The document discusses the history and objectives of various early rural development projects and schemes in India from 1903 to 1948. It describes 10 key initiatives including the Scheme of Rural Reconstruction in 1903, Servant of Indian Society in 1905, Gurgaon Experiment in 1920, Martha Dam Project in 1921, Shriniketan Attempt in 1921, Sevagram Attempt in 1923, Firka Development Scheme in 1947, Indian Village Service in 1945, Etawah Pilot Project in 1948, and Nilokheri Project in 1948. The objectives of these early efforts focused on improving economic conditions, promoting education, healthcare, agriculture, and cooperative institutions in rural communities.

1. Presented by
Maina Kumari(M.V.Sc)
Submitted to
Dr. Devi Singh Rajput
Dr. Neeraj Kumar Sharma
(department of animal husbandry extension
education)

2. Rural development is a strategy designed to
improve the economic and social life of rural people.
Rural Development is all about bringing change
among rural community from the traditional way of
living to progressive way of living. It is also
expressed as a movement for progress.

3. 1. Scheme of rural reconstruction(1903)
2. Servant of Indian society(1905)
3. Gurgaon experiment(1920)
4. Martha dam project(1921)
5. Shriniketan attempt(1921)
6. Sevagram attempt(1923)
7. Firka development scheme(1947)
8. Indian village service(1945)
9. Etawah pilot project(1948)
10. Nilokheri project(1948)

4.  In 1903, Sir Daniel Hamilton began a project of
rural development on the basis of cooperation and
started this project in “Sunderban Village” near
west Bengal.
 In 1910 under this programme, Co-operative
Deposit Institute was established.
 Along with the savings, the programmes of health,
literacy and small industry were started.
 In this planning, the emphasis was on specialized
training for unemployed young farmers to make
them self dependent. This project continued till 15-
16 years and after some time it disappeared.

5.  The scheme was organised by an individual
without the financial and moral support of the
government.
 The area of operation was small and activities
were also limited.
 Involvement of people was also not adequate.
 The staff employed was untrained.

6.  This was founded by gopala krishna kokale as
a political society at poone.
 It laid strong emphasis on socioeconomic and
educational activities.
 Later kokale started training centres in
Chennai, Madhya Pradesh and published
booklets on basic education and labour
problems.

7.  In Gurgaon district, this programme of village
development was the first one to be run by the State. It
was started by the Mr. F.L. Brayne.
 In 1920, Mr. Brayne had been appointed on the post of
Deputy Commissioner in Gurgaon district and he
began this project of rural upliftment in his district,
which became famous as “Gurgaon Project”.
 The main objectives of this project were: (1) To
increase crop production, (2) to control extra
expenditure, (3) to improve the health, (4) to develop
the feeling of women-education, and (5) home
development work

8.  The main objective as defined by brayne
himself was “to jerk the villager out of his old
groove, convince that improvement is possible
and kill his fatalism by demonstrating that
climate, disease and pest can be fought; further
to laugh him out of his unhealthy and
uneconomic customs and teach him better way
of living and farming.
 The programme was manned mainly by
voluntary organisation and paid village guides.

9.  This project of rural development was initiated in the
village Marthendom near Trivandrum of Kerala State
by Young Men Christian Association (Y.M.C.A) and
Christian Church Association under the direction of Dr.
Spencer Hatch in 1921.
 This village was undeveloped economically and the
economic condition of the native majority was poor.
 Here, people used to cultivate only paddy and coconut
on some places. For exploiting this weakness, it was
thought that some developmental work should be done,
so that the Christian faith could spread.

10.  1. Spiritual Development
 2. Mental Development
3. Physical Development
4. Social Development
5. Economic Development

11.  Shriniketan is situated about 100 km. away from
Calcutta (Kolkata) in West-Bengal State. This area was
backward socially, economically and politically.
 Shri Ravindra Nath Tagore began this project of
village development in this area with the help of
sociologist L.K. Elmhirst.
 Shri Ravindra nathTagore thought that if some villages
were developed, the other villages will get inspiration
and the programme of village development will spread
all over the country and thus the whole country would
be developed.

12.  (1) To increase the knowledge of rural people.
 (2) To help the rural people in establishing cottage
industry and trained students and leaders in rural
matter.
 (3) To inspire the people to follow new technology.
 (4) Development of dairy farming.
 (5) To create the feeling of co-operation
 (6) To arrange the facility of health and education
 (7) To create the feeling of rural leadership
 (8) To improve village sanitation

13. This was started under the guidance
of mahatma Gandhi in 1923 but it had
really began in 1920 as all India
spinners’ association.
The objective of the project were to provide
services to the underprivileged for
achieving self dependency and basic
education to the people

14.  (1) to use khadi clothes,
 (2) to introduce Health Programme,
 (3) the programme of sanitation in the village,
 (4) the programme of women welfare,
 (5) the programme of economic help,
 (6) to uplift the backward classes,
 (7) primary and adult educational programmes,
 (8) to improve the conditions of poor people,
 (9) programme of social harmony, and
 (10) to popularise the mother tongue and other
national dialects.

15.  The first programme began in 1947 in 34 firkas
throughout the state and on 1950 it was
extended to another 50 firkas.
 The selection of firkas was based on the
consideration of general backwardness of the
area and the possibilities of identification of the
production of cloth khadi and cottage industry.
 Among PreIndependence project, this was the
biggest project.

16.  A firka development officers was selected from
among the social worker and appointed for 2 to
3 firkas.
 Each firka was divided into 5 to 10 groups of
villages which were put in charge of gram
sevak.
 The collector was incharge of the scheme in the
district level.

17. (1) All-round development of rural people.
(2)To develop the means of drinking water and
communication.
(3) To develop the committees of panchayat and
co-operatives.
(4)To develop animal husbandry, farming and
irrigation facilities.
(5) To introduce khadi and cottage

18.  The founder was B.N. Gupta and it was
directed by W.H.weiser.
 The objective of this organization was to assist
the village people to realise the best in their
own villages by developing individuals,
voluntary leaders and local agencies to enable
them to become capable of helping themselves
and others.
 Indian village “colleagues” were appointed and
were provided with good facilities

19. (1) To educate the rural people in such a
manner that these people could self diagnose
their problems.
(2) To inspire people to help in the development
works.
(3) To provide a good chance to the citizens and
other individuals to co-operate in the rural
development work.
(4) To guide them for making other planning of
development successful.

20.  The idea of this project was conceived in
1948.
 The project was put into action with
headquarter at mehewa village, about 11 miles
from Etawah in united province, in September
1948.
 Albert Mayer was originator of the project.
 Initially 64 villages were selected and later
their number was increased to 97.

21. 1.To see what degree of production and social
improvement, initiative and co-operation could
be obtained from a compact area.
2.To see how quickly results could be achieved.
3.To see whether results achieved could be
permanent and reproducible in other area.

22.  Concerned with the broadening of the mental
horizon of the villager, to ensure he not only
accepted new and tested ideas but that those
ideas became self-generating and self-
perpetuating.
 Dealt with the villagers land, his tools and his
surroundings, the approach being educative
and persuasive rather than coercive.

23.  In 1948 S.K.Dey prepared this project for the purpose
of providing residence for 1000 immigrants from
Pakistan.
 He began this project using 100 acre of swampy land
spreading in the midst of Karnal and Kurukshetra.
 The name of this project was “Majdoor Manzil”.
Objectives:
 (1) Self-dependence in all the fields of life.
 (2) To arrange for professional training and provide
occupation for the people on the basis of their
experience. (3) To eliminate the middle-man system.

24.  (1) The work was done in 100 villages near
Nilokheri.
 (2) To establish the village level workers,
social development officer and block
development officer.
 (3) The development and popularisation of co-
operative Institutions.
 (4) The facility for entertainment.
 (5) The effort to established a social society

25.  Shree B.T. Krishnamachari in Baroda in the
Gujarat State initiated this Project in 1932.
Objectives
 (1) To improve the life style of rural people
rapidly.
 (2) To spread education and industrialization.
 (3) To develop the necessary factors for the
progress of agriculture.

26.  This campaign, started in 1942, was continued
after getting the independence.
 The main object of this campaign was to fulfil
the need of food, which had been created due
to the Second World War.
 This campaign was the first one to be
organized on a national level.
 In this campaign, the new seeds and chemical
fertilizers were distributed among the farmers.
 Agricultural departments of state governments
organized this campaign.