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20th Century Modern Art (+ Links)
Modern art emerged in the early 20th century as artists rejected old styles and sought new forms of expression. Modernism was characterized by avant-garde styles that broke with tradition and shocked audiences. Key movements included Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism, Suprematism, De Stijl, Dadaism, and Surrealism. These movements experimented with abstraction, non-objective forms, collage, and incorporating found objects. In the postwar era, Abstract Expressionism became a major new style in America, exemplified by Pollock's action paintings. Minimalism in the 1960s featured purer geometric forms and an emphasis on materials.
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20th Century Modern Art (+ Links)
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- 3. Modernism • After 1900artistic innovation in Europe and the US increased in a rapid succession of movements, or “isms”. The modern movement lasted through the first half of the 20th Century. • Search for new forms of expression in a new era characterized by industrialization, rapid social change, and advances in science and the social sciences. • Modernism rejects old, traditional ideas and styles in art and design. • Modern art allows for more interpretation
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- 5. The Avant Garde •Avant garde (French) means before the group • Avant-garde art is cutting-edge and does not try to appeal to average people • Radical and Surprising / Shocking • Revolutionary - breaks with tradition • Critical of political and social institutions
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- 7. Color and Form •Continuing from the 19th Century (influence of Impressionism, Post- Impressionism, and artists such as Van Gogh and Gaugin) • Symbolism of Color • Focus on Formal Elements (shape, line, space, color, texture) as a way to communicate • Emotion / Feeling
- 8. Influence of Psychology Developmentsin the study of Psychology New understanding of Psychology influenced artists Many artists befriended psychologists Sigmund Freud • developed psychoanalysis in early 20th century • wrote The Interpretation of Dreams in 1900 Carl Jung • Further studies of dreams and the subconscious / unconscious mind • Art Therapy
- 9. Effects of Wars People,including artists greatly affected by war • World War I (1914 – 1919) • World War II (1939 – 1945) • Russian Revolution (1917 – 1923) • Spanish Civil War (1937) Some Modern art was reactionary against war (Look toward Idealism / Utopianism / Purity) Search for Truth as a result of politics / political propaganda
- 11. • Used purehues (unmixed colors from the color wheel) • Rejected “imitative” colors (colors that imitate real life) to create “stronger reactions” to their work • Color as a conveyer of meaning / symbolism Fauvism
- 12. Henri Matisse, RedRoom, 1908 – 1909, Oil on Canvas https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMXQDV2PecE
- 13. Henri Matisse, RedRoom, 1908 – 1909, Oil on Canvas Matisse was one of the main artists in the Fauvist group Feeling of warmth and comfort in the room Used color to express emotions , 1.8 m x 2.2 m
- 15. Egon Shiele, Self-Portrait,1911, Drawing (Gouache and pencil on paper) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BN73JesYJhc
- 16. Egon Shiele, Self-Portrait, 1911,Drawing (Gouache and pencil on paper) Physical and psychological torment Use of line and textures to convey feeling 51.4 x 34.9 cm
- 17. Cubism • Cubists rejectednaturalistic / realistic art • Preferred using abstract shapes and forms • Viewing the subject from many different angles using geometric forms • Neutral Colors • Interested in connecting music to visual art • Analytic Cubism – first phase of cubism started by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso • Synthetic Cubism – Collage (mixed media) – materials from different sources
- 18. Pablo Picasso Les Demoisellesd’Avignon Oil on Canvas, 1907 243.9 x 233.7 cm
- 19. Pablo Picasso Les Demoisellesd’Avignon Oil on Canvas, 1907 • This work led to Picasso’s development of Cubist style • Five nude female figures (prostitutes from a brothel in Barcelona, Spain) • Radical break from traditional compositions and perspective • Still Life in foreground • Two of the faces inspired by African masks (saw African art in Paris museum) 243.9 x 233.7 cm
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- 21. Pablo Picasso, StillLife with Chair-Caning, 1911-1912, Oil and Collage on Canvas 29 x 37 cm
- 22. Pablo Picasso, StillLife with Chair-Caning, 1911-1912, Oil and Collage on Canvas Synthetic Cubism New Medium of collage (from French word “to stick”) Illusion of real seat of a chair with real rope as a frame Jou – from “Journal” (French newspaper) also word refers to “play” and to “game”29 x 37 cm
- 23. Pablo Picasso, Guernica,1937, Oil on Canvas , 3.49 m x 7.77 m https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lo5OSGg1k0
- 25. Pablo Picasso, Guernica,1937, Oil on Canvas • Spanish Civil War bombing in Guernica, Spain (Picasso was Spanish) • Horrors of War • Based on images from black and white photos in newspaper • Later Cubist style • Symbolism • References to Spain - Bull and Horse 3.49 m x 7.77 m
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- 27. Futurism Began as aliterary movement in Italy in 1909, but later included visual arts, film, theater, music, and architecture Inspired by the Cubists Artists had a socio-political agenda Published several manifestos – a written document that explains the overall intentions of the group – in this case, advocating a revolution in society and art
- 28. Umberto Boccioni Unique Formsof Continuity in Space 1913 Bronze 1.11 m x 88 cm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5InIGJkYA4
- 29. Umberto Boccioni, UniqueForms of Continuity in Space, 1913, Bronze sculpture Feeling of Motion Symbolic of Dynamic modern life Figure moving ahead in a brave, new world 1.11 m x 88 cm Robotic and Machine-like
- 30. Suprematism • Russian movement •Pure language of shape and color • Non-objective (no recognizable image) • Based on Inner Feelings https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3YS6uZ87Ec
- 31. Kazimir Malevich, SuprematistComposition: Airplane Flying, 1915, oil on canvas 58 cm x 48 cm
- 32. Feeling unattached toobjects “The Suprematist artist does not observe and does not touch – they feel” Dynamic movement of shapes Kazimir Malevich, Suprematist Composition: Airplane Flying, 1915, oil on canvas 58 cm x 48 cm Non-representational
- 33. De Stijl • DeStijl means “the style” • Movement formed by a group of young artists in Holland in 1917 • Believed in “birth of a new age” • Integration of Art and Life • Focus on Universal, rather than the individual https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ygiPcUKDdtM
- 34. Piet Mondrian, Composition inRed, Blue, and Yellow, 1930, Oil on Canvas 59.5 x 59.5 cm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1x8m-7N-Kjo
- 35. Piet Mondrian, Compositionin Red, Blue, and Yellow, 1930, Oil on Canvas Piet Mondrian was one of the founders of the de Stijl movement (Holland) Believed the primary colors and values are the purest colors to create harmony in a composition Influenced by Cubism (Mondrian saw Analytic Cubism in Paris in 1917) 58 cm x 48 cm DeStijl artists sought Universality in their work
- 36. Garrit Rietveld, SchröderHouse (Utrecht, Holland), 1924 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXl9vbF-ryA
- 37. Garrit Rietveld Schröder House(Utrecht, Holland) 1924 • Built for an eccentric client who was a widow with three children who preferred to have no interior walls (open space) • built for an “active life” with adaptability of the space • Rietveld applied the principles of deStijl throughout the house (rectilinear shapes / squares and rectangles, primary colors, asymmetry) • Rietveld later moved into the house with his client after his wife died (he lived there until his death in 1985) • The house has since been fully restored and is now a museum
- 38. chair designed byGarrit Rietveld, 1918
- 39. Dadaism • Random wordchosen from a French-German Dictionary • Irrational and Intuitive • Reaction to “insane” spectacle of war • Anti-tradition • Artistic and Literary Movement • Dada is a “state of mind”
- 40. Marcel Duchamp, Fountain,1917, Ready-made sculpture 61 x 36 x 48 cm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ZlrHyzIwcI
- 41. Marcel Duchamp, Fountain,1917, Ready- made sculpture “Ready-made” sculpture Challenged the idea of What is art? Radical, avant- garde Irony “R. Mutt” – Play on words 61 x 36 x 48 cm
- 42. Hannah Hoch, Cutwith the Kitchen Knife, 1919-1920, Photomontage (collage) 44 9/10 × 35 2/5 in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9E1cA3j_xY8
- 43. Hannah Hoch, Cutwith the Kitchen Knife, 1919-1920, Photomontage Chaotic and contradictory Images of German Military leaders, Dada artists, dancers, animals, etc. Self-portrait in the lower corner Found text – “The Great dada World” 44 9/10 × 35 2/5 in
- 44. Surrealism • Dada artistsjoined the Surrealist movement • Dreams and the Unconscious Mind (Psychology) • Bring together outer and inner reality https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wtPBOwE0Qn0&t=59s
- 45. Rene Magritte, The Treacheryof Images, 1928 – 1929, Oil on Canvas 60.33 cm × 81.12 cm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=atHQpANmHCE
- 46. Rene Magritte, TheTreachery of Images, 1928 – 1929, Oil on Canvas Ceci n’est pas une pipe (This is not a pipe) Discrepancy between the image of the pipe and the text (relationship of text and image) The illusion of art Treachery - dishonesty (from an old French word meaning to trick)60.33 cm × 81.12 cm
- 47. Salvador Dali, ThePersistence of Memory, 1931, Oil on Canvas 24 cm x 33 cm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7RIP2spwpg
- 48. Salvador Dali The Persistenceof Memory 1931, Oil on Canvas Time and Memory Landscape from Dali’s childhood in Spain Dreamlike 24 cm x 33 cm Symbolic and Metaphorical
- 49. Frida Kahlo, TheTwo Fridas, 1939, Oil on Canvas 1.73 x 1.73 m https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9XYtPqWLB4
- 50. Frida Kahlo, TheTwo Fridas, 1939, Oil on Canvas • Kahlo is associated with the Surrealist Movement, but she never officially joined the movement • She was half Mexican and half German • Double Self-portrait - physical and emotional pain • Frida was in a serious streetcar accident as a university student • Reference to retablo painting - traditional Mexican folk art involving Catholic iconography • “My paintings are not a dream, they are my reality” 1.73 x 1.73 m
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- 52. Le Corbusier French LeCorbusier, Notre Dame du Haut (Ronchamp, France), 1950 - 1955 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hEkQvR-el3M
- 53. Le Corbusier French LeCorbusier, Notre Dame du Haut (Ronchamp, France), 1950 - 1955 • Small church chapel which replaced a building destroyed in WWII • Shape represents praying hands or wings of a dove (symbol of peace) • Reference to Medieval Architecture • Concrete over metal structure
- 54. Alexander Calder, RedLily Pads, Painted Sheet Metal and Metal Rods (Mobile), 1956, 106.7 x 442 x 256.5 cm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fI5PRaTSMUI
- 55. Alexander Calder, RedLily Pads, Painted Sheet Metal and Metal Rods (Mobile), 1956, 106.7 x 442 x 256.5 cm Calder invented new forms of sculpture, including mobiles (kinetic sculpture / movement) Influenced by European Avant Garde Art Abstraction Inspired by organic forms Red Lily Pads installed in Guggenheim Museum in New York City
- 56. Abstract Expressionism • Firstmajor Avant-Garde art movement in USA (started in New York in late 1940’s) • Abstraction expressing raw emotion • New York becomes the center of the art world (no longer Paris)
- 57. Jackson Pollock Action Painting Focuson the creative process Expressive feeling through action Used sticks to “throw” paint onto the canvas (walked on the canvas) – artist literally “in” the painting https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOGDDh1thaQ
- 58. Jackson Pollock, LavenderMist, 1950, Oil, enamel, aluminum paint on canvas, 221 x 300 cm
- 59. Jackson Pollock, LavenderMist, 1950, Oil, enamel, aluminum paint on canvas, 221 x 300 cm Large scale painting with drips, splatters, and dribbles of paint Title refers to organic nature of painting (color and texture) Controlled Randomness Energetic Oil Paint / Industrial Paints (house and car paint)
- 60. Willem de Kooning, WomanI, 1950 – 1952, Oil on Canvas, 1.93 x 1.47 m https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0xbZTe1JSM
- 61. Willem de Kooning,Woman I, 1950 – 1952, Oil on Canvas, 1.93 x 1.47 m Importance of Process – de Kooning repainted this painting many times (many layers) “Rawness” and “Intensity” Jumbled lines / Agitated patches of color “Ferocious” looking woman
- 62. Later Abstraction • More“controlled” forms of painting • Symbolism of color • Post-painterly abstraction • Hard-edge Painting
- 63. Mark Rothko, Untitled, 1961, Oilon Canvas, 69 x 50 inches https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1v1mBepDlOw
- 64. Mark Rothko, Untitled,1961, Oil on Canvas, 69 x 50 inches Harmony and Spirituality / simple and pure “Color field” painting Focus on Color / Symbolism of Color / Emotion of Color “Untitled” title leaves the interpretation open for the viewer
- 65. Ellsworth Kelly, RedBlue Green, 1963, Oil on canvas, 84 x 136 in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hEcbvxszkfU
- 66. Hard-Edged Painting Focus onColor Flatness – painting as two- dimensional Absence of “the artist’s hand” Ellsworth Kelly, Red Blue Green, 1963, Oil on canvas, 84 x 136 in
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- 69. Minimal Art • SculpturalMovement began in 1960’s • “Limitation of sculpture” • Geometric forms • Very simple, pure aesthetic (less is more)
- 70. Donald Judd, Untitled,1961, Brass and Plexiglas sculpture, 6 1/8 x 2 feet https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G37C5vKCwH4
- 71. Donald Judd, Untitled, 1961,Brass and Plexiglas sculpture, 6 1/8 x 2 feet Power of the materials (“message in the medium”) Basic geometric forms (simple and clear) Sculpture not intended to be symbolic or metaphorical Interplay between positive and negative space Rhythmic
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- 75. Pop Art • Movementbegan in UK in 1960’s (later became more popular in USA) • Art based on popular culture • Art “for the people” • Reaction against Abstract Expressionism
- 76. Roy Lichtenstein Hopeless, 1963 Oilon canvas 111.8 cm × 111.8 cm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jowA-pH-Y8
- 77. Roy Lichtenstein Hopeless, 1963 Oilon canvas 111.8 cm × 111.8 cm Art based on comic books Melodramatic scene / Romance “That’s the way it SHOULD have BEGUN, but it’s hopeless!” Used dots to create the look of comic book printing “benday dots”
- 78. Andy Warhol, Campbell’sSoup Can, 1962, Synthetic Polymer Paint, 51 x 41 cm
- 79. Mass-production / Consumerism American Icon Silkscreen(commercial form of printmaking used for t-shirts, etc.) / Package Design Connection to Graphic Design (Warhol studied “Commercial Art” Andy Warhol, Campbell’s Soup Can, 1962, Synthetic Polymer Paint, 51 x 41 cm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VH5MRtk9HQ
- 81. Andy Warhol, MarilynDiptych, 1962, Oil, acrylic, and silk-screen on canvas, 205.44 cm × 289.56 cm
- 82. Andy Warhol, MarilynDiptych, 1962, Oil, acrylic, and silk-screen on canvas, 205.44 × 289.56 cm Marilyn Monroe, American Actress who committed suicide in 1962 Marilyn Monroe as Icon Fame and tragedy Warhol – artist celebrity Reference to film and to Renaissance art (diptych format)
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- 84. Robert Indiana inspiredby poetry, typography, and old signs Sculpture developed from a painting he had created in 1966 Artist insists that the meaning is religious as he got the idea from a sign in church that reads “God is Love”. The word “love” became the mantra of the hippie generation. Many versions worldwide, including one in Central Embassy in Bangkok!