This document provides definitions and concepts of agricultural extension and rural development. It discusses the history and evolution of extension work in India since the 1920s. It outlines key principles of extension education including cultural differences, participation, interests and needs, leadership development, and evaluation. It also discusses objectives, scope, importance and challenges of rural development programs in India. Examples of early rural development experiments conducted in India such as the Shriniketan, Marathandam and Gurgaon attempts are summarized. Gandhi's constructive program for rural development through self-sufficient village life is also outlined.
The Training and Visit (T&V) system was a world Bank assisted program for conducting regular periodical pieces of training and visit to Farmers' field by extension workers. It helped farmers to receive problem-oriented guidance from extension staff.
Farmer Led Extension is a promising approach wherein farmer leaders were utilized as extensionists to transfer the technologies they learned with a view to boosting up production.
The FLE approach gives farmers the opportunity to share their experiences and practices through a method demonstration with fellow farmers in the area.
Reasons for Group Led Extension
1. Efficiency
2. Effectiveness
3. Collective action
4. Equity
Farm school :
“Farm school is a field where latest technology was demonstrated to progressive and interested farmers who undergo training for a certain period of time. Farm schools help in speedy dissemination and adoption of technologies through training of progressive farmers on the latest production technology.”
This professional system of extension is based on frequent training of extension workers and regular field visits for onward guiding the farmers in agricultural production and raising their income by providing appropriate plans for country development.
KVK (Krishi Vigyan Kendra ) :- Introducation of kvk ,
objectives of kvk ,
mandate and activities of kvk ,
organizational structure of kvk ,
Role and responsibility of the kvk ,
strategies for working in kvk
The Training and Visit (T&V) system was a world Bank assisted program for conducting regular periodical pieces of training and visit to Farmers' field by extension workers. It helped farmers to receive problem-oriented guidance from extension staff.
Farmer Led Extension is a promising approach wherein farmer leaders were utilized as extensionists to transfer the technologies they learned with a view to boosting up production.
The FLE approach gives farmers the opportunity to share their experiences and practices through a method demonstration with fellow farmers in the area.
Reasons for Group Led Extension
1. Efficiency
2. Effectiveness
3. Collective action
4. Equity
Farm school :
“Farm school is a field where latest technology was demonstrated to progressive and interested farmers who undergo training for a certain period of time. Farm schools help in speedy dissemination and adoption of technologies through training of progressive farmers on the latest production technology.”
This professional system of extension is based on frequent training of extension workers and regular field visits for onward guiding the farmers in agricultural production and raising their income by providing appropriate plans for country development.
KVK (Krishi Vigyan Kendra ) :- Introducation of kvk ,
objectives of kvk ,
mandate and activities of kvk ,
organizational structure of kvk ,
Role and responsibility of the kvk ,
strategies for working in kvk
Dimensions of Agricultural Extension: Prepaired by Basvraj L PisureBasvraj Pisure
This presentation includes the History and development of Agricultural Extension Education and also includes new dimensions of Agricultural Extension Education. It also includes different developmental programmes related to agricultural development and extension education.
Terminology, concept, level of extension educationbp singh
This is very useful for the students pursuing their education in Agril Extension /Dairy Extension/Veterinary Extension/Home Science Extension/Fishery Extension
Objectives are notions about future desired conditions and are usually embedded in a set of ideas organizations have about their plight and what can be done about it.
Rai University provides high quality education for MSc, Law, Mechanical Engineering, BBA, MSc, Computer Science, Microbiology, Hospital Management, Health Management and IT Engineering.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. Extension Education
Definition and Concepts:
The term extension was first used in the United States of
America in the first decade of this century to con notes the extension of
knowledge from land grant colleges to the farmers through the process of
informal education.
In India, extension work was primarily started by F.L.
Brayne (1920) in Punjab the term community development and extension
education became more popular with the launching of community
development projects in 1952 and with the establishment of the national
extension service in 1953, Since then, community Development has been
regarded as a programme for all-round development of the rural people and
extension education as the means to achieve this objective
3. Definition and Concepts:
1. Extension Education deals with practical items of information which is
useful for rural people which solve their daily problems, specially those
relations to agricultural production. (Thorat)
2. Extension Education is an integral behavioral science which contributes
towards the understanding and formulation of methods and procedures for
bringing planned change in human behavior.
3. Extension education is education for the betterment of people and for
changing their behavior i.e. knowledge, skill and attitude.
4. Extension education is the dissemination of useful research findings and
ideas among rural people to bring out desirable changes in their social and
cultural behavior.
4. 6. Extension education in an applied behavioral science, the knowledge of which is
to be applied for desirable changes in the behavioral complex of the people.
7. Extension is an education and its purpose is to change the attitude and its purpose
is to change the attitude and practices of the people with whom the work is done.
8. Extension education is a science which deals with various strategies of change in
the behavioral patterns of human beings through technological and scientific
innovation for the improvement of their standard of living.
9. Extension is to teach a person how to think, not what to think, and to teach
people, to determine accurately their own needs to find solution to their own
problems and to help them acquire knowledge and develop convictions in that
direction.
10. Extension is an out-of school system of education in which adults and young
people learn by doing. It is a partnership between government, the land grant
colleges and the people, which provider services and education designed to meet the
needs of the people
5. Importance of Extension Education:
1. Extension uses democratic methods in educating the farmers.
2. Extension helps in adoption of innovations.
3. Extension helps in studying and solving the rural problems.
4. Extension increases farm yields and improve the standard of living
of farmers.
5. Extension makes good communities better and progressive.
6. Extension contributes to national development programmers.
Importance and Scope of Extension Education
6. Scope of Extension Education
It includes all activities of rural development. So extension programmers
should be dynamic and flexible. The areas indicating scope of Extension
are listed below:
1. Increasing efficiency in agricultural production.
2. Increasing efficiency in marketing, distribution and utilization of
agricultural inputs and outputs.
3. Conservation, development and use of natural resources.
4. Proper farm and home management.
5. Better family living.
6. Youth development
7. Leadership development.
8. Community and rural development.
9. Improving public affairs for all round development.
7. Objectives of Extension Education
Objectives:
1. To raise the standard of living of the rural people by helping them in
right use of their resources.
2. To help in planning and implementing the family and village plans for
increasing production in various occupations.
3. To provide facilities for better family living.
8. Specific Objectives
1. To provide knowledge and help for better management of farms and increase
income.
2. To encourage the farmers to grow his own food, eat well and live well.
3. To promote better social, natural, recreational, intellectual and spiritual life
among the people.
4. To help rural families in better appreciation of SWOT in their village.
5. To open new opportunities for developing talents and leadership of rural
people.
6. To build rural citizens who are:
i) Proud of their occupation.
ii) Independent in thinking.
iii) Constructive in outlook.
iv) Capable, efficient and self-reliant in character.
v) Having love of home and country in their heart.
9. Principles of Extension Education
Principles:
A principle is a statement of policy to guide decision and action in a consistent
manner (Mathews).
A principle is a universal truth that has been observed and found to be truth and
a settled rule of action.
The principles of extension education are given hereunder:
1. Principle of cultural difference:
1. People differ in thinking, living and culture.
2. Extension education methods should be in line with these differences.
3. It is difficult to recognize non-material culture than material culture.
4. The blue print of extension programme for one area may not suit to other
areas.
5. Changes will have to be made in the programmes according to changing
situations.
10. 2. Principle of cultural change:
1. Culture undergoes change due to extension.
2. Change occurs otherwise also.
3. Extension Workers should gain the confidence of people.
4. Extension workers should organize result demonstration.
5. After increasing production, the Extension workers should concentrate on
marketing.
6. Extension workers have to change to meet the cultural changes among the
people.
3. Principle of grass-root organization:
1. Extension workers should pay attention to all the groups’ needs and interests.
2. Imposed innovations have no relevance to groups.
3. People will accept the innovations only when they find those useful.
4. Principle of interests and needs:
1. People and extension workers should work together.
2. Co-operation and help of each other needed for social upliftment.
11. 5. Principle of interests and needs:
1. People should voluntarily participate.
2. Work should start from interests and needs of people.
3. Fulfillment of needs create interests.
4. First concentrate on felt needs and then develop felt needs.
6. Principle of participation:
1. Attachment will not develop by offering ready made things.
2. Participation develops leadership and increases confidence.
3. Involving leaders increases people’s participation.
7. Principle of adaptability in the use of teaching methods:
1. People differ in knowledge and understanding.
2. Method should vary accordingly.
3. Use of more than one method is beneficial.
4. If needed new methods must be devised to meet new situations.
12. 8. Principle of leadership:
1. Extension workers should utilize local leadership for increasing speed of
work.
2. Identification, training and encouragement of leaders is necessary.
9. Principle trained specialists:
1. Agricultural and other sciences are developing speedily.
2. Maintaining competency in any of these sciences is a continuous process.
3. Without specialist’s support the extension cannot strive.
4. SMS is responsible to solve the extension workers problems.
5. Subjects Matter Specialist (SMS) is a link between research and application
of research.
6. SMS should have broad outlook and be well versed.
10. Principle of satisfaction:
1. The extension programme should give satisfaction to the people.
2. People will not participate if they do not get satisfaction.
13. 11. Principle of whole family approach:
1. Extension work should reach all the family members.
2. Neglecting any member may result in rejection of innovations e.g.
Hybrid maize in U.P.
12. Principle of evaluation:
1. Determining the research results in unbiased way is necessary.
2. Intermittent review of progress is necessary.
3. Corrective measures are needed if the direction is found wrong
4. Behavioural changes should be measured.
5. Evaluation helps in improving the quality of work.
13. Principle of applied Science and Democracy:
1. People have freedom to accept or reject the technology.
2. Applied agricultural Science is a two way process.
14. There is no universally accepted definition of
rural development. The term is used in different ways in vastly
divergent contexts. As a concept, it connotes overall development of
rural areas with a view to improve the quality of life rural people. As a
phenomenon, it is the result of various physical, technological,
economic, socio-cultural and institutional factors. As a discipline, it is
multi-disciplinary in nature representing an intersection of agricultural,
social, behavioural and management of sciences.
In short, rural development is a process that aims at improving the
standard of living of the people living in the rural areas.
Rural development may be defined as overall development of rural
areas to improve the quality of life of rural people. It is an integrated
process, which includes social, economical, political and spiritual
development of the poorer sections of the society.
What is Rural Development
15. Rural development can be defined as, helping rural people set
the priorities in their own communities through effective and democratic
bodies, by providing the local capacity; investment in basic infrastructure and
social services, justice, equity and security, dealing with the injustices of the
past and ensuring safety and security of the rural population, especially that of
women.
According to Robert chambers, rural development is a
strategy to enable a specific group of people, poor rural women and men, to
gain for themselves, and their children more of what they want and need. It
involves helping the poorest among those who seek a livelihood in the rural
areas to demand and control more of the benefits of rural development. The
group includes small scale farmers, tenants and the landless.
Thus, the term rural development may be used to imply any
one of the above-mentioned connotations. The avoid ineffective floundering
among the myriad definitions, we shall define rural development as A Process
leading to sustainable improvement in the quality of life of rural people,
specially the poor.
16. Objectives of Rural Development
1. Changes in what people know their knowledge of themselves of
their society and of their physical environment.
2. Changes in what people can do their skills, mental and physical.
3. Changes in what people think and feel their attitude towards
themselves towards their society and towards their physical
environment.
4. Changes in what people actually do their actions related to factors
determining their own welfare.
17. As we know the 60-70% of rural population in India lives
in primitive conditions. This sorry state exists even after 60 years of
independence. So that Rural Development programmes have urgency in
the present condition also.
There are many obstacles in the rural development
programmes which are as under
1. In 21st Century, there is no electricity supply in many villages.
2. Now also many rural peoples using primitive methods of cooking, living
and farming and they have trust on these methods.
3. By using primitive cook stoves, around 300,000 death / year takes plan
due to pollution.
4. 54% of India’s population is below 25 years and most of them live in
rural areas with very little employment opportunities.
Problems in Rural Development
18. 5. Literacy is the major problem in rural development programme.
6. The poor extension linkage causes slow growth of rural
development.
7. Untrained, unskilled, inexperienced staff in extension linkage
cannot provide satisfactory help to rural peoples.
8. Every one want to go to the cities, so that rural people’s remains
as ignores part by the policy makers also.
9. Privatization concept is useful for rural development but,
government not praying much attention to this aspect.
10. Policy makes prepared policies, programmes for betterment of
rural people but, if these programmes are not implemented very well
then have no used.
19. Improvement in the quality of life of rural people is
the important agenda of rural development programme. In India –
a country where the number of people living in rural areas, rural
development programme is necessary aspect.
Rural development implies both the economic
betterment of people as well as greater social transformation. The
basic objective of all rural development endeavors / programmes
has been the welfare of the millions. In order to achieve this,
planned attempts have been made to eliminate poverty, ignorance
and inequality of opportunities. A wide spectrum of programmes
has been undertaken so far, to alleviate rural poverty and ensure
improved quality of life for the rural population especially those
below the poverty line.
Importance of Rural Development
20. In the initial phase of planned rural development, the
concentration was on sectors of agriculture industry, communication,
education and health. The Ministry of Rural Development places
importance now on health, education, drinking water, housing and road so
that the quality of life in rural areas improves and the fruit of economic
reform are shared by all sections of the society.
With time and experience, it is realized that accelerated
and meaningful development can be achieved only if people of the grass
root are involved, “people’s participation” has become the keyword in
rural development programmes. The participation of the people is
necessary to provide the rural people with better prospects for economic
development
22. Methods to Achieve the Objectives:
1. Creating a spirit of self help.
2. Developing village leadership.
3. Organizing village scouts called “Brati Balika”.
Activities:
1. Demonstrations on farmers’ fields.
2. Dairy to supply pure milk and animals to farmers or breeding.
3. Poultry farm.
4. Training and organizing the weavers.
5. Training in tanning, pottery, embroidery, tailoring etc.
6. Film shows, meetings, village meals.
Short Comings:
1. Too much emphasis on ‘Center’.
2. Confined to limited villages.
3.Tagore’s interest in ‘idea’ catching on.
23. This project was started by Mr. Spencer Hatch, an American Agricultural
Expert in Travancore State under the auspices of Y.M.C.A. in 1921.
Objectives:
1. To bring about completed upward development towards a more
abundant life for rural people spiritually, mentally, physically, socially
and economically.
Activities:
1. Self help with intimate expert counsel working principles of the centre.
2. Agriculture.
3. Cottage Industries.
4. Community projects.
5. Bee Keeping.
7. Poultry Keeping etc.
Marathandam Attempt
24. Strong Points:
1. Special training of staff, their enthusiasm and sincerity was
developed.
2. A comprehensive plan.
3. Started with the existing conditions.
4. Low cost.
Short Comings:
1. Lack of adequate funds.
2. Lack of Government banking.
3. Lack of continuous contacts with the villagers.
4. Religious standing of the institution.
25. Rural uplift movement on a mass scale was first
started by Mr. F.I. Brayne, Dy. Commissioner in the Gurgaon district of
Punjab in 1920. The work gathered momentum after 1933 when Mr. Brayne
was appointed as Commissioner of Rural Reconstruction in the Punjab. In
1935-36, the Government of India granted Rs. One crore for the work which
acted as a stimulus. After that the work was transferred to the Cooperative
Department and Better Living Societies were organized to take up this work
in the villages.
Objectives:
1. To increase agricultural production.
2. To stop wastage of money on social and religious functions.
3. To improve healthy standard of the people.
4. To organize welfare programmes.
Gurgaon Experiment
26. Activities:
1. Appointment of village guides.
2. Propaganda through films, folk songs, dramas etc.
3. Rural Economics and domestic Economics Schools.
Short Comings:
1. A one man show.
2. Village guides were un-experienced and untrained.
3. No comprehensive planning.
4. No continuity in the work.
5. Limited to few villages.
6. Force not persuasion.
27. Gandhian Constructive Programme / Sewagram:
Self contained and self sufficient village life was the dream of
Gandhiji. He was aware about the grassroots’ problems of India, rural set up
and he wanted to solve these problems without intervention of any outside
agency. He wanted to solve these problems by local people and through local
resources. People know Gandhiji not only as a Mahatma or political agitator,
but also as a social and economic reformer. He made people to understand that
India lives in villages and that the common man’s upliftment is the upliftment
of the country.
Regarding development work in the country, he emphasized
that the “salvation of India lies in cottage industries.” They key-words of his
economy are: -Decentralized production and equal distribution of wealth
Self-sufficiency of Indian villages.
For equal distribution of wealth, cruel process of extermination was not
followed but throughout the heart of the owners by persuasion and appeal to
the better sense of man.
28. According to him self-sufficiency of Indian villages can be
achieved by eradicating middlemen, so that the farmer could get the full
price for his produce. He wanted that the tiller should be able to consume
his own products like fruits, milk, vegetables etc. Only then will come up the
true India.
For better of people he formulated an 18 point programme,
which includes the promotion of village industries, basic and adult education
rural sanitation, uplift of backward tribes, uplift of women, education in
public health and hygiene, propagation of natural language, love for the
mother tongue, economic equality, organization of kisans, labour and
students and so on.
29. He wants to make villagers self-sufficient and also want to
develop stamina which is useful against oppression and injustice. The
important institutions, which were organized to foster his ideas were; all
India Spinner Association, All India Village Industries Association, Gandhi
Ashram at Tiruchungodi, Gandhi Niketan at Kallupatti, Gandhi Gram at
Dindigal, Gandhi Sewa Sadan at Porur (Malawar), Kasturba Ashram in
Trichr, Kerala. Truly speaking, the Gandhian constrictive Programme was
became big institutions and simple ideas became philosophies.
His emphasis on Khadi became the Charka movement
and then, the All India Khadi a Village Industries Board. His thought,
against untouchability and caste system, resulted in the organization of
Harijan Sewak Sangh and many like this. He created leaders like Vinoba
Bhave, Nehru, Jayaprakash Narayan, Mira Ben etc. who came form
common stock, but got inspiration from Gandhi.