The Great Depression
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The document summarizes the key events and causes of the Great Depression from 1929 to 1939 in the United States. It discusses increased unemployment and falling prices/wages during this period. It also outlines President Hoover's unsuccessful emphasis on individualism over direct relief, while President Roosevelt was elected in 1932 promising a New Deal program to provide relief and recovery through goals like the Bank Holiday reform.
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The United States annexed or gained control over several territories and protectorates in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This included Hawaii in 1893 for its strategic location in the Pacific, Alaska purchased from Russia in 1867 for its resources, and Cuba made a protectorate in 1903 to protect US businesses. Puerto Rico and the Philippines were acquired after the Spanish-American War of 1898 for their locations, though the Filipinos resisted US control. The US also pursued an Open Door Policy in China to gain trade rights and helped build the Panama Canal from 1903-1914 for trade between Asia and Eastern markets.
Us Territorial Expansion
The United States expanded its territory through various means in the 19th century, driven by the idea of Manifest Destiny. This included the Louisiana Purchase which doubled the size of the country, the annexation of Texas which increased tensions with Mexico and led to the Mexican-American War where the US acquired even more land in the West. Additional territories were acquired through treaties and negotiations with European powers like Spain and Britain.
Urbanization
Urbanization led to overcrowded tenement housing in cities which caused social problems that settlement houses like Hull House in Chicago, founded by Jane Addams, aimed to address by providing social services to immigrants and the poor living in tenements.
Progressive Movement
The Progressive Movement sought to address issues exposed by journalists and reformers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Journalists uncovered corruption in government and unhealthy, unsafe working conditions. Reformers pushed for greater government responsiveness and regulations on businesses. Some key effects included improved working conditions, more business regulations, and expanded citizen power through initiatives, referendums, and recall elections. Muckraking journalists like Ida Tarbell and Upton Sinclair exposed issues that helped spur reforms addressing political corruption, unsafe industries, and social issues like prohibition and women's suffrage.
New Deal
The Great Depression worsened as businesses and banks failed, causing people to suffer and lose hope. When Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected in 1932, Congress passed a series of New Deal acts to provide relief, jobs, and financial reform. While the Supreme Court struck down several acts as unconstitutional, the New Deal restored some hope and expanded the federal government's role, though it faced criticism from those opposed to large deficits and government expansion.
Jackson
During the Era of Good Feelings following the War of 1812, there was a strong sense of nationalism in the United States. Henry Clay proposed the American System to improve the country through tariffs, a national bank, and transportation projects like the Erie Canal. Andrew Jackson was the first president not from the elite class, believing all white males were equal. He replaced government officials with political allies and threatened to use force against South Carolina during the Nullification Crisis over tariffs. Jackson was also against the national bank and treated Native Americans poorly.
Industrialists Of The Gilded Age
The document discusses key aspects of the Gilded Age including the Bessemer Process which enabled faster steel production fueling manufacturing and transportation growth. Social Darwinism influenced cut-throat business practices and led to increasing inequality. Robber barons engaged in corrupt practices to monopolize industries like steel, oil, and railroads. Some robber barons later engaged in philanthropy through charitable donations.
Industrial Growth
Industrial growth in the nation was caused by an abundance of natural resources, an explosion of inventions that improved business efficiency, and a growing urban population that provided workers and new markets. The effects included the emergence of big business as businesses consolidated under monopolies and trusts, while workers endured harsh conditions leading labor unions to develop. Railroads also established new national markets.
Civil War
The Civil War was caused by escalating debates over whether slavery should be allowed in newly admitted western territories, which caused southern states to fear losing power and led to their secession after Abraham Lincoln was elected president. The war resulted in the abolition of slavery, affirmed the supremacy of the federal government over the states, boosted the northern economy while devastating the southern economy, and ultimately reunited the Union.
Famous Abolitionists
This document lists and provides brief details about several famous abolitionists who worked to end slavery in the United States, including Quakers, Harriet Beecher Stowe, John Brown, William Lloyd Garrison, Fredrick Douglas, Harriet Tubman, Susan B. Anthony, the Grimke Sisters, and Sojourner Truth. It also includes an excerpt from Sojourner Truth's famous "Ain't I a Woman?" speech.
Early AA Leaders
The document summarizes the approaches of three early African American leaders - Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Marcus Garvey - to addressing racial segregation and discrimination in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It outlines their different paths of vocational training, higher education, and separatism respectively; their supporters and critics; and their varying degrees of success in influencing later civil rights efforts.
1920s
During the 1920s in the US, there was a Red Scare where many associated immigrants with radical ideologies. The KKK membership grew targeting minorities and immigrants. Two quota acts were passed limiting immigration and banning Asians. The US also pursued isolationist and pro-business economic policies with limited regulation and tariffs that decreased trade.
John Marshall & The National Bank
John Marshall, the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, was one of the "Midnight Judges" appointed by President Adams in his final hours in office to strengthen the Federalist hold on the judiciary. In the landmark case Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court established the principle of judicial review by declaring that it has the power to invalidate laws passed by Congress if they are unconstitutional. Additionally, Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists successfully established the first Bank of the United States to control currency and handle tax receipts, forging an alliance between government and wealthy businesses over the opposition of Anti-Federalists.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
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Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
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www.agostodourado.com
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