This document summarizes several key extension efforts in India, both pre-independence and post-independence. In the pre-independence era, notable extension projects included Sir Hamilton's Ideal Village Project (1903), Tagore's Shantiniketan Project (1920), F.L. Brayne's Gurgaon Project (1920), Gandhi's Sevagram Programme (1920), and the Baroda Village Reconstruction Project (1932). After independence, important extension work included the Etawah Pilot Project (1947), Nilokheri Project (1948), and the Community Development Programme (1953) which introduced the Panchayati Raj system of local governance.

1. Souvik Roy
Presented By
Extension Efforts
In
India
Submitted to
Dr. Shraddha Bhattacharjee
Assistant Professor,
The Neotia University

2. EXTENSION WORK IN PRE-INDIPENDENCE ERA
Sir. Hamilton's Ideal Village Project at Sundaram Village
(1903)
Tagore’s Shantiniketan Project
(1920)
F.L.Brayne’s Gurgaon Project
(1920)
Mahatma Gandhi’s Sevagram Programme at Vardha
(1920)
Spencer Hatch’s Marthendom
(1928)
B.T.Krishnamachari’s Baroda Village Reconstruction Project
(1932)
Grow more food Campaign
(1942)
Dr.W.H.Wisher’s Indian Village Service at Agasoli
(1945)
Firka Development Scheme in Tamil Nadu
(1946)

3. 1.Ideal Village Project(1903):
Leader: Sir Daniel Hamilton
Location: Sundaram Village near Madras (Chennai)
Aim :
Rural development by emphasizing on specialized training for
unemployed young farmers to make them self-dependent.
Activities:
i) Co-operative Deposit Institute.
ii) The programmes of Health.
iii) The programmes of literacy.
iv) The programmes of small industry.
Failure:
After 15-16 years It disappeared because Extension people had not enough
interest to fulfill this project with a common goal. They work as they were
instructed.

4. 2.Shriniketan Project(1921):
Leader: Shri Rabindranath Tagore (with the help of sociologist Shri L.M.Hurst)
Location: Shriniketan (100 km. away from Kolkata)-West Bengal
Aim:
Develop the village socially, economically & politically.
Inspire other villages.
Contributions:
The project started with 8 villages(beginning stage) & after some time it
extended to 15 villages.
Programmes:
Establishment of Shriniketan Village Welfare Institute (SVWI-1920)
Objectives of SVWI:
To increase the knowledge of rural people.
To help the rural people in establishing cottage industry.
To inspire the people to follow new technology.
To create the feeling of rural leadership.

5. 3.Gurgaon Project(1920):
Location: Gurgaon
Leader: Mr.F.L.Brayne
In 1920, Mr. Brayne had been appointed on the post of Deputy
Commissioner.
Special Contributions:
Project of rural upliftment (In 1920, Deputy Commissioner Mr. Brayne)
Objectives:
To increase crop production
To control extra expenditure
To improve the health
To develop the feeling of women-education
Home development work.
Failure:
This project was also based upon the sentiments of F.L. Brayne and when he was
transferred, gradually this programme also stopped.

6. Seva Gram(1920):-
Leader: Mahatma Gandhi
Location: Ashram in wardha
Main objective:
Prevent the economic and social suppression of the people.
To create the feeling of patriotism.
Special Contributions:
Establishment of Gandhian Constructive Programme (GCP)
All India Village Industry Association
All India Spinners Association
Hindustani Education Association
Kasturba Gandhi Association
Failure:
It was not followed completely by majority because those things, which were made by
machines, were more beautiful and low-priced, and the common people could not be
impressed. The single cause of failure of this was industrialization in the country.

7. Marthendom Project(1928)
Location: Marthendom near Trivandrum of Kerala
Stated by: Young Men Christian Association (YMCA) and Christian Church Association
Director: Dr.Spencer Hatch
Aim:
Spreading the Christian faith.
Transforming the public into Christian.
Main objectives of this project were:
a) Spiritual development
b) Mental development
c) Physical development
d) Social development
e) Economic development
Success:
It remained for a long period because
He had trained workers
The local people were inspired to work themselves.
Failure:
The whole programme was centred on a person and after the death of Dr.Hatch, there was a
conflict on the question of leadership between YMCA and Church Association
No economic advantage to the non-paid workers, this programme could not survive.

8. Baroda Village Reconstruction Project(1932)
Leader: Shree B.T. Krishnamachari
Location: Baroda (Gujarat)
Objectives:
To improve the life style of rural people rapidly.
To spread education and industrialization.
To develop the necessary factors for the progress of agriculture.
Scope:
This Project was started in the district of Navsari in the Gujarat State.
Many programmes such as gardening, poultry-farming, bee-keeping, spinning and weaving
were organized.
Re-stabilization of Panchayats and other programmes of village progress were organized.
The adult education had been extended.
Working System:
By personal education and contact by the village guides.
To use the school teacher of village in the extension of programme.
To use the traditional means of extension

9. Grow more food campaign (1942)
First national level. It continued after getting the independence.
Main objectives:
Fulfil the need of food.
Objectives:
The new seeds and chemical fertilizers were distributed among the farmers.
Agricultural departments of state governments organized this campaign.
Achievements:
After spending a lot of money, some problems were tackled in the end.
The crop production increased due to new seeds and chemical fertilizers provided
to the farmers.
From this campaign, the production of cotton and jute increased appropriately.
Limitations:
Its work field was limited.
The campaign was deemed to be temporary hence the work was done.
The economic help, the distribution of good seeds and fertilizers could be
available only on some Locations.

10. INDIAN VILLAGE SERVICE (IVS):-1945
Leader: Dr. W.H. WISHER
Location: Agasoli, district Aligarh in UP
1st Obstacles:
1st Re-open: In October 1945.
2nd obstacle:
2nd Re-open: In 1968.
OBJECTIVES:
To educate the rural people in such a manner that these people could self- diagnose their problems.
To inspire people to help in the development works.
To provide a good chance to the citizens and other individuals to co-operate in the rural development
work.
PROGRAMMES:
Health programme
Home science programme
Agricultural development programme
Failure:
The programme was guided by foreigners. They did not know the tradition of Indians. So they organized
programmes in contrary to Indian tradition, therefore they could not achieve success.
This programme was run by the Christians, the people of high caste did not help them in this work.
The area was undeveloped and the people were uneducated so the people did not take interest in the
programme.

11. FIRKA VIKAS YOJANA(1946)
The biggest project among the Pre-Independence Project……
Started By: The government of Madras (now Tamil Nadu)
Location: Firka
OBJECTIVES:
All- round development of rural people.
To develop the means of drinking water and communication.
To develop the committees of panchayat and co-operatives.
To develop animal husbandry, farming and irrigation facilities.
To introduce khadi and cottage industry.
SCOPE:
To select Firka (villages) considering the possibilities for development in the
production of handloom cloth and other cottage industries.
This work was started from 34-84 Firka till 1950.

12. EXTENSION WORK IN Post-INDIPENDENCE ERA
Etawah Pilot Project
(1947)
Nilokheri Project
(1948)
Grow More Food Campaign
(1948)
G M.F. Enquiry Committee Report
(1952)
Community Development Programme
Democracy Decentralization
Panchayat Raj System

13. Etawah pilot project(1947):-
This is an effective project.
In 1947, after independence The Government of India urged the U.S.
government to send Mr. Albert Mayor as a rural sociologist.
After reaching in India Mr. Mayor made his headquarter at “Maheva”.
(UP).selected 64 villages.
After 1948, this project guided “Community Development Project” so it was
called “Etawah Pilot Project”, because literally it is the pilot who shows the
path.
OBJECTIVE:-
Mental development of the villagers.
To awaken the desire of rural people and to make them laborious.
The development of agriculture and animal husbandry.
To development the feeling of self-confidence, cooperation and mass
participation.
PROGRAMME:-
To find out the desired needs of the people.
To demonstrate and evaluate the programme
To appoint the village level worker.
To start the health programme for the rural people.

14. NILOKHERI PROJECT(1948):
In 1948, Shree S.K Dey prepared this project
The name of the project was “MAJDOOR MANJIL”.
OBJECTIVE:-
Self-dependence in all the fields of life
To arrange the village level workers, social development officer and B.D.O.
To eliminate the middle man system.
SCOPE:-
The work was done in 100 villages near Nilokheri.
To establish the village level workers, social development officer and B.D.O.
The facility for entertainment.
The effort to establish social society
Growmore food campaing (1948) :
It was launched in 1948 as a programme of crop production, field
demonstration & contact with the farmers to introduce the improved
techniques & initiation of a dialogue with villagers were the main lines of
approach.

15. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (CDP):- 1953
A Community is a group of people, who living in a geographical area
and have interests in each other for the purpose of making a living.
Objective:-
To increase the agriculture production
Community and integrated development.
The extension of the new scientific knowledge.
Development of small and medium irrigation project.
DEMOCRA CYDECENTRALIZATION:-
Democracy decentralization is a process where local leader ship might developed
and enable the local people to take up the planning and implementation of
development programme.
In this programme Panchayati raj was introduced as recommended by Balwant
Rai Mehta committee
Democracy derived from Greek word “demos” meaning “people” and “carcy”
meaning rule of democracy and decentralization meaning devolution of central
authority.
Rajasthan is first state in the country to adopt democratic decentralization on
October 2, 1959 and followed by A.P on 1st November

16. PANCHAYTI RAJ SYSTEM:-
In Panchayati raj system there are 3 level
Gram panchayat –at village level.
Panchayat smithy –at block level
Zilla parishad –at district level
GRAM PANCHAYAT:-
It is the primary tier of rural local government.
Each gram panchayat consists of 5 to 17 members with five
years tenure. There is provision for preservation for women
SCs and STs.
FUNCTION:-
Public health and sanitation.
Water supply
Street lighting
Maternity and child welfare.
Provision of elementary education.
Controls of fairs and festivals.

17. PANCHAYAT SAMITHI:-
It is the block level administration.
Its members include sarpanches of all villages and Local MLA and MLC.
There will be some reservation for 2 women, one SC, one ST and 2 experienced
person.
B.D.O is the chief executive.
 FUNCTION:-
Agricultural development
Animal husbandry and fisheries
Rural health and sanitation
Primary education
Women welfare and social welfare
Rural housing
ZILLA PARISHAD:-
It is district level administration.
Its members includes president of all panchayat samite, local MLA ,MP and MLC two women
representative, one SC, one ST, and two person instead in rural development.
There are 7 standing committee, each committee has 9 members .District collector will be
the chairman of all the standing committee.
 FUNCTION:-
Scrutining and approval of budget of panchayat smithies.
Preparation and con solidation of plans of blocks. Executive of
plans common to two to three blocks.

18. Thank You