplanetary
space. However, most of the mass of the atmosphere (greater than 99 percent) is located within the �rst
40 kilometers. The sun and the earth are the main sources of radiant energy in the atmosphere. The
sun's radiation spans the infrared, visible and ultraviolet light regions, while the earth's radiation is mostly
infrared.
The vertical temperature pro�le of the atmosphere is variable and depends upon the types of radiation
that a�ect each atmospheric layer. This, in turn, depends upon the chemical composition of that layer
(mostly involving trace gases). Based on these factors, the atmosphere can be divided into four distinct
layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.
The troposphere is the atmospheric layer closest to the earth's surface. It extends about 8 - 16 kilometers
from the earth's surface. The thickness of the layer varies a few km according to latitude and the season of
the year. It is thicker near the equator and during the summer, and thinner near the poles and during the
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16 CHAPTER 4. THE ATMOS ...
2. The mean distance of the Earth from Sun is
computed as 149,642,000 k.m. this distance
commonly referred as one Astronomical unit.
It is easy to describe the distance of other
planet from sun.i.e
4. Earth revolve around the sun along regular,
stable and nearly circular path called orbit.
The revolving speed of earth is of 29.76
km/s and complete one revolution in 365.25
days or one year.
Planet also rotate about their axis and earth
take 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds for
one rotation about axis.
5. Earth is commonly described as a spheroid.
Earth has an equatorial diameter of
12757.776 km and a polar diameter of
12713.824 km thus showing a difference of
43.952 km.
Earth shows an equatorial bulge and
flattening at the poles.
Earth mean density is of 5.517 gm/cm cube
Earth volume= 1.08* ten power 27 cc
Mass of earth = 5.975* ten power 27 g.
6. ATMOSPHERE
The outer gaseous part of the earth starting
from the surface and extending as far as 700
km and even beyond is termed atmosphere.
It has 1-million part of the total mass of the
earth. This gaseous envelop , is held around
the earth due to its gravitational pull.
Atmosphere has layer structure and different
layers are distinguished on a number of
basis:
7. 1. Change in composition
2. Change in temperature
3. Degree of ionization
Chemically , the atmosphere is made up of a
mechanical mixture of gasses commonly called
air.
Chemical composition of air
Component Value percentage
Nitrogen 78.084
Oxygen 20.946
Argon 00.934
Carbon dioxide 00.033
Others (Ne , He, Kr, Xe etc.) 00.033
8. This composition is uniform up to 80 km from
earth surface and is called homosphere to
differentiate the overlying part that forms the
heterosphere.
Thermally or on the basis of temperature
atmosphere is classified as –
Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and
thermosphere.
9. THE TROPOSPHERE –
it start from earth surface to an average
height of 11 km.
Its upper boundary called tropopause lies at
about 9 km above the poles and 18 km
above the equator.
It contains almost 9/10 of total mass of
atmosphere. It is this layer of gases that is
responsible for most of the weather forming
process on the earth.
10. In this layer there is a regular fall in
temperature at a lapse rate of 6.3 ºc/km up to
tropopause and having temperature at that
height is of -40ºc to -60ºc.
The most important character of troposphere
is occurrence of a strong turbulence and
thorough mixing of the gases in this layer.
11. STRATOSPERE
This is 2nd layer of atmosphere starting from
tropopause and up to an average height of
50 km. it differs from the lower layers in
following respect –
1. Temp. constant- 20 km then start
decreasing.
2. It contains almost entire ozone gas and
known as ozone layer.
3. It, itself has layer structures.
12. Ozone layer- 9km to 35 km from earth
surface.
Maximum concentration of ozone- 20-25 km.
Best quality of ozone layer- capacity to
absorb a good proportion of solar radiation
including u-v rays coming from sun.
Mesosphere –
It is 3rd zone of atmos. Which begins from
50km to a height of 80km from earth surface.
13. THERMOSPHERE
The 4th and last zone of atmos. It start from
80 km and extends up to 500km.
In temp. rising and reaches 1000ºc & above
This zone is very rarefied in nature, the
individual gas particles being separated by
considerable distances. It is the solar
radiation at these heights that is most
dangerous.
14. I0NOSPHERE
It start from 80 km to variable heights. Gases
in this layer absorb solar radiation from sun
and bcz of this gases break up into ions.
Ionosphere has proved a boon for long
distance radio communication by virtue of its
property of reflecting long radio waves.
Beyond 700 km is exosphere with minimum
atomic collusions.
15. LITHOSPHERE
It is the stony part of the earth and in broader
sense includes all the solid materials
composing the earth from surface
downwards.
The body of earth is subdivided in three
specific layers or zone that is-
Crust
Mantle
Core
16. The uppermost solid shell of the earth is
called crust.
Mantle is that zone within the earth that
starts from M-discontinuity and continue up
to a depth of 2900 km.
The 3rd and innermost structural shell of the
earth that starts at a depth of 2900 km and
extends up to centre of the earth.
17. THE HYDROSPHERE
Collective name for all natural water bodies
on or below of earth surface.
It makes 0.03% of mass of the earth.
98% of hydrosphere is saline water present
in seas and oceans water.
Seas and bays together cover 70% of earth
surface.
Rivers & lakes spread over hundred or
thousand square km
18. Ice and snow are 3rd major part of
hydrosphere.
Water in the pores of rock called
groundwater.
On the basis of present state of knowledge, it
can be said that this zone is a feature unique
to our planet only.
Water has 3 forms gaseous , liquid and solid.
19. BIOSPHERE
This term is somewhat used to express the
collective life form, as it exists on the surface
and under water.
This zone has also been responsible for
many geological processes that have been
going on the planet since the evolution of life.