Early AA Leaders
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The document summarizes the approaches of three early African American leaders - Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Marcus Garvey - to addressing racial segregation and discrimination in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It outlines their different paths of vocational training, higher education, and separatism respectively; their supporters and critics; and their varying degrees of success in influencing later civil rights efforts.
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W.E.B. Du Bois was an influential African American civil rights activist and scholar in the late 19th and early 20th century. He developed the concept of "The Talented Tenth" which argued that higher education could produce elite black leaders. He challenged Booker T. Washington's focus on industrial education and argued for full civil rights and integration. Du Bois helped found the NAACP and edited their magazine The Crisis from 1910-1934, using it to advocate for racial justice and the accomplishments of African Americans. His 1903 book The Souls of Black Folk was seminal in addressing issues of double consciousness and the color line.
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Booker T. Washington was born in1856. He was from a humble background. He studied at the Hampton Institute where he also taught in his future career. This was a substantial change from law and ministering to a teaching career. He highly influenced relations of the southern race and played a key role in public affairs of the black people.
Washington fought for rights of African-Americans population to be literate them from slavery. His leadership was conservative making him to receive support from the whites as well as influencing large followers from the Africans-Americans. Notably, African-Americans may have brawled since their arrival in the 1600s on slave ships. The slaves were strained to work in farms, for two consecutive centuries under the eye the white owners. Their living conditions were poor and were not given chance to acquire education. In 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation brought freedom to the African-Americans and following their newly acquired freedom, these African-Americans were jobless due to lack of knowledge (Toppin 45).
Following the Emancipation Proclamation, he proceeded to work in a coal mine. When he was seventeen, Washington went to work at Hampton Institute where he worked as a janitor. He then proceeded to become a student there and subsequently a well-known speaker on educational subjects where he emphasized on hard work. After wards in 1901, Washington received an invitation from President Theodore Roosevelt to White House (Norrell 87). This was seen as a social intercourse between the blacks and the whites. The blacks were receiving more recognition and acceptance. Booker T. slowly began to earn respect and he started preaching to Blacks to accept they were inferior compared to whites. Booker enlightened them that they had to prove to the whites, they had the social capability of taking care of themselves. He advised them that, in order to make successful businesses, they had to get into politics and also get educated. Booker T. was given the name "The Great Compromiser" due to these beliefs (Mackintosh et al 21). Most ex-slave owners started to respect the notions of Booker T., and not only was he acknowledged by the Blacks, the whites started to respect him. However, Booker T. Washington received criticism from other African American leaders such as William Du Bois in his essay the Soul of Black Folks. However, he retaliated with his Niagara Movement. They also differed over the establishment of the National Association for Advancement of Colored People (NAAP). In addition, Du Bois and other African Americans claimed that Washington was not telling the whole truth as they argued that he had large financial responsibilities and dependence on the rich who compelled him not to reveal the truth in order to protect their interests.
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African- Americans from the rural South did not migrate to the north voluntarily, but were pushed out of the south by certain factors. Also, choosing to move to the North was not a coincidence, but were pulled there by some factors as well.
The massive migration that occurred between 1916 to 1970 was primarily caused by the push factor such as convict leasing, segregation, disenfranchisement, and the widespread increase in racist ideologies that were making the lives of African- Americans unbearable. They were forced to move in large troops when Jim Crow introduced laws that kept the African Americans in an inferior position which denied them political rights even to air out their grievances. So they chose to move to the North, where racial segregation was not mandated even though racism was rampant.
Another factor that pushed the African-Americans out to the North was the lack of employment opportunities in the South. The poor economic conditions in the South made survival very difficult. The situation was made worse by the continuous failing of crops, limitation of sharing cropping on the farms, limited land for farming, and crop damage from the boll weevil. Also, the Jim Crow laws' social and racial oppression made possible meant that they could not even market their produce freely. The lynching of African Americans did also push them out in large numbers.
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Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Du Bois are similar to each other but disagree on plans for African Americans social and economic progress. Booker T. Washington, educator, reformer and the most inflectional black leader of his time (1856 1915) preached a philosophy of self help, racial solidarity and accommodation. Washington encouraged African Americans to take on discrimination and focus on educating themselves through hard work and disci
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The document discusses the voices of protest in America following World War 1. It describes the NAACP's mission of achieving equality through legal and peaceful means, while the resurgent KKK aimed for white power through violent and racist means. Many race riots broke out in this period, most notably in 1919 which was nicknamed the "Red Summer" for the bloodshed. The document also outlines prominent African American protest leaders and notes that lynching was still legal and widespread despite NAACP efforts. It concludes by recognizing the progress made towards racial equality since that turbulent era.
McDuffie, Garvyeism in Chicago, ABD, 8, 2, 2015
This article analyzes the history of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in Chicago from the 1920s to the 1960s. Garvey's message of black pride, African redemption, and self-determination resonated with thousands of black Chicagoans who joined the UNIA. Chicago was a stronghold of the movement, with some of the largest UNIA divisions in the world. Although membership declined by the 1930s, Garveyism remained influential through various black nationalist and left-wing groups. The article aims to shed light on this underexplored aspect of Chicago's history and its role in the broader African diaspora.
Progressive Era Part 1
The Progressive Era occurred between 1890-1920 in response to extreme corruption, poor working conditions, and social injustices during the Gilded Age. Progressivism aimed to bring social justice through government regulation of big business, expansion of voting rights, improved working conditions, and addressing issues facing the poor, immigrants, and racial minorities. Notable Progressive reforms addressed areas like social justice, political democracy, economic equality, and conservation. Muckraking journalists played an important role in exposing issues to the public and driving reforms. However, racial discrimination and segregation persisted through policies like Jim Crow laws and barriers to voting for African Americans. Groups like the NAACP and individuals like Ida B. Wells and W.E.B.
Introduction to Miseducation of the Negro
Carter G. Woodson argued that the education system in the early 20th century was designed to control African Americans and restrict them to subordinate positions. His experience in the Philippines showed him how education could make people feel alienated from their own culture and elevate foreign values. Neither Booker T. Washington's strategy of accommodation nor W.E.B. Du Bois' advocacy for political action and developing the "Talented Tenth" would sufficiently address the inequalities between black and white people resulting from the education system.
Black power
The Black Power Movement grew out of the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, sparked by Stokely Carmichael's popularization of the term "Black Power" in 1966. While sharing goals of racial equality, the Black Power Movement advocated a more militant approach and focused on installing racial pride, self-determination, and establishing independent black political parties and institutions. Both religious and cultural elements contributed to the movement, which led to increased black cultural awareness and study programs before declining in the late 1970s.
Reconstruction of black & urban areas final
The document discusses the Reconstruction period in the United States following the Civil War from 1863 to 1887. During this time, the government grappled with how to reunite the northern and southern states and address the end of slavery. This led to the passage of amendments providing citizenship and voting rights to Black Americans, though the South resisted through the creation of "Black Codes" and Jim Crow laws enforcing racial segregation and discrimination. The Civil Rights movement from the 1950s to 1960s sought to end these discriminatory practices through nonviolent protests and resulted in landmark legislation banning racial segregation and discrimination.
Unit 1 notes (the gilded age)
The document provides an overview of several key aspects of the Gilded Age in US history between 1870-1900. It discusses the rise of individualism and social Darwinism ideology during this period. It also examines the emergence of naturalism and gospel of wealth philosophies. The document outlines various urban and education reforms that took place, as well as advancements in African American education. It describes changes in popular culture and the growth of new forms of entertainment like baseball, vaudeville shows, and amusement parks. Finally, it discusses political reforms and the debate between "Halfbreeds" and "Stalwarts" over patronage practices.
1920s Lecture 5 Harlem Renaissance
The document summarizes the Great Migration period and the Harlem Renaissance. During the Great Migration from 1910-1920, over 1.5 million African Americans moved from the rural South to northern cities like New York, Chicago and Detroit, hoping to escape racism and find new opportunities. This influx of African Americans to northern cities led to racial tensions. In New York, Harlem became the cultural capital of African American arts and literature during the 1920s Harlem Renaissance period, which saw a blossoming of black writers, artists, musicians and performers who explored themes of black identity and resistance to prejudice.
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Class,I am extending the due date for your Midterm Exam. This ne
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Isolationist Policy Of 1920s
The document discusses the isolationist policy of the United States in the 1920s. Americans were exhausted after World War I and wanted to return to pre-war times. Some Americans were alarmed by the communist revolution and believed post-war labor issues were caused by immigrants. As a result, the US did not support the League of Nations, passed high tariffs, limited immigration, and moved politically to the right.
Lincoln
Lincoln did not want slavery to expand into new territories but did not seek to end slavery where it already existed. The Civil War began after Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, with Lincoln's goal being to reunite the Union rather than end slavery. The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in Confederate states but not border states. Union faced opposition from Copperheads in the North and instituted conscription, while securing key victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg that led to Lincoln's reelection in 1864. The war ended in 1865 with Lee's surrender and Lincoln's assassination shortly after, leaving Reconstruction plans for the postwar South to be disputed under new President Andrew Johnson.
WWI Comes To An End
The end of WWI saw the "Big Four" Allied powers of Britain, France, Italy, and the US negotiate the Treaty of Versailles with defeated Germany. US President Woodrow Wilson advocated for his Fourteen Points plan and League of Nations to prevent future wars, but the US ultimately did not join the League due to opposition in the Senate. The punitive Treaty assigned sole blame and massive reparations to Germany, sowing resentment and paving the way for WWII.
WWI
World War I was caused by rising nationalism, militarism, imperialism and a system of hostile alliances that pulled the major European powers into war. The key causes were nationalism in Europe, an arms race between the powers, and a network of intertwined alliances. The war pitted the Allied powers led by France, Britain, Russia and later Italy and the United States against the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. After over four years of fighting and millions of casualties, the Allies emerged victorious in 1918.
World War II
World War II was caused by the failure of the post-WWI peace settlement which led to economic instability and the rise of nationalist dictators in Europe and Japan. Germany invaded Poland after its policy of appeasement towards aggressors failed. The US initially took a stance of neutrality but increased defense spending and passed the Lend-Lease Act to aid Britain and the Soviet Union. The US entered the war in 1941 after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. WWII ended first in Europe in 1945 and then in the Pacific that same year after the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Western Frontier
The document summarizes how the western frontier of the United States was acquired and settled between the early 1800s to late 1800s. It discusses how the US acquired land through treaties and wars with Mexico and Native Americans. It also explains some of the economic opportunities and challenges of settling the frontier, including ranching cattle, working on railroads, prospecting for gold, and living off the land through homesteading. Key events that enabled western expansion included the Louisiana Purchase, Mexican-American War, Gold Rushes, and the building of transcontinental railroads.
Us Territories & Protectorates
The United States annexed or gained control over several territories and protectorates in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This included Hawaii in 1893 for its strategic location in the Pacific, Alaska purchased from Russia in 1867 for its resources, and Cuba made a protectorate in 1903 to protect US businesses. Puerto Rico and the Philippines were acquired after the Spanish-American War of 1898 for their locations, though the Filipinos resisted US control. The US also pursued an Open Door Policy in China to gain trade rights and helped build the Panama Canal from 1903-1914 for trade between Asia and Eastern markets.
Us Territorial Expansion
The United States expanded its territory through various means in the 19th century, driven by the idea of Manifest Destiny. This included the Louisiana Purchase which doubled the size of the country, the annexation of Texas which increased tensions with Mexico and led to the Mexican-American War where the US acquired even more land in the West. Additional territories were acquired through treaties and negotiations with European powers like Spain and Britain.
Urbanization
Urbanization led to overcrowded tenement housing in cities which caused social problems that settlement houses like Hull House in Chicago, founded by Jane Addams, aimed to address by providing social services to immigrants and the poor living in tenements.
The Great Depression
The document summarizes the key events and causes of the Great Depression from 1929 to 1939 in the United States. It discusses increased unemployment and falling prices/wages during this period. It also outlines President Hoover's unsuccessful emphasis on individualism over direct relief, while President Roosevelt was elected in 1932 promising a New Deal program to provide relief and recovery through goals like the Bank Holiday reform.
Progressive Movement
The Progressive Movement sought to address issues exposed by journalists and reformers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Journalists uncovered corruption in government and unhealthy, unsafe working conditions. Reformers pushed for greater government responsiveness and regulations on businesses. Some key effects included improved working conditions, more business regulations, and expanded citizen power through initiatives, referendums, and recall elections. Muckraking journalists like Ida Tarbell and Upton Sinclair exposed issues that helped spur reforms addressing political corruption, unsafe industries, and social issues like prohibition and women's suffrage.
New Deal
The Great Depression worsened as businesses and banks failed, causing people to suffer and lose hope. When Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected in 1932, Congress passed a series of New Deal acts to provide relief, jobs, and financial reform. While the Supreme Court struck down several acts as unconstitutional, the New Deal restored some hope and expanded the federal government's role, though it faced criticism from those opposed to large deficits and government expansion.
Jackson
During the Era of Good Feelings following the War of 1812, there was a strong sense of nationalism in the United States. Henry Clay proposed the American System to improve the country through tariffs, a national bank, and transportation projects like the Erie Canal. Andrew Jackson was the first president not from the elite class, believing all white males were equal. He replaced government officials with political allies and threatened to use force against South Carolina during the Nullification Crisis over tariffs. Jackson was also against the national bank and treated Native Americans poorly.
Industrialists Of The Gilded Age
The document discusses key aspects of the Gilded Age including the Bessemer Process which enabled faster steel production fueling manufacturing and transportation growth. Social Darwinism influenced cut-throat business practices and led to increasing inequality. Robber barons engaged in corrupt practices to monopolize industries like steel, oil, and railroads. Some robber barons later engaged in philanthropy through charitable donations.
Industrial Growth
Industrial growth in the nation was caused by an abundance of natural resources, an explosion of inventions that improved business efficiency, and a growing urban population that provided workers and new markets. The effects included the emergence of big business as businesses consolidated under monopolies and trusts, while workers endured harsh conditions leading labor unions to develop. Railroads also established new national markets.
Civil War
The Civil War was caused by escalating debates over whether slavery should be allowed in newly admitted western territories, which caused southern states to fear losing power and led to their secession after Abraham Lincoln was elected president. The war resulted in the abolition of slavery, affirmed the supremacy of the federal government over the states, boosted the northern economy while devastating the southern economy, and ultimately reunited the Union.
Famous Abolitionists
This document lists and provides brief details about several famous abolitionists who worked to end slavery in the United States, including Quakers, Harriet Beecher Stowe, John Brown, William Lloyd Garrison, Fredrick Douglas, Harriet Tubman, Susan B. Anthony, the Grimke Sisters, and Sojourner Truth. It also includes an excerpt from Sojourner Truth's famous "Ain't I a Woman?" speech.
1920s
During the 1920s in the US, there was a Red Scare where many associated immigrants with radical ideologies. The KKK membership grew targeting minorities and immigrants. Two quota acts were passed limiting immigration and banning Asians. The US also pursued isolationist and pro-business economic policies with limited regulation and tariffs that decreased trade.
John Marshall & The National Bank
John Marshall, the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, was one of the "Midnight Judges" appointed by President Adams in his final hours in office to strengthen the Federalist hold on the judiciary. In the landmark case Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court established the principle of judicial review by declaring that it has the power to invalidate laws passed by Congress if they are unconstitutional. Additionally, Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists successfully established the first Bank of the United States to control currency and handle tax receipts, forging an alliance between government and wealthy businesses over the opposition of Anti-Federalists.
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Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
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Recomendamos muito.
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Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
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