This document discusses early diagnosis of dental caries. It begins by defining dental caries as a microbiological disease that results in tooth demineralization. It states that caries progresses rapidly in primary dentition, so early diagnosis and investigation are important. It then covers the etiology and risk factors of dental caries, including dental plaque, substrates, host factors, and time. Various methods for diagnosing caries are discussed, such as conventional methods using probes, radiography, tooth separation, and advanced methods like fiber optic transillumination and laser fluorescence. Classification of caries by location, rate, and severity are also summarized.
This document discusses a laser examination tool called DIAGNOdent that can detect dental decay earlier than traditional methods. It uses laser fluorescence to detect decay, providing higher accuracy than visual examination, probing, or x-rays. Studies have shown DIAGNOdent to be over 90% accurate in detecting hidden decay in tooth fissures and fractures, compared to around 50-60% for other examination methods. It is designed as an additional tool to use during dental exams to improve early detection of dental caries.
The oral screen is a removable orthodontic appliance introduced in 1912 used to correct conditions like thumb sucking and mouth breathing. It works by concentrating pressure from the lips and cheeks on proclined front teeth near the incisal edges. It also prevents forces from the perioral muscles from acting on the back teeth, allowing for arch expansion. Variations include the vestibular screen, which extends into the vestibule without touching teeth, and the double oral screen for eliminating multiple issues. Small holes may be added initially if needed for breathing and gradually reduced in size.
The concept of a dental home, however, is too new to have been studied as a predictor of oral health.In 1999,Nowak described the term in relation to the desired recurrence of preventive oral health supervisory services as propagated by the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry.
This document discusses dental pit and fissure sealants. It begins by defining pits and fissures, then provides a brief history of sealants. It describes the ideal requirements, materials used, indications and contraindications. It discusses which teeth should be sealed and the appropriate age ranges. The document concludes by outlining the technique for applying sealants.
This document discusses the potential for a dental caries vaccine. It begins by defining dental caries and explaining why it is a major public health problem. It then covers how the immune system works and classifications of immunity. Key aspects of the microbiology of dental caries are explained, focusing on Streptococcus mutans and its antigenic determinants. The document discusses the need for a caries vaccine, potential routes of administration including mucosal and systemic routes, and advantages and disadvantages of passive immunization approaches. It concludes by considering the public health perspective on a potential caries vaccine and analyzing whether it could help reduce the global burden of dental caries.
This document discusses various caries activity tests, including their principles, procedures, advantages, and disadvantages. Some of the tests mentioned include the Lactobacillus colony count test, Colorimetric Synder test, Mutans level in saliva test, Salivary buffer capacity test, and Ora test. The purpose of caries activity tests is to identify high-risk individuals, monitor oral health effectiveness, and ensure low caries activity before restorative procedures. Ideal tests are accurate, simple, inexpensive, and quick.
Atraumatic restorative treatment (art) for tooth
Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART), is based on removing decalcified tooth tissue using only hand instruments and restoring the cavity with an adhesive filling material.
A minimally invasive approach to both prevent dental carious lesions and stop its further progression
This document discusses a laser examination tool called DIAGNOdent that can detect dental decay earlier than traditional methods. It uses laser fluorescence to detect decay, providing higher accuracy than visual examination, probing, or x-rays. Studies have shown DIAGNOdent to be over 90% accurate in detecting hidden decay in tooth fissures and fractures, compared to around 50-60% for other examination methods. It is designed as an additional tool to use during dental exams to improve early detection of dental caries.
The oral screen is a removable orthodontic appliance introduced in 1912 used to correct conditions like thumb sucking and mouth breathing. It works by concentrating pressure from the lips and cheeks on proclined front teeth near the incisal edges. It also prevents forces from the perioral muscles from acting on the back teeth, allowing for arch expansion. Variations include the vestibular screen, which extends into the vestibule without touching teeth, and the double oral screen for eliminating multiple issues. Small holes may be added initially if needed for breathing and gradually reduced in size.
The concept of a dental home, however, is too new to have been studied as a predictor of oral health.In 1999,Nowak described the term in relation to the desired recurrence of preventive oral health supervisory services as propagated by the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry.
This document discusses dental pit and fissure sealants. It begins by defining pits and fissures, then provides a brief history of sealants. It describes the ideal requirements, materials used, indications and contraindications. It discusses which teeth should be sealed and the appropriate age ranges. The document concludes by outlining the technique for applying sealants.
This document discusses the potential for a dental caries vaccine. It begins by defining dental caries and explaining why it is a major public health problem. It then covers how the immune system works and classifications of immunity. Key aspects of the microbiology of dental caries are explained, focusing on Streptococcus mutans and its antigenic determinants. The document discusses the need for a caries vaccine, potential routes of administration including mucosal and systemic routes, and advantages and disadvantages of passive immunization approaches. It concludes by considering the public health perspective on a potential caries vaccine and analyzing whether it could help reduce the global burden of dental caries.
This document discusses various caries activity tests, including their principles, procedures, advantages, and disadvantages. Some of the tests mentioned include the Lactobacillus colony count test, Colorimetric Synder test, Mutans level in saliva test, Salivary buffer capacity test, and Ora test. The purpose of caries activity tests is to identify high-risk individuals, monitor oral health effectiveness, and ensure low caries activity before restorative procedures. Ideal tests are accurate, simple, inexpensive, and quick.
Atraumatic restorative treatment (art) for tooth
Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART), is based on removing decalcified tooth tissue using only hand instruments and restoring the cavity with an adhesive filling material.
A minimally invasive approach to both prevent dental carious lesions and stop its further progression
This document discusses the Hawley retainer, which is commonly used to retain teeth after orthodontic treatment. It consists of an acrylic baseplate with Adam clasps and a labial bow. The Hawley retainer is simple to construct and can be easily modified. It offers good anchorage and maintains expansion. However, it depends on patient compliance and may impair speech. The document provides details on how to fabricate a Hawley retainer, including making the Adam clasps, labial bow, acrylic base, and finishing and polishing.
This document provides information on the ART (Atraumatic Restorative Treatment) procedure. It begins with an introduction stating that ART is a minimally invasive cavity preparation and restoration technique. The principles of ART are removing caries using only hand instruments and restoring the cavity with an adhesive material. Indications for ART include small, accessible cavities, while contraindications include exposed or inflamed pulps. Advantages include conserving tooth structure, reducing pain and trauma, and enabling the technique to be used in remote areas. The document describes the instruments, materials, procedures and concludes that ART focuses on providing dental care in developing countries.
- Endodontic instruments have evolved over time to have standardized sizes and tapers. Ingle and LeVine suggested standardizing diameters that increase by 0.05mm while maintaining a constant taper.
- Instruments are now numbered 6-140 based on tip diameter in hundredths of a millimeter. The diameter increases 0.32mm over the first 16mm of the instrument.
- Instruments can be hand operated, low-speed, engine-driven, or ultrasonic/sonic and are used for cleaning and shaping root canals.
The document discusses early childhood caries, defining it as dental caries affecting children under 6 years old. It describes the causes as prolonged exposure to fermentable carbohydrates from bottle feeding or breastfeeding coupled with poor oral hygiene. The management involves restoring existing cavities, counseling parents on improving feeding practices and oral hygiene, and applying topical fluorides to arrest the caries process.
This document discusses oral habits such as thumb sucking. It defines oral habits as learned patterns of muscle contractions and classifies them in various ways, such as by pressure applied, psychological components, and whether they are useful or harmful. Common oral habits mentioned include thumb sucking, tongue thrusting and bruxism. Thumb sucking is explored in more depth, including its etiology, diagnosis, effects on teeth, and various treatment approaches like psychological therapy, reminder therapy, and intraoral appliances.
This document discusses acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF), a topical fluoride treatment used to prevent tooth decay. It is presented in two forms - a 1.23% fluoride solution with a pH of 3.0 or a gel with 1.23% fluoride and a pH between 4-5. APF is indicated for caries-active individuals and is applied using trays or cotton rolls, keeping the teeth wet for 4 minutes. It works by increasing fluoride uptake into enamel and providing topical fluoride to teeth. While effective, it has drawbacks like an acidic taste and potential to irritate tissues.
The document discusses midline diastemas, which are spaces between the two central incisors. It defines midline diastemas and discusses their various etiologies such as normal development, tooth material deficiencies, physical impediments like habits or retained primary teeth, and iatrogenic causes from procedures like rapid maxillary expansion. The diagnosis involves a clinical exam and radiographs to identify the cause. Treatment involves removing the cause, using appliances to close the space, and retainers to maintain results. Midline diastemas can be aesthetically improved through various orthodontic or restorative techniques.
Temporization refers to provisional restorations used to establish esthetics, function, and occlusion prior to definitive treatment. Provisional restorations protect the pulp and support periodontal health during treatment. They also allow evaluation of esthetics, occlusion, and patient acceptance of the planned treatment outcome. Common materials for provisional restorations include polymethyl methacrylate resin and various composite resins. Provisionals must meet biological, mechanical, and esthetic requirements and be cemented securely yet removable when treatment is complete.
This document discusses space maintainers, which are appliances used to preserve space in the dental arch after premature loss of primary teeth. It describes different types of space maintainers including band and loop, lingual arch, distal shoe, and removable space maintainers. Indications and contraindications for each type are provided. The document also discusses myofunctional appliances used to correct oral habits like thumb sucking. Various types of clasps and springs used in removable partial dentures are described.
This document discusses the relationship between diet and dental caries. It defines key terms like diet, nutrition, and dental caries. It classifies foods and describes the food guide pyramid. Diet plays a major role in the development of dental caries as certain carbohydrates are cariogenic. Several studies are summarized that provide evidence of this relationship, like those comparing modern and primitive diets, or studies on sugar intake during World War II. The document also discusses the effects of nutrition on dental caries both before and after tooth eruption.
Behavioural Management in Pediatric DentistrySwalihaAlthaf
This document provides information on behavioral management techniques used in pediatric dentistry. It defines key terms like behavior, behavior management, behavior shaping, and behavior modification. It then categorizes and describes various non-pharmacological behavior management techniques including communication, use of second language, tell-show-do, desensitization, modeling, behavior shaping, contingency management, distraction, assimilation and coping techniques.
Pit and fissure sealants are materials designed to prevent dental caries. Recent advancements include sealants that have remineralizing properties through the incorporation of fluoride, amorphous calcium phosphate, or novamin. Other improvements include sealants with optic properties like clear, colored or fluorescent sealants, and hydrophilic bond sealants that are more moisture-resistant. Newer sealants also aim to be biological and BPA-free, or contain nanoparticles.
This document discusses preventive resin restorations (PRR), which involve sealing carious lesions and susceptible areas with resin to prevent further decay. PRRs are classified into three types based on the extent and depth of the lesion. Type A involves sealing shallow enamel lesions with resin or sealant. Type B uses resin filler for minimal lesions extending into dentin. Type C places a bevel and layers of resin composite to restore larger lesions extending into dentin. PRR provides advantages over traditional fillings by requiring minimal tooth preparation and sealing decay, while future replacements are less invasive than replacing fillings. Maintaining isolation from moisture is important for success.
The document discusses retention and relapse in orthodontics, defining retention as maintaining teeth in their corrected positions and relapse as the loss of correction. It examines various causes of relapse like periodontal ligament traction, abnormal growth patterns, lack of adequate stabilization, and muscular imbalances. The document also outlines different retention methods and factors to consider for proper retention planning to prevent teeth from relapsing back to their original maloccluded positions.
This document provides an overview of pulpotomy procedures for primary teeth. It begins with definitions of pulpotomy and discusses the rationale, objectives, indications, contraindications and classification of different pulpotomy techniques. It then describes various medicaments that can be used, including formocresol, glutaraldehyde, calcium hydroxide, and ferric sulfate. The document outlines techniques for formocresol pulpotomy, electrosurgical pulpotomy, and laser pulpotomy. It also discusses recent concepts in pulpotomy including the use of bone morphogenetic protein and enamel matrix derivatives. The document concludes by examining reasons for failure of pulpotomy therapy.
1. The Cariogram is a graphical model that illustrates an individual's risk for developing new caries based on various etiological factors. It was originally developed as an educational tool.
2. Three studies evaluated the Cariogram model's ability to assess caries risk profiles of different populations. One study compared children in Laos and Sweden, finding higher caries rates and risk profiles in Laotian children. Another evaluated risk profile changes over two years in Swedish children. A third compared orthodontic patients in private vs. government clinics.
3. Additional studies evaluated the Cariogram model's ability to predict caries development. One found no association between risk profile and root-filled teeth but higher car
Space maintainers are appliances used to maintain space or regain minor amounts of space lost after a primary tooth is lost. There are several types of space maintainers including fixed appliances like band and loop, lingual arch, and distal shoe appliances as well as removable partial dentures. Key factors in determining the appropriate space maintainer include the amount of time since tooth loss, dental age of the patient, amount of bone covering the unerupted tooth, and sequence of eruption of surrounding teeth. Space maintainers aim to guide unerupted teeth into proper positions and prevent over-eruption of opposing teeth.
The document discusses minimal invasive dentistry (MID). It defines MID as a philosophy focused on early detection and treatment of dental disease using minimal invasive techniques. The document outlines various principles, motives, diagnostic aids, and preparation techniques used in MID, including atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) and air abrasion.
This document discusses direct and indirect pulp capping procedures. Indirect pulp capping involves covering the deepest layer of remaining carious dentin with a biocompatible material to prevent pulp exposure and stimulate tertiary dentin formation. Direct pulp capping places a protective dressing directly over an exposed pulp to preserve its vitality. Various materials used for both procedures are discussed, along with their advantages and disadvantages. The document provides details on performing indirect and direct pulp capping clinically and factors affecting their success.
This document discusses the Hawley retainer, which is commonly used to retain teeth after orthodontic treatment. It consists of an acrylic baseplate with Adam clasps and a labial bow. The Hawley retainer is simple to construct and can be easily modified. It offers good anchorage and maintains expansion. However, it depends on patient compliance and may impair speech. The document provides details on how to fabricate a Hawley retainer, including making the Adam clasps, labial bow, acrylic base, and finishing and polishing.
This document provides information on the ART (Atraumatic Restorative Treatment) procedure. It begins with an introduction stating that ART is a minimally invasive cavity preparation and restoration technique. The principles of ART are removing caries using only hand instruments and restoring the cavity with an adhesive material. Indications for ART include small, accessible cavities, while contraindications include exposed or inflamed pulps. Advantages include conserving tooth structure, reducing pain and trauma, and enabling the technique to be used in remote areas. The document describes the instruments, materials, procedures and concludes that ART focuses on providing dental care in developing countries.
- Endodontic instruments have evolved over time to have standardized sizes and tapers. Ingle and LeVine suggested standardizing diameters that increase by 0.05mm while maintaining a constant taper.
- Instruments are now numbered 6-140 based on tip diameter in hundredths of a millimeter. The diameter increases 0.32mm over the first 16mm of the instrument.
- Instruments can be hand operated, low-speed, engine-driven, or ultrasonic/sonic and are used for cleaning and shaping root canals.
The document discusses early childhood caries, defining it as dental caries affecting children under 6 years old. It describes the causes as prolonged exposure to fermentable carbohydrates from bottle feeding or breastfeeding coupled with poor oral hygiene. The management involves restoring existing cavities, counseling parents on improving feeding practices and oral hygiene, and applying topical fluorides to arrest the caries process.
This document discusses oral habits such as thumb sucking. It defines oral habits as learned patterns of muscle contractions and classifies them in various ways, such as by pressure applied, psychological components, and whether they are useful or harmful. Common oral habits mentioned include thumb sucking, tongue thrusting and bruxism. Thumb sucking is explored in more depth, including its etiology, diagnosis, effects on teeth, and various treatment approaches like psychological therapy, reminder therapy, and intraoral appliances.
This document discusses acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF), a topical fluoride treatment used to prevent tooth decay. It is presented in two forms - a 1.23% fluoride solution with a pH of 3.0 or a gel with 1.23% fluoride and a pH between 4-5. APF is indicated for caries-active individuals and is applied using trays or cotton rolls, keeping the teeth wet for 4 minutes. It works by increasing fluoride uptake into enamel and providing topical fluoride to teeth. While effective, it has drawbacks like an acidic taste and potential to irritate tissues.
The document discusses midline diastemas, which are spaces between the two central incisors. It defines midline diastemas and discusses their various etiologies such as normal development, tooth material deficiencies, physical impediments like habits or retained primary teeth, and iatrogenic causes from procedures like rapid maxillary expansion. The diagnosis involves a clinical exam and radiographs to identify the cause. Treatment involves removing the cause, using appliances to close the space, and retainers to maintain results. Midline diastemas can be aesthetically improved through various orthodontic or restorative techniques.
Temporization refers to provisional restorations used to establish esthetics, function, and occlusion prior to definitive treatment. Provisional restorations protect the pulp and support periodontal health during treatment. They also allow evaluation of esthetics, occlusion, and patient acceptance of the planned treatment outcome. Common materials for provisional restorations include polymethyl methacrylate resin and various composite resins. Provisionals must meet biological, mechanical, and esthetic requirements and be cemented securely yet removable when treatment is complete.
This document discusses space maintainers, which are appliances used to preserve space in the dental arch after premature loss of primary teeth. It describes different types of space maintainers including band and loop, lingual arch, distal shoe, and removable space maintainers. Indications and contraindications for each type are provided. The document also discusses myofunctional appliances used to correct oral habits like thumb sucking. Various types of clasps and springs used in removable partial dentures are described.
This document discusses the relationship between diet and dental caries. It defines key terms like diet, nutrition, and dental caries. It classifies foods and describes the food guide pyramid. Diet plays a major role in the development of dental caries as certain carbohydrates are cariogenic. Several studies are summarized that provide evidence of this relationship, like those comparing modern and primitive diets, or studies on sugar intake during World War II. The document also discusses the effects of nutrition on dental caries both before and after tooth eruption.
Behavioural Management in Pediatric DentistrySwalihaAlthaf
This document provides information on behavioral management techniques used in pediatric dentistry. It defines key terms like behavior, behavior management, behavior shaping, and behavior modification. It then categorizes and describes various non-pharmacological behavior management techniques including communication, use of second language, tell-show-do, desensitization, modeling, behavior shaping, contingency management, distraction, assimilation and coping techniques.
Pit and fissure sealants are materials designed to prevent dental caries. Recent advancements include sealants that have remineralizing properties through the incorporation of fluoride, amorphous calcium phosphate, or novamin. Other improvements include sealants with optic properties like clear, colored or fluorescent sealants, and hydrophilic bond sealants that are more moisture-resistant. Newer sealants also aim to be biological and BPA-free, or contain nanoparticles.
This document discusses preventive resin restorations (PRR), which involve sealing carious lesions and susceptible areas with resin to prevent further decay. PRRs are classified into three types based on the extent and depth of the lesion. Type A involves sealing shallow enamel lesions with resin or sealant. Type B uses resin filler for minimal lesions extending into dentin. Type C places a bevel and layers of resin composite to restore larger lesions extending into dentin. PRR provides advantages over traditional fillings by requiring minimal tooth preparation and sealing decay, while future replacements are less invasive than replacing fillings. Maintaining isolation from moisture is important for success.
The document discusses retention and relapse in orthodontics, defining retention as maintaining teeth in their corrected positions and relapse as the loss of correction. It examines various causes of relapse like periodontal ligament traction, abnormal growth patterns, lack of adequate stabilization, and muscular imbalances. The document also outlines different retention methods and factors to consider for proper retention planning to prevent teeth from relapsing back to their original maloccluded positions.
This document provides an overview of pulpotomy procedures for primary teeth. It begins with definitions of pulpotomy and discusses the rationale, objectives, indications, contraindications and classification of different pulpotomy techniques. It then describes various medicaments that can be used, including formocresol, glutaraldehyde, calcium hydroxide, and ferric sulfate. The document outlines techniques for formocresol pulpotomy, electrosurgical pulpotomy, and laser pulpotomy. It also discusses recent concepts in pulpotomy including the use of bone morphogenetic protein and enamel matrix derivatives. The document concludes by examining reasons for failure of pulpotomy therapy.
1. The Cariogram is a graphical model that illustrates an individual's risk for developing new caries based on various etiological factors. It was originally developed as an educational tool.
2. Three studies evaluated the Cariogram model's ability to assess caries risk profiles of different populations. One study compared children in Laos and Sweden, finding higher caries rates and risk profiles in Laotian children. Another evaluated risk profile changes over two years in Swedish children. A third compared orthodontic patients in private vs. government clinics.
3. Additional studies evaluated the Cariogram model's ability to predict caries development. One found no association between risk profile and root-filled teeth but higher car
Space maintainers are appliances used to maintain space or regain minor amounts of space lost after a primary tooth is lost. There are several types of space maintainers including fixed appliances like band and loop, lingual arch, and distal shoe appliances as well as removable partial dentures. Key factors in determining the appropriate space maintainer include the amount of time since tooth loss, dental age of the patient, amount of bone covering the unerupted tooth, and sequence of eruption of surrounding teeth. Space maintainers aim to guide unerupted teeth into proper positions and prevent over-eruption of opposing teeth.
The document discusses minimal invasive dentistry (MID). It defines MID as a philosophy focused on early detection and treatment of dental disease using minimal invasive techniques. The document outlines various principles, motives, diagnostic aids, and preparation techniques used in MID, including atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) and air abrasion.
This document discusses direct and indirect pulp capping procedures. Indirect pulp capping involves covering the deepest layer of remaining carious dentin with a biocompatible material to prevent pulp exposure and stimulate tertiary dentin formation. Direct pulp capping places a protective dressing directly over an exposed pulp to preserve its vitality. Various materials used for both procedures are discussed, along with their advantages and disadvantages. The document provides details on performing indirect and direct pulp capping clinically and factors affecting their success.
Pulp protection aims to maintain pulp vitality when it is exposed during dental procedures. Conventional direct pulp capping involves cleaning and drying the exposed pulp before placing a biocompatible material like calcium hydroxide over it. Newer materials like MTA, biodentine, and theracal are better at stimulating reparative dentin formation. Indirect pulp capping leaves caries near the pulp and seals it to prevent exposure. Factors like exposure size and patient age affect success rates. Lasers and stem cells may improve future pulp capping methods.
Dental caries is caused by bacteria in the mouth that feed on sugars and produce acids. The acids demineralize the enamel and dentin of the teeth. Two main bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus, are responsible for initiating caries. If left untreated, dental caries can lead to pain, tooth loss, and infection. Factors that influence the development of caries include diet, microorganisms, host factors, genetics, and immunology. Clinical and radiographic exams are used to detect caries. Treatment involves removing decay and restoring teeth. Preventive methods focus on nutrition, oral hygiene, fluoride, dental sealants, and altering bacterial growth.
Preventive Dentistry and Early Caries Detectionghidalawand
This document discusses various methods for preventing dental caries and detecting early caries, including:
1. Methods to reduce demineralizing factors like limiting cariogenic foods and improving oral hygiene through toothbrushing and flossing.
2. Methods to increase protective factors like using fluorides, antimicrobial agents, pit and fissure sealants, and genetically modified foods.
3. Techniques for early caries detection including visual, tactile, radiographic, laser fluorescence, and electrical methods to identify lesions before cavitation occurs. Preventive strategies and early detection are important for stopping the progression of dental caries.
[1] Minimally invasive dentistry focuses on prevention and conservation of tooth structure. Various tools and techniques can detect caries early and monitor the effectiveness of preventive treatments.
[2] Diagnodent uses fluorescence to detect demineralization with high accuracy. FOTI and QLF use transmitted light to image lesions and monitor remineralization. ECM measures conductivity changes to identify demineralized enamel. These methods can detect lesions earlier than x-rays.
[3] Early detection allows use of preventive treatments like remineralization to arrest or reverse lesions before they worsen, preserving more tooth structure. Minimally invasive techniques emphasize prevention and conservation over extensive restoration.
white spot lesion - prevention and managementAshok Kumar
This document discusses white spot lesions (WSLs), which appear as white opacities on tooth enamel caused by demineralization. It covers the classification, prevalence, risk factors, detection methods, and prevention/treatment of WSLs. The key prevention strategies discussed are the use of topical fluorides like toothpaste, varnishes, and fluoride-releasing materials. Dietary modifications and antimicrobials are also reviewed as secondary prevention methods. Emerging treatments explored include casein phosphopeptide, lasers, and nanotechnology to enhance remineralization of enamel.
This document discusses white spot lesions that can form during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. It defines white spot lesions as subsurface enamel porosity from demineralization that appears as milky white opacities on smooth surfaces. Studies have found prevalence rates of white spot lesions ranging from 49.6-97% in orthodontic patients. Risk factors include fixed appliances increasing plaque retention. Diagnosis methods include clinical examination, photography, and optical methods like quantitative light-induced fluorescence. Prevention emphasizes good oral hygiene and supplemental fluoride from sources like fluoridated toothpaste, mouthwashes, varnishes and fluoride-releasing orthodontic adhesives and sealants.
Dental caries is caused by acid-producing bacteria in dental plaque that metabolize sugars from the diet. As the bacteria lower the pH, minerals are dissolved from tooth enamel and dentin, leading to cavitation. The primary bacteria involved are mutans streptococci. Risk factors include frequency of sugar consumption. Early lesions appear as white spots on smooth surfaces or pits and fissures. Untreated, caries progresses through enamel and into dentin, forming zones of demineralization and bacterial invasion.
Dental caries is caused by acid-producing bacteria in dental plaque that metabolize sugars from the diet. As the bacteria lower the pH, minerals are dissolved from tooth enamel and dentin, leading to cavitation. The primary bacteria involved are mutans streptococci. Risk factors include frequent sugar consumption. Early lesions appear as white spots on smooth surfaces or pits and fissures. Untreated, caries progresses through enamel and into dentin, forming zones of demineralization and bacterial invasion.
Children are a very special risk group for caries initiation and progression because of continuously changing eruption periods and therefore they need professional care.
It is an obligation of dental professionals to find appropriate strategies with the ultimate objective of producing sound tooth without resorting to operative methods.
Deep caries management /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Dental caries is caused by acid-forming bacteria in dental plaque that metabolize fermentable carbohydrates. The process involves alternating periods of demineralization and remineralization of tooth enamel based on the pH level in the mouth. Streptococcus mutans is the primary cariogenic bacteria. Risk factors include frequent sugar consumption, poor oral hygiene, fluoride deficiency, and low saliva flow. Caries can be detected clinically, radiographically, and newer methods involving electrical resistance, light illumination, and digital imaging. Remineralization through fluoride and controlling bacteria and diet can prevent or reverse early caries.
Dental caries is caused by demineralization of tooth structure due to acid produced by oral bacteria. It is characterized by loss of both inorganic and organic components of the tooth. Dental caries has been defined and classified in various ways based on factors such as the anatomical site, severity, tissue involvement, number of surfaces affected, and chronology. The key etiological factors include the presence of cariogenic bacteria in dental plaque, a susceptible tooth substrate, and a cariogenic diet. Secondary factors like time, the dynamic process of demineralization and remineralization, and saliva also influence the development of dental caries.
This document provides an overview of dental caries including its history, epidemiology, definitions, classifications, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. It discusses early concepts of the cause of caries including the worm theory and more recent understanding involving the interplay between oral bacteria, carbohydrates and the tooth surface leading to organic acid production and demineralization. Factors influencing caries development include the host, microflora, substrate and time of exposure.
I. Reaction to Long Term, Low-Level Acid Demineralization Associated with a Slowly Advancing Lesion: Sclerotic Dentin Formation
II. Reaction to a Moderate - Intensity Attack: Reparative Dentin Formation
III. Reaction to Severe, Rapidly Advancing Caries Characterized by Very High Acid Levels: Pulpal Necrosis
The document discusses different levels of dentinal reactions to caries, progression of caries in pits and fissures, and on interproximal surfaces. It also describes the three zones of carious dentin and protocols for caries removal to either firm dentin or selective removal to soft dentin depending on lesion
I. There are three levels of dentinal response to caries: sclerotic dentin formation in response to slow lesions, reparative dentin formation in response to moderate lesions, and pulpal necrosis in response to severe rapidly advancing lesions.
II. Caries progresses through dentin in three stages: demineralization, collagen degradation, and bacterial invasion. There are three zones of carious dentin: an outer soft infected zone, an inner firm affected zone capable of remineralization, and an inner hard zone.
III. Clinical examination uses ICDAS to assess caries severity from 0-6 and restorative need from 0-8 based on visual and tactile inspection after
Similar to Early diagnosis of dental caries.ppt (20)
The document discusses various types of pulp therapy for primary and young permanent teeth. It begins by defining the objective of pulp therapy as maintaining tooth integrity and health. It then outlines several diagnostic aids for selecting teeth for pulp therapy, including history, symptoms, pulp testing, and radiographic interpretation. The document classifies different types of pulp therapy for primary and young permanent teeth as either vital or non-vital, and provides details on procedures like direct and indirect pulp capping, pulpotomy, pulpectomy, and apexification. It emphasizes the importance of isolation, post-operative monitoring, and contraindications for certain treatments in medically compromised patients.
The document outlines the epidemiology, etiology, classification, diagnosis, and treatment of various types of traumatic dental injuries. It discusses the mechanisms of dental injuries and provides detailed descriptions of classifications systems like the Ellis classification and Andreasen classification. Guidelines are provided for examining and managing different injuries to hard tissues, pulp, periodontal tissues, supporting bone, and soft tissues like the gingiva.
The document discusses the history and development of dental radiography techniques, provides guidelines for selecting appropriate radiographs for pediatric patients based on their age and dental development, and describes commonly used intraoral and extraoral radiographic techniques including advantages and indications for each. It also covers topics like digital radiography, cone beam computed tomography, and radiation safety protocols.
Restorative Materials in pediatric dentistry.pptxnajmaalamami
This document discusses restorative materials used in pediatric dentistry. It begins by outlining the ideal properties of restorative materials, including biocompatibility, bonding to tooth structure, matching tooth appearance, and exhibiting properties similar to enamel and dentin. It then describes various materials in more detail, including their advantages and disadvantages. These materials include amalgam, composite resins, glass ionomer cement, and compomers. The document also discusses principles of isolation, matrix application, resin infiltration, and cavity preparation for amalgam and composite.
Morphological Differences Between Primary And Permanent Teeth 2016.pptxnajmaalamami
The primary teeth have several anatomical differences compared to permanent teeth that are important to consider for cavity preparation:
1) The crowns are smaller and more bulbous so smaller bur sizes should be used and preparations should be more conservative.
2) Enamel and dentin are thinner so early caries diagnosis and small restorations are important to avoid pulpal involvement.
3) Pulps are larger and closer to the surface so care must be taken to not expose the pulp during preparation.
4) Enamel rods slope differently so beveling is not needed for class II preparations.
Assessment of oral problems and dental status of autistic children in comparison to a matched group of non-autistic healthy children in Benghazi, Libya.1
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
1. Early diagnosis of
dental caries
By :
Dr / Najma Mohamed Alamami
alamaminajma@yahoo.com
12
تشرين
الث
ان
،ي
22
1
2. Introduction
Dental caries is Microbiological disease of hard
structure of teeth, that results in localized
demineralization of the inorganic portion and
destruction of the organic substances of the tooth.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 2
3. Introduction
It is known that caries
progression in primary
dentition may be rapid,
therefore early diagnosis
and good investigations
are important.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 3
4. Etiology of dental caries
Dental plaque
Time
Host
factors
No caries No caries
No caries
No caries
caries
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 4
5. The saliva, the
substrate, and the
bacteria, form a
biofilm (plaque), that
adheres to the tooth
surface, over time , the
presence of substrate
serves as a nutrient.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 5
6. 1) Dental plaque :
Plaque can produce aciduric bacteria that are both acid-
producing, and can survive at low salivary PH.
In the caries process, once the PH in plaque drops below a
critical level (around 5.5), the acid produced begins to
demineralize enamel, This will last for 20 minutes or longer,
depending on the availability of the substrate.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 6
7. 1) Dental plaque:
Mutans Streptococci are believed to be the most important
bacteria in the initiation and progress of dental caries.
Streptococcus sobrinus may be more important in smooth
surface-decay, and are perhabs associated with rampant caries.
following enamel cavitation , Lactobacilli become increasingly
important.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 7
8. 2) Substrates:
Any carbohydrate causes the production of acid, but glucose
is more important.
The amount of fermentable carbohydrates is relatively
unimportant, as even minute amounts of fermentable
carbohydrates will be utilized immediately.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 8
9. 3) Host factors: (tooth)
Saliva plays several critical roles in the
caries process.
The flow, dilution, buffering, and
remineralization capacity of saliva are
critical factors that affect in regulate
the progression and regression of the
disease. 12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 9
10. 4) Time:
When the acid challenge occurs
repeatedly it may result in the
collapse of enough enamel crystals
to produce a visible cavity.
Cavitation may take from months to
years.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 10
11. Theories of the cause of dental
caries:
The proteolysis
theory.
The proteolytic-
chelation theory.
The acidogenic
theory.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 11
12. The proteolysis theory
Initial attack is enzymatic
destruction of the protein of
the enamel matrix followed by
acid dissolution of the mineral .
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 12
13. The proteolytic _chelation
theory
oral bacteria attack organic
components of enamel, and that
the breakdown products have
chelating ability and thus dissolve
the tooth minerals.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 13
14. Acidogenic Theory:
This theory most acceptable.
Postulated by Miller 1989.
Proposes that acid formed from the
fermentation of carbohydrates by
bacteria leads to decalcification of
the tooth substance with a
subsequent disintegration of the
organic matrix.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 14
16. classification of dental caries
1) According to the site
site of the attack:
1) Pit or fissure caries.
2) Smooth surface caries.
3) Cemental or root
caries.
4) Recurrent caries.
2)Classification by the rate of
of the attack:
1) Rampant or acute caries.
2) Slowly progressive or chronic
caries.
3) Arrested caries.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 16
17. Classification of
Caries according to the
involves site
Pits and fissure caries
Root surface caries
Recurrent caries.
Smooth surface caries
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 17
18. 3. Classification of caries according to severity
• Moderate caries (superficial caries)
• Grater than 0.5 the thickness of
enamel , does not involve the DEJ
•Incipient caries (superficial caries)
•Less than 0.5 the thickness of enamel
Severe caries (deep caries)
Advanced caries (middle caries)
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 18
19. Enamel caries
• cone-shaped, with the base on
the enamel surface and the
apex towards the amelodentinal
junction in smooth surface and
opposite in pit and fissure
caries .
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 19
20. Enamel caries
• In ground sections it consists of serious of zones:
1. Translucent zone.
2. Dark zone.
3. Body of the lesion.
4. Surface zone.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 20
21. Dentin Caries:
develops from enamel caries .
when the lesion reaches the ADJ lateral extension results
in the involvement dentinal tubules.
The early lesion is cone shaped with the base at the ADJ.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 21
22. Dentin Caries
ground section show a zoned lesion :
1. Zone of sclerosis.
2. Zone of demineralization.
3. Zone of bacterial invasion.
4. Zone of destruction.
5. Reactionary, secondary dentin.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 22
23. Root caries:
• cemental caries is preceded by exposure of the root to the
oral environment as a result of periodontal disease.
•Actinomysis species are
present in large number with
other organisms like S.mutans.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 23
24. Acute Caries
•Rapid clinical course towards the
pulp resulting in early pulpal
involvement.
•It involves young age group.
•Cavities are usually light-colored.
•Pain is a more common feature .
•Examples: Early Childhood
Caries (ECC)
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 24
25. Rampant
Caries
.
• It is characterized by its speed of
onset and progression.
• often starting with the upper
incisors.
• Most of the teeth are involved.
• Sites which are normally at low risk
of decay may be attacked.
• Often accompanied by systemic
disorder such as saliva reduction
after radiation. 12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 25
26. Chronic Caries
•Progresses slowly, thus sufficient time
for sclerosis of dentin.
•Involves pulp later than acute caries.
•Brown or dark colored cavity.
•No or less pain due to sufficient time for
the pulp to protect itself by reparative
dentin.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 26
27. Arrested caries
Enamel
Arrest of an approximal
smooth-surface lesion prior
to cavity formation can
occur when the adjacent
tooth lost and the carious
surface becomes self-
cleansing
Dentin
The loss of unsupported
overlying enamel exposes the
carious dentin and is then
removed by attrition and
abrasion, leaving a hard
polished surface. pigmented,
brown-black in color. Its
surface is hypermineralized.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 27
29. Ideal caries detection method
• Should be accurate and precise.
• Should be easy to apply.
• Should be useful for all surfaces of the teeth in
addition to caries adjacent to restoration.
• Should not transfer S.mutans or other bacteria from
affected area to unaffected areas.
• Should be cost effective.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 29
30. 1) Conventional caries diagnostic methods
a) Use of sharp probe and mirror
known as (Americans method for
caries diagnosis)
Sharp probe may be contraindicated as
the probe may break the
demineralized enamel causing cavity.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 30
31. 1) Conventional caries diagnostic methods
b) Use of blunt probe and mirror
known as (European method for
caries diagnosis):
The blunt probe is used to remove
plaque and debris.
The probe may transfer cariogenic
bacteria from one site to another.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 31
33. 3) Tooth separation
placement of orthodontic
elastomeric separator between
the teeth to allow direct access
for examination and the patient
returns after 3-4 days.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 33
34. 4) Advanced caries diagnostic methods:
A. Fiber optic transillumination (FOTI).
B. Digital fiber optic transillumination.
C. Quantitative light fluorescence.
D. Direct digital radiography.
E. Infrared laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent).
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 34
35. a) Fiber optic transillumination (FOTI):
Technique:
The technique uses a bright
fiberoptic light.
The intact tooth absorbs very little
light allowing it free passage while
areas of caries absorb and scatter
light thus appearing dark.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 35
36. a) Fiber optic transillumination (FOTI):
Advantages:
1) Used with lesions which cannot be diagnosed radiographically
2) No radiation hazards.
3) Comfortable to the patient.
4) Photographs for permanent records can be obtained.
Disadvantages:
Does not detect small lesions.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 36
38. b) Digital fiber optic transillumination:
• use digital imaging fiberoptic transillumination and light
image is recorded by a Charge-Couple Device (CCD)
digital camera and are sent to the computer for analysis
this allow more accurate assessment .
• uses to identify lesions located on the interproximal
surfaces.
Advantages:
More sensitive in detecting early lesions when compared to
radiographs.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 38
40. Quantitative light fluorescence:
• a small portable system was developed in which the laser source
was replaced by a regular light source and filter system.
• The images are captured using a color camera.
• Data are collected , stored, and analyzed by custom software.
• Indications : early detection of dental caries on occlusal and
smooth surfaces.
• significant limitation : is its inability to detect interproximal
lesions. 12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 40
43. f) Infrared laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent).
• It uses a diode laser light source
and a fiber-optic cable that
transmits the light to a hand-held
probe with a fiber-optic eye on the
tip.
• The light is absorbed and induces
infrared fluorescence by organic
and inorganic materials.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 43
44. f) Infrared laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent).
• The emitted fluorescence is transmitted through ascending
fibers , processed and presented on a display window as an
integer between 0 and 99.
• Increased fluorescence reflects carious tooth substance ,
particularly for numerical values higher than about 20
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 44
45. f) Infrared laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent).
Advantages:
Early detection of caries.
Disadvantages:
1. The presence of restoration or fissure sealant may
affect the accuracy of the device.
2 . Secondary caries cannot be detected by diagnodent.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 45
48. Rampant dental caries
defined by Massler as “Suddenly
appearing , widespread, resulting in
early involvement of the pulp and
affecting those teeth usually regarded
as immune to ordinary decay”
observed in both children and adults.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 48
49. Clinical appearance of rampant
caries
• The initial lesion usually appears on the
labial surface of the maxillary incisors,
close to the gingival margins, as a
whitish area of decalcification after
eruption.
• These lesions soon become pigmented
to a light yellow and extend laterally to
the approximal surfaces, and downward
to the incisal edge. 12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 49
50. causative factors in some cases of rampant
caries
Emotional disturbance.
Salivary deficiency: ( stress, medications are decreased
salivary flow, and decrease caries resistance.
Radiation therapy: results in significantly diminished
salivary function. 12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 50
51. Additional factors known to influence dental
caries
• Socioeconomic status .
• Anatomic characteristics of the teeth.
• Arrangement of the teeth in the arch.
• Presence of dental appliances and restorations.
• Hereditary factors.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 51
52. Early childhood caries,
severe early childhood
caries, nursing caries,
Baby bottle tooth decay
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 52
53. Introduction
• . Caries in primary dentition follows a certain
pattern where :
• the second primary molar is more prone to caries than the
first molar.
• the lower molars are affected by caries more than the upper
molars .
• This pattern of caries may change in some conditions as in
rampant caries and nursing caries.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 53
54. Early Childhood Caries (ECC)
Definition:
It is diagnosed when there is
one or more decayed (non
cavitated or cavitated lesions),
missing (due to caries) or filled
tooth surface in any primary
tooth in a child 71 months of
age or younger.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 54
55. Early Childhood Caries (ECC)
• The term severe ECC (S-ECC) refers to :
• Any sign of smooth surface caries in children younger than
3 years.
• •One or more cavitated, missing (due to caries) or filled
smooth surface in primary maxillary anterior teeth in
children 3-5 years.
• DMF score > or = 4 at age 3.
• DMF score > or = 5 at age 4.
• DMF score > or = 6 at age 5
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 55
56. cause of ECC :
Excessive frequent bottle feeding, and/or prolonged bottle or
breast feeding or a pacifier that has been dipped in honey is often
associated with early childhood caries.
ECC is usually the result of inappropriate feeding pattern: the
child has been put in the bed with a nursing bottle holding
milk, or a sugar-containing beverage. The child falls asleep, and
the liquid becomes pooled around the teeth .
Note : ( the lower anterior teeth are usually unaffected because tend to be
protected by the tongue).
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 56
57. Prevention of acute caries
(rampant caries or nursing caries)
• prevented by pre and post natal counseling with the
parents to proper feeding habits and proper oral
hygiene measures.
• Controlling and improving maternal oral hygiene can
be helpful in reducing the severity of bacterial
transmission from mother to child during the window
of infectivity
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 57
58. Recommendations for preventing
nursing caries
• Regular feeding schedule should be encouraged.
• Infant should be held while nursing.
• If infant fell asleep, stop feeding, burp and place in bed.
• Avoid nocturnal feeding after the primary tooth begins to
erupt.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 58
59. Recommendations for
preventing nursing
caries
• when first tooth erupts using a moist cloth or gauze wrapped
around fingers to rub teeth and gingiva.
• Discontinue nursing at 12-15 months (use a cup)
• If night feeding is necessary only water in the bottle.
• The first dental visit between 6 and 12 months of age
• Tooth brushing can start at the age of 18 months.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 59
61. • Pediatric dentists who
see patients on a referral
basis may hear a parent
remark “My child has
so many cavities that
my dentist doesn’t
know where to start”.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 61
62. Note :
• The successful management of active dental caries
depends on :
1. the parent’s, and/or patient’s interest in maintaining the
patient’s teeth .
2. their cooperation in a customized and specific caries
control program.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 62
63. Control or Management of dental
caries
1. Control of active carious lesions.
2. Reduction in the intake of fermentable carbohydrates.
3. Reduction of dental plaque and microorganisms with
good oral hygiene procedures.
4. Use of fluorides and topical antimicrobial agents.
5. Restorative dentistry in the control program.
6. Pit and fissure sealants.
7. Reassessment and regular professional supervision.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 63
64. 1-Control of active carious lesions.
The removal of the superficial caries and the filling of the
cavity GIC or ZOE (IRM) will at least temporarily arrest
the caries process and prevent its rapid progression to the
dental pulp, this is can be done in one( under G A ) or two
(out patient setting ) appointments.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 64
65. 2- reduction of the intake of fermentable
carbohydrates
dental caries activity could be increased by the consumption of
sugar if the sugar were in a form easily retained on the tooth
surface.
The more frequently this form of sugar was consumed
between meals , the greater was the tendency for an increase in
dental caries.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 65
66. 2- reduction of the intake of fermentable
carbohydrates
Sweetened liquids provided to young children in nursing
bottles can have numerous cariogenic potential.
sweetened drinks so popular with older children and
adolescents is another form of snacking that can promote and
accelerate caries progression.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 66
67. 3-Reduction of dental plaque good oral
hygiene procedures
supervised tooth brushing with instruction produces
significantly lower plaque scores even in preschool children.
Dental flossing results in 50% reduction of proximal caries in
primary teeth.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 67
68. 4- Use of fluorides and topical antimicrobial
agents.
The ingestion of fluoride results in its incorporation into the
dentin and enamel of unerupted teeth; this makes the teeth
more resistance to acid attack . (fluorohydroxyappatite)
fluoride is secreted into saliva enhances the remineralization
of the underlying enamel.
Fluoride in saliva is also incorporated into the enamel of the
newly erupted teeth thereby enhancing the enamel
calcification.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 68
69. Fluoridation
Topical fluoride
• (( professional application at dental office as gels,
foams, and varnishes ))
• ((at home as dentifrices , mouth rinses, gels , Xylitol
chewing gum and other fluoride preparations )).
fluoridation of water supply (( is the most effective
method of reducing the dental caries problem in the
general population)).
School water fluoridation . 12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 69
71. Fluoride-containing dentifrices ( stannous
fluoride combined with calcium
pyrophosphate ).
not more than pea sized amount of
fluoridated toothpaste should be used when
brushing the teeth of infants and very young
children.
Caution should be exercised for children
under 4 years of age who may not have full
control over their swallowing reflexes.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 71
72. 5- Restorative dentistry in the control program. ???
cavities can be treated with restorations.
Advanced cases will need full coronal coverage ( strip
crowns for the anterior teeth and SSC for the posterior
teeth.
Pulpotomy or pulpectomy are indicated in cases of
extensive caries with pulp involvement.
if tooth extraction is indicated a prosthetic appliance
should be provided for space maintenance.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 72
73. 6- pit and fissure sealants.
it is advised to seal the newly erupted
permanent molars
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 73
74. 7) Reassessment and regular
professional supervision:
• This will be carried out every
three months to evaluate the
effectiveness of the control
program.
12
تشرين
،الثاني
22 74