Early india[1]
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The document summarizes the history and social changes in ancient India from the Indus River Valley civilization through the Gupta Empire. Key events include the arrival of the Aryans and development of the caste system, the rise and spread of Buddhism under Emperor Ashoka, and the recovery of Hinduism and Brahmin power. The Gupta Empire saw a golden age of arts and sciences but also intensifying social inequalities, especially regarding caste and gender.
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Hunter-gatherers unintentionally domesticated crops 10,000 years ago, and climate change led to longer growing seasons. Larger populations discovered reliable sources of food, resulting in permanent settlements and eventually cities. This Neolithic Revolution shifted societies from food gathering to production and marked the beginning of civilization, bringing both benefits like more complex cultures as well as costs such as increased disease spread.
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Pensamiento mat
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Early india[1]
- 1. Indus River Valley • Cities of Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro –Walled –Square grid pattern –Indoor plumbing –Writing still a mystery • The Slow Demise - c. 1150 B.C.E. –Causes unclear –Floods –Fertile areas drier
- 2. The Aryans • Indo-European pastorialists invade • Dominated by warriors • Patriarchal – brides bring dowries • Bring caste system • Begin to farm along Ganges • Oral literature –The Vedas –Religious hymns –Polytheistic
- 3. Social Change • The Caste System –Varnas, categories; based on pollution Brahmins (mediators, literate, tax-exempt) Warriors Merchants Peasants Artisans Untouchables –Status (dharma) determined by birth –Transmigration of souls Karma
- 4. Rise of Buddhism • The Making of a Philosophy –Buddha (Siddartha Gautama) - 6th century B.C.E. Wandering life, asceticism –Four Noble Truths –Escape suffering by renouncing worldly things Achievement of nirvana –Denies Vedas as scripture –Critique of caste system –Some worship Buddha as god –Dissension Good works v. contemplative life
- 5. The Spread of Buddhism • Buddhism is monastic – monks (male and female), monasteries, missionaries
- 6. The Greek Interlude • Alexander the Great, 327 B.C.E. • Contact between India and Hellenistic world improves –Greek mathematics and astronomy –Indian religious ideas
- 7. The Mauryas • Mauryan Empire –Alexander retreats –Chandragupta Maurya - founder Monarch with centralized control Successors extend empire • Ashoka’s Conversion to Buddhism Grandson of Chandragupta Conversion to Buddhism Opposed by Brahmins Sends missionaries to China and SE Asia
- 8. India at the Time of Ashoka
- 9. The Mauryas • Imperial Patronage and Social Change –Merchants, artisans benefit –Women's status improves –Monasteries spread – builds Stupas –Ashoka’s Death Successors less competent Division follows By 185 B.C.E., empire ended
- 10. Brahmin Recovery –Buddhism Loses popular appeal As trade declines, so does Buddhism –Hinduism Shiva, Vishnu, Kali, Lakshmi dominate More temples More participation: all castes, women somewhat Adopts Buddhist aspects Brahmins appeal to elites
- 11. The Gupta Empire • Gupta family –By 4th century , build empire C.E. –Less centralized – regional autonomy –Brahmins restored as royal supporters • Literature and the Sciences –Kalidasa - poet –Mathematics - 0, decimals, "Arabic" number system –Medicine - Hospitals, surgery
- 12. The Gupta Empire
- 13. Intensifying Caste and Gender Iniquities • Distinctions more rigid • Status of women reduced –No longer allowed to read the Vedas –Few legal rights –Female infanticide –More freedom for low caste women –sati
- 14. Intensifying Caste and Gender Iniquities • Gupta Decline –Hun invasions, 400s C.E. –Local rulers profit Fragmentation