Biofacies and palaeoenvironment & stratigraphy of the ratawi, Minagish and Makhul formations Kuwait, reservoir, source rocks, conventional and unconventional expl plays.
Miall, 1985, architectural element analysis a new method of facies analysis a...ChrisTian Romero
Presentación de los conceptos propuestos en Miall, A.D., 1985, Architectural-element analysis: a new method of facies analysis applied to fluvial deposits. Earth-Sci. Rev., 22: 261-308.
Al emplear el método de elementos arquitectónicos tres precauciones deben ser observados: escala, intercalaciones e intergradación. La cuestión de la escala se debe a que algunos elementos se producen en varios órdenes de magnitud dentro de cualquier depósito dado. Los elementos pueden ser intercaladas en la escala de la unidad de litofacies individual o de conjunto.
El propósito de esta sección es ilustrar la geomorfología y la arquitectura fluvial de una gama de estilos fluviales por medio de un conjunto de diagramas de bloques. Algunos son modelos familiares y muy citado, otros se basan en muy pocos estudios sobre el registro moderno o antiguo, y son por lo tanto menos bien conocida
La virtud del método de análisis de elementos arquitectónicos es que se vuelve a la puramente descriptiva
3D Facies Modelling project using Petrel software. Msc Geology and Geophysics
Abstract
The Montserrat and Sant Llorenç del Munt fan-delta complexes were developed during the Eocene in the Ebro basin. The depositional stratigraphic record of these fan deltas has been described as a made up by a several transgressive and regressive composite sequences each made up by several fundamental sequences. Each sequence set is in turn composed by five main facies belts: proximal alluvial fan, distal alluvial fan, delta front, carbonates platforms and prodelta.
Using outcrop data from three composite sequences (Sant Vicenç, Vilomara and Manresa), a 3D facies model was built. The key sequential traces of the studied area georeferenced and digitalized on to photorealistic terrain models, were the hard data used as input to reconstruct the main surfaces, which are separating transgressive and regressive stacking patterns. Regarding the facies modelling has been achieved using a geostatistical algorithm in order to define the stacking trend and the interfingerings of adjacent facies belts, and five paleogeographyc maps to reproduce the paleogeometry of the facies belts within each system tract.
The final model has been checked, using a real cross section, and analysed in order to obtain information about the Delta Front facies which are the ones susceptible to be analogous of a reservoir. Attending to the results including eight probability maps of occurrence, the transgressive sequence set of Vilomara is the greatest accumulation of these facies explained by its agradational component.
A mineral is a naturally occurring substance that is solid and stable at room temperature, representable by a chemical formula, usually abiogenic, and has an ordered atomic structure. It is different from a rock, which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals and does not have a specific chemical composition. The exact definition of a mineral is under debate, especially with respect to the requirement a valid species be abiogenic, and to a lesser extent with regards to it having an ordered atomic structure.
TURBIDITES: MODE OF FORMATION OF TURBIDITES AND ITS ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEJames Opemipo OLOMO
Turbidites are deposits resulting from turbidity currents. They are gravity driven sediments derived mostly from the continents and are deposited on the ocean floor when the transporting medium loses its energy. These turbidite deposits are sealed most times by shales to form a stratigraphic trap. If the factors required for hydrocarbon accumulation in a petroleum play system are prevalent, then the turbidite will most likely serve as a good reservoir to house hydrocarbon. Our modern day economy requires enormous amount of energy to meet the energy demand and hydrocarbon unarguably is a non-renewable resource. Perhaps its worth mentioning that the decrease in reserves. And it has been established that turbiditic deposits help to host important economic resources such as hydrocarbon, when the right conditions are emplaced. Hence, the need to understand their formation for exploration success.
Post -script: This presentation is a short review of the topic
Miall, 1985, architectural element analysis a new method of facies analysis a...ChrisTian Romero
Presentación de los conceptos propuestos en Miall, A.D., 1985, Architectural-element analysis: a new method of facies analysis applied to fluvial deposits. Earth-Sci. Rev., 22: 261-308.
Al emplear el método de elementos arquitectónicos tres precauciones deben ser observados: escala, intercalaciones e intergradación. La cuestión de la escala se debe a que algunos elementos se producen en varios órdenes de magnitud dentro de cualquier depósito dado. Los elementos pueden ser intercaladas en la escala de la unidad de litofacies individual o de conjunto.
El propósito de esta sección es ilustrar la geomorfología y la arquitectura fluvial de una gama de estilos fluviales por medio de un conjunto de diagramas de bloques. Algunos son modelos familiares y muy citado, otros se basan en muy pocos estudios sobre el registro moderno o antiguo, y son por lo tanto menos bien conocida
La virtud del método de análisis de elementos arquitectónicos es que se vuelve a la puramente descriptiva
3D Facies Modelling project using Petrel software. Msc Geology and Geophysics
Abstract
The Montserrat and Sant Llorenç del Munt fan-delta complexes were developed during the Eocene in the Ebro basin. The depositional stratigraphic record of these fan deltas has been described as a made up by a several transgressive and regressive composite sequences each made up by several fundamental sequences. Each sequence set is in turn composed by five main facies belts: proximal alluvial fan, distal alluvial fan, delta front, carbonates platforms and prodelta.
Using outcrop data from three composite sequences (Sant Vicenç, Vilomara and Manresa), a 3D facies model was built. The key sequential traces of the studied area georeferenced and digitalized on to photorealistic terrain models, were the hard data used as input to reconstruct the main surfaces, which are separating transgressive and regressive stacking patterns. Regarding the facies modelling has been achieved using a geostatistical algorithm in order to define the stacking trend and the interfingerings of adjacent facies belts, and five paleogeographyc maps to reproduce the paleogeometry of the facies belts within each system tract.
The final model has been checked, using a real cross section, and analysed in order to obtain information about the Delta Front facies which are the ones susceptible to be analogous of a reservoir. Attending to the results including eight probability maps of occurrence, the transgressive sequence set of Vilomara is the greatest accumulation of these facies explained by its agradational component.
A mineral is a naturally occurring substance that is solid and stable at room temperature, representable by a chemical formula, usually abiogenic, and has an ordered atomic structure. It is different from a rock, which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals and does not have a specific chemical composition. The exact definition of a mineral is under debate, especially with respect to the requirement a valid species be abiogenic, and to a lesser extent with regards to it having an ordered atomic structure.
TURBIDITES: MODE OF FORMATION OF TURBIDITES AND ITS ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEJames Opemipo OLOMO
Turbidites are deposits resulting from turbidity currents. They are gravity driven sediments derived mostly from the continents and are deposited on the ocean floor when the transporting medium loses its energy. These turbidite deposits are sealed most times by shales to form a stratigraphic trap. If the factors required for hydrocarbon accumulation in a petroleum play system are prevalent, then the turbidite will most likely serve as a good reservoir to house hydrocarbon. Our modern day economy requires enormous amount of energy to meet the energy demand and hydrocarbon unarguably is a non-renewable resource. Perhaps its worth mentioning that the decrease in reserves. And it has been established that turbiditic deposits help to host important economic resources such as hydrocarbon, when the right conditions are emplaced. Hence, the need to understand their formation for exploration success.
Post -script: This presentation is a short review of the topic
En las últimas tres décadas han aparecido más de 30 enfermedades infecciosas nuevas o emergentes de diversas etiologías con un alto impacto. En nuestra
región el Dengue ocupa el lugar más destacado, de allí la importancia de acciones en la vigilancia, asistencia, diagnóstico y capacitación para el enfrentamiento de estas enfermedades infecciosas.
Journal Petroleum Geology. Northern and Central North Sea Aptian sands, lowstand systems tract. Sequence stratigraphy development, Logs and micropapaeontology. prospectivity
ประกอบการสอนรายวิชา BSC202 Information Technology for Business
โดย อ.อัครเดช ศิริพงศ์วัฒนา
http://www.akkadate.com
ระบบสารสนเทศสำหรับการทำงานต่างๆ ในองค์กรเพื่อสนับสนุนธุรกิจให้ดำเนินไปอย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ
Se explica que son las enfermedades infecciosas, como prevenirlas, Se explica sobre los cuatro principales microorganismos Bacteria, virus, hongos y protoozos, se menciona la triada de la enfermedad, Se habla de las defensas del huésped contra infecciones como lo es Inmunidad constitutiva o innata, Inmunidad inductiva o adaptativa e Inmunidad protectora, Se menciona la flora microbiana normal, las bacterias que se encuentran en nuestro organismo de forma que no nos hagan daño
Remote Sensing Technique as Exploration Tool for Ground water in Parts of the...theijes
The study area lies within latitudes 8°00' – 9°00'N and longitudes 11°30' – 12°30'E. Analysis of remote sensing imageries of part of the Upper Benue Trough of Nigeria was carried out on a scale of 1:100,000. The aim of this study includes the structural interpretation of the remote sensing data and the identification of the lineament and drainage patterns associated with the area to infer the influence of such structures on the economic potential of the basin. Results of the structural analysis revealed numerous lineaments. Trend analysis of the lineaments plotted on a rose diagram using the strikes and lengths of the entire lineaments revealed structural trends predominating in the NE-SW direction. The absence of visible lineaments in parts of the area may not indicate absence of geological structures. Some of these lineaments were found on some drainages showing that the drainages in those areas are structurally and tectonically controlled. The areas where the lineaments cross each other are indicative of groundwater availability and there correspond to regions of mean topographic height of about 900m
— The formation, species composition and functional role of red algae were studied in the Black Sea's coastal zone. In sublittoral plant communities, red algae are dominant both by their number of species in the phytocenosis and by their active thallus-the one that ensures their high metabolism. Algae with a large specific surface area of thallus can accumulate heavy metals in higher concentrations. In the paper, we discuss possibilities of using red algae as biomarkers of marine pollution, and as bio filters in the processes of water natural.
Newsletter on Stratigraphy volume 15_number_3_p163-171_Planktonic_foraminifer...Stephen Crittenden
Planktonic foraminifera from drill cuttings through the Early Tertiary interval of a borehole in the southern North Sea. Discusion of the recovered fauna and comparison with other records from the North Sea basin
Goban Spur Presentation: the Early Cretaceous (Barremian -?Aptian) foraminife...Stephen Crittenden
Stephen Crittenden. Chapter 13 of Ph D Thesis written in 1981/1982 when a postgraduate student, using DSDP samples provided kindly by Dr Jacques Sigal and Dr Francoise Magniez. Foraminfera and Ostracoda were described from the "Urgonian" facies of the Early Cretaceous.
Template of Cretaceous lithostratigraphy in the North Sea. Preliminary status in 2007. An example of procedure process. Mike Charnock & Stephen Crittenden
Historical and early exploration records of hydrocarbon seeps in Kuwait and the surrounding area that led to the discovery of the super giant oilfield - Burgan. A tale of political intrigue and geology.
A sequence of slides detailing a preliminary study for age dating (biostrat) the Enjefa Beach succession in Kuwait. The sedimentology of the cliff section is that of Dr Saifullah Khan Tanoli and acts as the framework. The description of the modern day Beach Rock is by S Crittenden
The foraminiferid Osangularia schloenbachi (Reuss) the erection of a neotype....Stephen Crittenden
Erection of a neotype for the loss of the original specimen of the foraminiferid Osanglaria schloenbachi Crittenden and Price conducted an extensive search with no success. But....since this erection of the neotype the original type specimens have been found in Vienna
Crittenden 1984-jm3-1-1[1] A note on the Early Cretaceous biostratigraphy (f...Stephen Crittenden
foraminifera and lithostratigraphy of the Early cretaceous interval of a borehole in the Southern North Sea. Correlated with the onshore UK and to the Dutch sector
Aberdeen Conference in 1999 on the Lower Cretaceous of the North Sea. This talk (abstract) discussed the Lower Cretaceous plays in a sequnce stratigraphy framework. This includes HST and LST and discusses the known hydrocarbon fields in this context.
foraminifera from the Atherfield Clay of the Idle of Wight. Lithosection description, illustration of the foraminifera. Lower Cretaceous marine sediments
North sea marl våle – maureen nomenclature linkedin versionStephen Crittenden
Lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the lower Tertiary of the southern North Sea - UK, Danish and Norwegian sectors. Brief notes and comments as a basis for further discussion
pp395 414 Journal Petroleum Geology10 1987 The Albian transgression in the so...Stephen Crittenden
description of the regional Albian transgression as identified by wireline log, lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy correlation - England, North Sea, Holland and Germany
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Eage poster 53, copenhagen, steve crittenden & adi kadar et al, 2012final
1. Integrated Biostratigraphical Model - numerous fossil groups which are all
environmentally sensitive. For example the diachronous stratigraphical ranges of
key taxa in shallow marine carbonates is a result of environmental control.
The distribution and number of the bioclasts identified contribute to the recognition
of biozones and biofacies – LK1, LK2 and LK3. These are useful for well
correlation and the identification of potential Source and Reservoir intervals.
Semi-quantitative micropalaeontological biofacies analysis of more than 500 thin
sections of core samples from more than 30 wells provides an independent insight
into the environmental history of deposition of the interval.
The thin sections were not taken at regular spaced intervals in the cored sections
and are randomly orientated with the result that species diagnostic features of the
taxa recorded are often not visible. Accordingly, a broad approach had to be taken
for discriminating various species and for the recognition of vertical stacking /
cyclicity of the observed biofacies.
The recorded bioclast data together with core-facies, microfacies and textural data
provide an invaluable technique for determination of both gross and subtle
variations in the depositional environment and for recognition of sea-level changes
and associated flooding events and surfaces.
Biofacies, Palaeoenvironment and Stratigraphy of the
Ratawi, Minagish and Makhul formations, Kuwait.
S. Crittenden1*, M. Al-Baghli1, G. Gega1, A. P. Kadar1 and P. Clews2.
The Makhul, Minagish and Ratawi formations form the oldest
lithostratigraphic units of the Thamama Group and represent a
major 2nd order depositional cycle spanning the latest Jurassic
(Tithonian) and Early Cretaceous (Berriasian and Early
Valanginian) of Kuwait (Figures 1, 2 & 3).
The three formations in Kuwait comprise shallow marine
carbonates and are “informal” lithostratigraphical units defined
and dated by calibration with surface exposures and wells in
neighbouring Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Iran.
OBJECTIVE
To present the applied micropalaeontology technique of
biofacies analysis (thin sections of ditch cuttings and core plus
routine washing preparation of cuttings) for the lower part of
the Thamama Group in Kuwait.
Biofacies Analysis makes a significant independent contribution
to regional stratigraphical resolution, to understanding
depositional continuity and to supporting the recognition of
vertical stacking patterns and depositional cyclicity observed in
the core description and petrographic microfacies studies of
this important hydrocarbon bearing interval.
Materials and Method
Results: Bioclasts - Biofacies - Biostratigraphy
The study interval top is a major temporal hiatus
separating the Early Valanginian from the Late
Hauterivian = KSB40.
The model acts as a broad guide. Observed data
should not be “shoe-horned” to fit the model. The
biostratigraphical data should be used to modify
the model if necessary.
Fig 3: 3rd Order Maximum Flooding Scheme
for the latest Jurassic - earliest Cretaceous (Ref. 7)
Fig 1: Lowermost Cretaceous Conventional Stratigraphy Model
The maximum flooding based stratigraphy of Sharland et al (2004)
indicates four 3rd order depositional sequences within the 2nd order
sequence (duration 16 my). Our evaluation of data indicates up to
six 3rd order depositional sequences may be present as implied by
AROS (Ref. 1). Maximum flooding “intervals” are either deeper water
outer shelf shales or shallow water limestones.
Well F is in an outer ramp deep water carbonate setting.
Fig 2: Well F , Offshore Kuwait (Ref. 1)
Carbonate facies are defined on textures and palaeoecological factors, in predominantly shallow marine
conditions within the photic zone on a flat, laterally extensive carbonate platform. There is a complex
mosaic of facies and differentiation is based upon the degree of restriction of the shallow marine
environment that controls the distribution of texture and grain size and the biotic assemblage (the
biofacies). The biocomponents are dominated by benthonic foraminifera (lituolids, miliolids and small
calcareous genera), echinoid and mollusc debris (rudists, bivalves and gastropods) and calcareous algae
fragments. Minor components include sponge spicules, radiolaria, ostracods, calpionellids and macrofossil
debris (corals, serpulids, bryozoans).
Three major bio-assemblages (defining local biozones - Kuwait) can be identified and approximate the
Makhul Formation (LK1: radiolarite assemblage of restricted platform muddy limestones), the Minagish and
Ratawi Limestone Member (LK2: calcareous algae/foraminiferal assemblage of shallow shelf, clean
carbinates including shoals) and the Ratawi Shale Member (LK3: foraminiferal / ostracod and calcareous
algae assemblage of a mixed clastic and carbonate environment).
Each of these local biozones can be subdivided in to subsidiary biofacies /biozones, laterally and in time.
1 KOC Exploration Studies Team, 2 Independent Consultant.
74th EAGE Conference & Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2012
Poster P053, Exploration & Plays session in Poster box 11, June 5, 2012
Biofacies Observations
Textularinids
Cyclamminids
Everticyclamminasp.
Pseudocyclammina
Rotaliids
Miliolids
Charentiaspp
Trocholina
Pfenderinaspp
Lenticulinaspp
Undiffforaminifera
Molluscs
Gastropods
Bivalves
Ostracods
Brachiopods
GreenAlgae
Lithocodium
Echinoderms
Bryozoans
Serpulids
SpongeSpicules
Calpionellids
Calcispheres
VeryShallow
Shallow
Innerramp
Corefacies
Microfacies(Wilson1975)
Mudstone
Wackestone
Packstone
Grainstone
Boundstone
Floatstone
R R R M VR VR M
VR VR ?R VR R C R C R R R M
R R VR C M C R C C M
A M M R A M M C P
R VR R M R M M
M R C? M R C C M VR VR W/P
M R M R R C C C M R C M
M VR? VR M C R VR M
C R? M C C M M M
R? VR M A C R R W
M M M C R M
R M M R M M
R? VR VR R VR VR M
R? VR VR R M VR? R W
R VR? R M R VR? M M
R? VR R VR? M
R R VR M VR R VR? M
M R? R A R C VR VR M
C M VR C A R M VR VR? M
M M R? M C A M C R W
VR VR VR M M R M M
VR M R VR M M M
R VR R? R M
R R VR R M
M R M VR R? M M
R M VR? R VR M R M M
VR VR R R R M
R? VR VR R VR? M
R R VR? VR R R M R M
M R C M R C VR? M
M R? R R M M
C R R M C M VR C M
M VR? R? VR C C R R M M
C M M VR M VR R R M M
C VR R C M
C R VR M R C M M
9659.70
9668.20
9686.70
9702.10 R
9432.00
9435.00
9450.50
9462.30
9472.40
9475.00
9382.70 R
9389.30
9406.00 R
9419.00
9322.10
9334.80
9338.50
9368.90
9371.50
9379.30
9289.70
9299.10
9306.70 R
9314.40 R
A/C
9241.50
9250.50 M
9277.60 R
Minagish
9066.90
9096.40
9153.50
9157.80
9175.70
9184.20
9190.90
9202.50
9205.00
DistalOuterRamp
DistalOffshore(Basinal)
Facies TS Textures (Dunham)
TS Depth
Micriticpeloids
ME-01 Core Thin Section Bio-components
Inner
Ramp
Middleramp
ProximalOuterRamp
Green Algae: maximum numbers recorded at the top of the regressive units (ie. last phase of the high
stand intervals) within low energy inner ramp and lagoonal environments. Common in low energy mid to
outer ramp environments.
Miliolids (f): shallow low energy environment. Present as reworked elements in higher energy shoals and in
tempestite intervals in the Makhul Formation.
Pseudocyclammina spp (f): mid to outer ramp, low to moderate energy.
Trocholina sp. : high spire 5 – 15m water depth, low spire 15 – 25 m water depth.
Dinoflagellate cysts: diverse assemblages are characteristic of relatively deeper water marine environments.
Calcareous nannoplankton: characterise deeper marine waters.
Radiolaria: characterise deeper marine waters – distal / basinal influence
Introduction
Part 1 of 2
BIOZONE LK1 (Makhul Formation facies): radiolarite facies-
calcitised radiolaria, calcispheres and calcitised sponge
spicules. Rare Bositra ?buchi and Saccomma spp. Significant
organic matter. Muddy carbonate.
Relatively deep marine water assemblage. Euxinic, low
energy stratified below storm wave base of an intra-carbonate
shelf / embayment. In wells west of the Kuwait Arch
calpionellids are rare (Fig 4 & 5 Well A & B). In wells east of
the kuwait Arch in a presumed down-dip depositional regime
(deeper water more open marine) calpionellids are common.
Associated foraminfera are rare small agglutinants: Textularia
spp., Ammobaculites spp., & possible cyclamminids.
Allochthonous shallower marine taxa associated with thin
wackestone/packstone beds (tempestites) include miliolids,
lenticulinids & algae, bivalve, echinoderm fragments
Well A
Well B
BIOZONE LK2 (Minagish Formation and Ratawi Limestone
facies):diverse assemblage of echinoid and bivalve debris, calcareous
algae fragments, rare radiolaria, rare ostracods, rare calcispheres, few
sponge spicules, rare to common calpionellids and common benthonic
foraminifera (including rare miliolids). Shallow open marine carbonate.
Comprises lime mudstones, packstones, wackestones and developments
of higher energy regime, clean well winnowed oolitic grainstone shoals,
particularly in the Minagish Formation, and skeletal debris shoals..
Dolomitisation has destroyed contained flora / fauna in some cases.
Species recorded: benthic foraminifera Trocholina spp (high spired and
low spired), cyclamminids such as Pseudocyclammina spp.,
Praechrysalidina spp., small Textularids, Vercorsella sp., Cuneolina sp. ,
Charentia sp., Nautiloculina sp., rare miliolids and small gavelinellids and
frequent small Lenticulina spp.
Sub-biozones and sub-biofacies of various
resolution scale can be identified in some
wells where there is sufficient data and
indicate subtle cycles of deposition and
ariation in assemblage components
associated with differences in water depth
and energy on a carbonate shelf; eg. an
outer ramp low energy setting biofacies (Fig
6 Well C) and a shallow water, high energy
shoal biofacies (Fig 7, 8: well D & Fig 9
Well E)
Fig 4
Fig 5
Fig 6
Fig 7
Fig 8
Fig 9
Well D
Well D
Well C
Well E
Fig 10Well F BIOZONE LK3 (Ratawi Shale
Member):The Ratawi Shale Member is
characterized by a basal calcareous
claystone / argillaceous carbonate to
clastic sedimentation transition interval
that is rapidly replaced upward by
siliciclastic deposits (Fig 10, Well F).
Onshore Kuwait the lower part of the
Ratawi Shale Member contains
microfaunal assemblages comprising
benthonic foraminifera including
abundant Cyclammina /
Everticyclammina spp ., Recurvoides
sp., Trochammina sp., Protopeneroplis
spp., Trocholina spp. and common small
calcareous benthonic foraminifera
including Lenticulina spp., together with
common ostracods, microgastropods ,
mollusc debris, rare calpionellids,
calcispheres, dinocysts and calcareous
nannoplankton consistent with a
shallow marine, inner ramp
environment. Calcareous algae are
absent except in the thin limestone
beds. The recorded foraminiferal
assemblage decreases in number into a
low diversity assemblage in the
overlying sandier and siltier non-
calcareous shales. This permits division
into upper and lower sub-biozones.
A sub-biofacies division reflects a progressive
east to west change in lithofacies of this
member; west of the Kuwait Arch the interval
comprises the biofacies already described.
East of the Kuwait Arch, the calcareous shale
& minor siltstone / limestone sequence yields
a similar biofacies but includes Gavelinella aff.
barremiana, Lenticulina cf heiermanni, L.
munsteri , L. macrodisca and Epistomina
caracolla typical of outer ramp, deeper fully
marine water.
Sparse to common miliolids are recorded from
the Ratawi Shale Member in south Kuwait
suggesting a shallower water depth compared
with wells in the north.
2. Conclusions.
The biofacies study provides an important contribution to the regional
palaeoenvironmental understanding of the Makhul, Minagish and Ratawi formations
in Kuwait.
Higher resolution biofacies studies of particular ‘time slices’ assist in stacking
pattern recognition, sequence definition and correlation in order to aid exploration.
S. Crittenden1, M. Al-Baghli1, G. Gega1, A. P. Kadar1 and P. Clews2.
74th EAGE Conference & Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2012
Poster P053, Exploration & Plays session in Poster box 11, June 5, 2012
Chronostratigraphy: Integrated Biostratigraphy uses all available data from all groups studied: eg. calcareous
nannofossils, dinoflagellate cysts, spores and pollen, calpionellids, radiolaria, ostracods, calcareous algae and
foraminifera. All have been used to date the well sections, either in isolation or in an integrated fashion
depending on data available. The proviso is that all are facies dependent / controlled – diachronous nature of
local stratigraphical ranges within a shallow marine environment, and a detailed high resolution
chronostratigraphic biozonation is not possible.
Calcareous nannoplankton:
Due to shallow water palaeoenvironments and post depositional diagenesis, nannofossil assemblages in
samples from the studied wells are of low abundance, low diversity and usually poorly preserved. Many of the
expected stratigraphical marker species commonly reported in deep-sea sediments of Lower Cretaceous age
are absent or only occur sporadically. Semi-quantitative analysis provides a means for assisting in the
identification of marine flooding intervals – floral acme / abundance. FDO (extinction) of Polycostella senaria:
is it a correlatable Time-event (local extinction level) in shallow water shelf carbonates?
Calpionellids:
Characterise deep water, low energy environment. Mostly within laminated calcareous mudstones and
wackstones. Proximal and distal outer ramp setting. Can they be used to indicate marine flooding events?
These pelagic, calcareous unicellular organisms are studied in thin section hence re-study of petrographical
thin sections provides good data. They are however prone to diagenetic obliteration and reworking (in clasts).
Acknowledgments:
This poster is presented with the approval of the Ministry of Oil of the State of
Kuwait and Kuwait Oil Company. The encouragement and advice are acknowledged
of Abdul Aziz Al-Fares Team Leader of the Exploration Studies Group in KOC,
Ghaida Al-Sahlan (Stratigraphy Sub-Team unit head) and team members Irene
Truskowski and Abdel Kadar H. H. Youssef.
Results: e.g. Biostratigraphy Models
I. compactus N. quadratus N. Kampt. minor
N. Stein. minor M. obtusus ?P senaria
R. wisei ?T. sarmatus Z. xenotus
Results: e.g. Palaeoenvironment Model
Results: Depositional Models
T. longa
R. cf. cadischianaL. cf. hungarica
C. cf. simplexC. darderi
C. ellipticaC. alpina
T. carpathica
Data and figures from Al-Rifaiy and Lemone, 1987.
Bars below figures = 50 microns.
Selected References
1. Al-Husseini, M. & Matthews, R. K., 2008. Jurassic-Cretaceous Arabian orbital stratigraphy: The AROS-JK Chart. GeoArabia, v. 13, pp. 89 –
94.
2. Al-Fares, A. A., M. Bouman and P. Jeans., 1998. A new Look at the Middle-Lower Cretaceous Stratigraphy, Offshore Kuwait. GeoArabia, v. 3,
pp. 543 - 560.
3. Al-Rifay, I. A. & Lemone, D. 1987. Calpionellids and the late Jurassic and early Cretaceous stratigraphy of Kuwait and the Gulf Region.
Marine Micropalaeontology, 12, pp. 383-388.
4. Banner, F. T. and Simmons, M. D. 1994. Calcareous algae and foraminifera as water – depth indicators: an example from the Early
Cretaceous carbonates of northeast Arabia. In Simmons, M. D. (ed.). Micropalaeontology and Hydrocarbon Exploration in the Middle East.
British Micropalaeontology Society Publication Series. pp. 243 – 252.
5. Carman, G., 1996. Structural elements of Kuwait. GeoArabia, v.1, pp. 239 – 266.
6. Davies, R. B., Casey, D. M., Horbury, A. D., Sharland, P. R. and Simmons, M. D. 2002. Early to Mid Cretaceous mixed carbonate-siliciclastic
shelfal systems: Examples, issues and models from the Arabian Plate. GeoArabia, v. 7, 3, pp. 541-598.
7. Dunnington, H. V., Wetzel, R. and Morton, D. M., 1959. Iraq: Mesozoic and palaeozoic. Lexique Stratigraphique International., Asie, Volume
III, 10a CNRS. Paris.
8. Hosseini, S. A. & Conrad, M. A., 2008. Calcareous algae, foraminifera and sequence stratigraphy of the Fahliyan Formation at Kuh-e-surmeh
(Zagros Basin) SW Iran. Geologia Croatia, 61/2-3, 215-237.
9. Hughes, G. W. G. 2005. Calcareous Algae of Saudi Arabian Permian to Cretaceous Carbonates. Rev. Esp. de Micropal. V. 37, 1 pp. 131-140.
10. Owen, R. M. S. & Nasr, S. N. 1958. The Stratigraphy of the Kuwait- Basra area. In: Habitat of Oil, AAPG Memoir, 1252 – 1278.
11. Sharland, P., et al. 2001. Arabian Plate Sequence Stratigraphy. GeoArabia Spec Publ. 2
12. Sharland , P., et al. 2004. Chrono-Sequence Stratigraphy of the Arabian Plate. GeoArabia, v 9, 1, Enclosure 1.
13. Steineke, M. & Braamkamp, R. A. 1952. Mesozoic rocks of eastern Saudi Arabia (Abstract) American Association of petroleum geologists, 6,
909.
1 KOC Exploration Studies Team, 2 Independent Consultant.
Biofacies, Palaeoenvironment and Stratigraphy of the
Ratawi, Minagish and Makhul formations, Kuwait.
Part 2 of 2
* Dr Stephen Crittenden is currently a Senior Geologist with Addax Petroleum Ltd, Geneva, Switzerland.