Cenomanian – Turonian Foraminifera and Palynomorphs from the Calabar Flank, S...Premier Publishers
One of the most spectacular signatures of global “Oceanic Anoxic Events” (OAEs) of the Cretaceous was deposited at the Cenomanian–Turonian Boundary. This global oceanic anoxic event is also referred to as Cenomanian–Turonian Boundary Event (CTBE). This event is marked by the deposition of finely laminated organic carbon rich sediments deposited under oxygen depleted conditions. The main goal of the present research is to get a better understanding of the marine biota characterizing the oceanic anoxic event in the Calabar Flank. Core samples obtained from two (2) study wells in the Calabar Flank, southeastern Nigeria were utilized for this study and standard biostratigraphic sample preparation/ separation and analytical approaches were applied in the course of the study. The Cenomanian – Turonian age was assigned based on age diagnostic foraminifera (Hedbergella crassa, Heterohelix moremani, Heterohelix planata, Heterohelix reussi, Hedbergella delrioensis, Hedbergella planispira) and age diagnostic palynomorphs (Steevesipollenites binodosus, Ephedripites sp, Leiotriletes sp, Classopollis sp, Classopollis classoides, Classopollis annulatus, Ephedripites jansonii, Cretacaeiporites mulleri, Cretacaeiporites polygonalis, Galeacornea clavis and Triorites africaensis). The sediments of the study wells were deposited in a range of environments from non-marine to mid neritic and the recovered foraminifera are characterized by the presence of abundant but dwarfed planktic forms and low diversity of dwarfed arenaceous forms at some intervals which strongly support deposition in an oxygen depleted environment.
The document summarizes key information about the Cuddapah Supergroup, a large Proterozoic sedimentary basin in India. It describes the stratigraphy, tectonic setting, structure, sedimentation, and stratigraphic relationships of the basin. The Cuddapah Supergroup consists of a 12 km thick succession of sedimentary and volcanic rocks deposited in the basin. Younger groups in the west are less deformed compared to the tightly folded Nallamalai Group in the east. Widespread magmatism occurred during deposition, including basalt flows, sills, and felsic volcanism dated between 1862-1583 million years ago.
Precambrian cambrian boundary with reference to indiaPramoda Raj
This document summarizes a seminar on the Precambrian period covering its evolution on Earth, important fossils and terrains in India, paleogeography and the breakup of a late Proterozoic supercontinent, stratigraphy of basins in India, and the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary. Key points include: Earth's atmosphere formed via outgassing; stromatolites and microplankton are common Precambrian fossils; a late Proterozoic supercontinent broke up during the period; and the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary marks major biotic changes in Earth's history.
DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS & RESERVOIR DISTRIBUTIONpetroEDGE
This document provides information about an upcoming training course on "Depositional Systems & Reservoir Distribution" to be held from February 29 to March 4, 2016 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The 5-day course will be led by Maarten Wiemer, an expert in depositional geology with over 35 years of experience at Shell. The course aims to improve understanding of reservoir presence, quality, and distribution through lectures, exercises, and case studies covering various depositional environments. Past students praised the instructor's expertise and found the course balanced theory with practical applications. Organizations can conduct the course in-house for additional cost savings.
The document summarizes the major cratons found in India, including the Dharwar, Bastar, Singhbhum, Bundelkhand, and Aravalli cratons. It describes the geographic distribution, rock types, ages, and tectonic evolution of each craton. Key events in the evolution of the Indian cratons included continental crust formation over 3 billion years ago, greenstone belt formation and granite intrusion between 2.8-2.5 billion years ago, and collision and deformation between 3-2 billion years ago.
This presentation provides an overview of the tectonics of the Aravali fold mountains in northwest India. The key points are:
1. The Aravali fold belt trends northeast-southwest and consists of folded Proterozoic sedimentary rocks ranging from 3,300-1,900 million years old.
2. The belt has undergone four phases of deformation and folding between 1,800-1,100 million years ago during the Aravali and Delhi orogenies.
3. Stratigraphy of the region includes the Banded Gneissic Complex at the base, overlain by the Bhilwara Supergroup and Aravali Supergroup, with the Delhi Supergroup
The document provides information on the major geological divisions or cratons of India. It discusses five main cratons - Dharwar, Bastar, Singhbhum, Bundelkhand, and Aravalli. For each craton, it provides details on their location, key rock units, structural features, and tectonic evolution. It also briefly summarizes the economic deposits found within the Aravalli craton, including lead-zinc, gypsum, marble, and others.
Cenomanian – Turonian Foraminifera and Palynomorphs from the Calabar Flank, S...Premier Publishers
One of the most spectacular signatures of global “Oceanic Anoxic Events” (OAEs) of the Cretaceous was deposited at the Cenomanian–Turonian Boundary. This global oceanic anoxic event is also referred to as Cenomanian–Turonian Boundary Event (CTBE). This event is marked by the deposition of finely laminated organic carbon rich sediments deposited under oxygen depleted conditions. The main goal of the present research is to get a better understanding of the marine biota characterizing the oceanic anoxic event in the Calabar Flank. Core samples obtained from two (2) study wells in the Calabar Flank, southeastern Nigeria were utilized for this study and standard biostratigraphic sample preparation/ separation and analytical approaches were applied in the course of the study. The Cenomanian – Turonian age was assigned based on age diagnostic foraminifera (Hedbergella crassa, Heterohelix moremani, Heterohelix planata, Heterohelix reussi, Hedbergella delrioensis, Hedbergella planispira) and age diagnostic palynomorphs (Steevesipollenites binodosus, Ephedripites sp, Leiotriletes sp, Classopollis sp, Classopollis classoides, Classopollis annulatus, Ephedripites jansonii, Cretacaeiporites mulleri, Cretacaeiporites polygonalis, Galeacornea clavis and Triorites africaensis). The sediments of the study wells were deposited in a range of environments from non-marine to mid neritic and the recovered foraminifera are characterized by the presence of abundant but dwarfed planktic forms and low diversity of dwarfed arenaceous forms at some intervals which strongly support deposition in an oxygen depleted environment.
The document summarizes key information about the Cuddapah Supergroup, a large Proterozoic sedimentary basin in India. It describes the stratigraphy, tectonic setting, structure, sedimentation, and stratigraphic relationships of the basin. The Cuddapah Supergroup consists of a 12 km thick succession of sedimentary and volcanic rocks deposited in the basin. Younger groups in the west are less deformed compared to the tightly folded Nallamalai Group in the east. Widespread magmatism occurred during deposition, including basalt flows, sills, and felsic volcanism dated between 1862-1583 million years ago.
Precambrian cambrian boundary with reference to indiaPramoda Raj
This document summarizes a seminar on the Precambrian period covering its evolution on Earth, important fossils and terrains in India, paleogeography and the breakup of a late Proterozoic supercontinent, stratigraphy of basins in India, and the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary. Key points include: Earth's atmosphere formed via outgassing; stromatolites and microplankton are common Precambrian fossils; a late Proterozoic supercontinent broke up during the period; and the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary marks major biotic changes in Earth's history.
DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS & RESERVOIR DISTRIBUTIONpetroEDGE
This document provides information about an upcoming training course on "Depositional Systems & Reservoir Distribution" to be held from February 29 to March 4, 2016 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The 5-day course will be led by Maarten Wiemer, an expert in depositional geology with over 35 years of experience at Shell. The course aims to improve understanding of reservoir presence, quality, and distribution through lectures, exercises, and case studies covering various depositional environments. Past students praised the instructor's expertise and found the course balanced theory with practical applications. Organizations can conduct the course in-house for additional cost savings.
The document summarizes the major cratons found in India, including the Dharwar, Bastar, Singhbhum, Bundelkhand, and Aravalli cratons. It describes the geographic distribution, rock types, ages, and tectonic evolution of each craton. Key events in the evolution of the Indian cratons included continental crust formation over 3 billion years ago, greenstone belt formation and granite intrusion between 2.8-2.5 billion years ago, and collision and deformation between 3-2 billion years ago.
This presentation provides an overview of the tectonics of the Aravali fold mountains in northwest India. The key points are:
1. The Aravali fold belt trends northeast-southwest and consists of folded Proterozoic sedimentary rocks ranging from 3,300-1,900 million years old.
2. The belt has undergone four phases of deformation and folding between 1,800-1,100 million years ago during the Aravali and Delhi orogenies.
3. Stratigraphy of the region includes the Banded Gneissic Complex at the base, overlain by the Bhilwara Supergroup and Aravali Supergroup, with the Delhi Supergroup
The document provides information on the major geological divisions or cratons of India. It discusses five main cratons - Dharwar, Bastar, Singhbhum, Bundelkhand, and Aravalli. For each craton, it provides details on their location, key rock units, structural features, and tectonic evolution. It also briefly summarizes the economic deposits found within the Aravalli craton, including lead-zinc, gypsum, marble, and others.
This document is a thesis on the origin and occurrence of soapstone deposits in Sherwa, Abbottabad, Hazara Division, KPK, Pakistan. It was submitted by four students to the Department of Earth Sciences at COMSATS Institute of Information Technology in Abbottabad as a partial fulfillment of their BS degree in Earth Sciences. The thesis studies the field geology, petrography, and mineralogy of the Sherwa soapstone deposits. It finds that the soapstone deposits formed due to both syngenetic and epigenetic processes. Syngenetic deposits may have formed from the metamorphism of siliceous dolomite rocks or the reaction of dolomitic and quartzitic beds. Ep
The Bastar Craton in central India covers an area of 130,000 square km and contains several important lithotectonic units from over 3 billion years ago. It is bounded by graben structures and mobile belts. The oldest unit is the Sukma Group dating to 3000 million years ago consisting of gneisses and iron formations. Younger granulite belts and sedimentary sequences include the Amgaon Group, Bengpal Group, and Sakoli Group indicating deposition between 2500-2600 million years ago. The Kotri-Dongargarh orogen contains the Bailadila iron formations and associated volcanic sequences like the Nandgaon Group dating to 2300 million years ago.
The document provides information on the Dharwar Craton located in southwest India. It discusses the classification of the craton into the Western Dharwar Craton (WDC) and Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC). Key differences between the WDC and EDC are noted, including larger greenstone belts in the WDC surrounded by older gneiss, compared to narrower greenstone belts in the EDC intruded by a Dharwar Batholith. The lithology of the cratons is also summarized, including the Sargur Group, Bababudan Group, Chitradurga Group, and younger granites like the Closepet Granite. Regional structures, met
This document discusses the Precambrian geology of the Southern Granulite Terrain of India. It describes the terrain as being composed of several blocks separated by shear zones, which experienced high-grade metamorphism and multiple periods of folding and faulting. The metamorphic history involved ultra-high temperature conditions in some areas, as evidenced by mineral assemblages. The document also outlines two competing tectonic models to explain the evolution of the related Pandyan Mobile Belt: a subduction-collision model and an accretion model.
The document discusses the Western Dharwar Craton located in peninsular India. It is bounded by mobile belts and contains various rock groups like the Sargur, Bababudan, and Chitradurga groups. The oldest rocks are the Gorur gneisses dated to 3500-3600 million years ago. Younger granites and schist belts containing ultramafic and mafic rocks cut across the craton. The economic deposits in the area include magnesite, iron, chromium, vanadium, and copper-nickel ores. The craton shows increasing metamorphic grade from greenschist in the north to amphibolite and granulite facies in the south.
Proterozoic sedimentary basins of India in generalPramoda Raj
This document provides an overview of Proterozoic sedimentary basins in India. It discusses 10 major basins, including the Vindhyan, Cuddapah, and Kaladgi basins. These basins formed between 1.6 billion to 540 million years ago and contain important economic mineral deposits like limestone, coal, and diamonds. Fossils found in several basins provide evidence of early life in the Proterozoic Eon. The basins preserve records of crustal evolution and atmospheric change on the Indian subcontinent.
This document summarizes information about the Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC) region of India. The EDC covers around 450,000 square kilometers and contains several greenstone belts formed from volcanic and sedimentary rocks. It is bounded by mobile belts and separated from the Western Dharwar Craton by the Chitradurga Shear Zone. The EDC contains older gneissic basement rocks overlain by the Warangal Group and greenstone belts of the Dharwar Supergroup, along with the large Closepet Granite intrusion and regions metamorphosed to amphibolite and granulite facies.
The document summarizes the geology of the Karakoram block, which contains two distinct belts of granitic rocks separated by the Reshun Fault. It describes the various igneous rock units in the belts, including volcanic rocks, granitoids, and intrusions of different ages and compositions. Radiometric dating indicates the igneous activity spanned from the Jurassic to Tertiary periods. The geochemistry of the granitic rocks suggests links to subduction processes during the collision of tectonic plates that formed the region.
This document provides a summary of Ashraf Ahmed Khaled's educational background and professional experience. It includes information on his degrees in geology and palynology from Al-Azhar University and the University of Sheffield. It also outlines his extensive experience over 30+ years working on palynology projects in Egypt, Sudan, and the Mediterranean, including analyzing cores and wells for numerous oil and gas companies. The document highlights his specialized expertise in biostratigraphy, palynostratigraphy, and nannofossil analysis of Paleozoic through Cenozoic rocks.
The Neoproterozoic carbonate sequence on the southeastern border of the Amazon Craton is divided into three lithostratigraphic units: a basal
cap dolomite, an intermediate limestone, limestone-mudstone unit, and an upper dolarenite-dolorudite unit. Sections of the cap-carbonate were
measured from the inner shelf to the outer shelf. Carbon isotope ratios (relative to PDB) vary between − 10.5 and − 1.7‰ in cap dolomite, and
between − 5.4 and +0.1‰ in laminated limestone and mud-limestone. Limestones and mud-limestones exhibit 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from
0.70740 to 0.70780. A comparative isotope stratigraphy between the inner-shelf and the middle-shelf basin shows differences in carbon isotope
ratios: The cap dolomite and limestones have lower δ13C ratios on the border of the basin (inner shelf) than in the middle shelf of the basin. These
lower values can be related to shallower environmental conditions and to a stronger influence of the continental border. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios are the
same in both areas, and are consistent with seawater composition at around 600 Ma.
This document discusses the Dharwar Super Group found in the Dharwar Craton of India. The Dharwar Craton is divided into the Western and Eastern Dharwar cratons, separated by the Chitradurga shear zone. The Western Dharwar craton contains two prominent super belts: the Bababudan-Western Ghats-Shimoga super belt and the Chitradurga-Gadag super belt, which are part of the Dharwar super group. The Eastern Dharwar craton also contains formations from the Dharwar super group, divided into the Kolar and Yashwantanagar formations. The document concludes that the Dharwar super
Distribution, stratigraphy and economic importance of cuddapah parag sonwane
The document summarizes the distribution, stratigraphy, and economic importance of the Cuddapah Supergroup in India. It discusses that the Cuddapah Supergroup is an important Proterozoic sedimentary basin located in southern India. The stratigraphy includes lower volcanic rocks and upper non-volcanic rocks separated by an unconformity. It is divided into various formations composed of quartzites, shales, limestones, and other rock types. Though fossils are rare, the basin contains important mineral resources like uranium, barytes, diamonds, and asbestos. The Cuddapah Supergroup provides insights into the geology of India during the Proterozoic Eon.
This document describes a study of the extinct rhinoceros species Rhinoceros sivalensis from the Middle Siwaliks Dhok Pathan Formation in Pakistan. The objectives were to study the systematics and taxonomy of R. sivalensis from 10-3.5 million years ago. Several teeth specimens were described and measured. Diagnostic features included parastyle buttresses and absence of cristae. Measurements showed R. sivalensis was larger than related species R. unicornis and R. sondaicus. The study expands the known range of R. sivalensis from Late Miocene to Middle Pliocene.
chinji zone:
by these slides you will know about the chinji zone location in siwalik hills
fossil fuels of the chinji zone
how chinji zone formation occurs
FEldspar etc...
This document summarizes a proposed system called Density Based Signal Management in Traffic System that aims to optimize traffic light timing based on real-time traffic density readings. Road Side Units would monitor vehicle density on all sides of an intersection and prioritize which side receives the green light based on current traffic conditions, with the goal of clearing traffic more efficiently. This approach could help reduce traffic jams and delays by dynamically adjusting light timing based on measured vehicle accumulation rather than fixed schedules.
The digital divide refers to unequal access to technology and the internet between groups. It exists between rich and poor countries, urban and rural areas, younger and older generations, and men and women. Several factors contribute to the digital divide, including socioeconomic barriers, lack of infrastructure in rural/poor areas, lack of digital skills, disabilities, and lack of content in local languages. Reducing the digital divide requires efforts like improving infrastructure, increasing digital literacy and education, developing inclusive technologies, and expanding affordable internet access.
This document provides a preliminary investigation of the underground water supply for the hamlet of Waye. It summarizes that the three houses in Waye are each supplied by their own dug wells about 10 meters deep in fractured granite. The wells were likely sited where intermittent springs originally occurred. Rainwater percolates through different saturation zones in the bedrock to replenish the groundwater. Modern water usage risks exceeding the sustainable yield of the wells. Immediate remedies include water conservation measures, while longer-term options could include deepening the wells, drilling boreholes, or connecting to the public water system.
This document is a thesis on the origin and occurrence of soapstone deposits in Sherwa, Abbottabad, Hazara Division, KPK, Pakistan. It was submitted by four students to the Department of Earth Sciences at COMSATS Institute of Information Technology in Abbottabad as a partial fulfillment of their BS degree in Earth Sciences. The thesis studies the field geology, petrography, and mineralogy of the Sherwa soapstone deposits. It finds that the soapstone deposits formed due to both syngenetic and epigenetic processes. Syngenetic deposits may have formed from the metamorphism of siliceous dolomite rocks or the reaction of dolomitic and quartzitic beds. Ep
The Bastar Craton in central India covers an area of 130,000 square km and contains several important lithotectonic units from over 3 billion years ago. It is bounded by graben structures and mobile belts. The oldest unit is the Sukma Group dating to 3000 million years ago consisting of gneisses and iron formations. Younger granulite belts and sedimentary sequences include the Amgaon Group, Bengpal Group, and Sakoli Group indicating deposition between 2500-2600 million years ago. The Kotri-Dongargarh orogen contains the Bailadila iron formations and associated volcanic sequences like the Nandgaon Group dating to 2300 million years ago.
The document provides information on the Dharwar Craton located in southwest India. It discusses the classification of the craton into the Western Dharwar Craton (WDC) and Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC). Key differences between the WDC and EDC are noted, including larger greenstone belts in the WDC surrounded by older gneiss, compared to narrower greenstone belts in the EDC intruded by a Dharwar Batholith. The lithology of the cratons is also summarized, including the Sargur Group, Bababudan Group, Chitradurga Group, and younger granites like the Closepet Granite. Regional structures, met
This document discusses the Precambrian geology of the Southern Granulite Terrain of India. It describes the terrain as being composed of several blocks separated by shear zones, which experienced high-grade metamorphism and multiple periods of folding and faulting. The metamorphic history involved ultra-high temperature conditions in some areas, as evidenced by mineral assemblages. The document also outlines two competing tectonic models to explain the evolution of the related Pandyan Mobile Belt: a subduction-collision model and an accretion model.
The document discusses the Western Dharwar Craton located in peninsular India. It is bounded by mobile belts and contains various rock groups like the Sargur, Bababudan, and Chitradurga groups. The oldest rocks are the Gorur gneisses dated to 3500-3600 million years ago. Younger granites and schist belts containing ultramafic and mafic rocks cut across the craton. The economic deposits in the area include magnesite, iron, chromium, vanadium, and copper-nickel ores. The craton shows increasing metamorphic grade from greenschist in the north to amphibolite and granulite facies in the south.
Proterozoic sedimentary basins of India in generalPramoda Raj
This document provides an overview of Proterozoic sedimentary basins in India. It discusses 10 major basins, including the Vindhyan, Cuddapah, and Kaladgi basins. These basins formed between 1.6 billion to 540 million years ago and contain important economic mineral deposits like limestone, coal, and diamonds. Fossils found in several basins provide evidence of early life in the Proterozoic Eon. The basins preserve records of crustal evolution and atmospheric change on the Indian subcontinent.
This document summarizes information about the Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC) region of India. The EDC covers around 450,000 square kilometers and contains several greenstone belts formed from volcanic and sedimentary rocks. It is bounded by mobile belts and separated from the Western Dharwar Craton by the Chitradurga Shear Zone. The EDC contains older gneissic basement rocks overlain by the Warangal Group and greenstone belts of the Dharwar Supergroup, along with the large Closepet Granite intrusion and regions metamorphosed to amphibolite and granulite facies.
The document summarizes the geology of the Karakoram block, which contains two distinct belts of granitic rocks separated by the Reshun Fault. It describes the various igneous rock units in the belts, including volcanic rocks, granitoids, and intrusions of different ages and compositions. Radiometric dating indicates the igneous activity spanned from the Jurassic to Tertiary periods. The geochemistry of the granitic rocks suggests links to subduction processes during the collision of tectonic plates that formed the region.
This document provides a summary of Ashraf Ahmed Khaled's educational background and professional experience. It includes information on his degrees in geology and palynology from Al-Azhar University and the University of Sheffield. It also outlines his extensive experience over 30+ years working on palynology projects in Egypt, Sudan, and the Mediterranean, including analyzing cores and wells for numerous oil and gas companies. The document highlights his specialized expertise in biostratigraphy, palynostratigraphy, and nannofossil analysis of Paleozoic through Cenozoic rocks.
The Neoproterozoic carbonate sequence on the southeastern border of the Amazon Craton is divided into three lithostratigraphic units: a basal
cap dolomite, an intermediate limestone, limestone-mudstone unit, and an upper dolarenite-dolorudite unit. Sections of the cap-carbonate were
measured from the inner shelf to the outer shelf. Carbon isotope ratios (relative to PDB) vary between − 10.5 and − 1.7‰ in cap dolomite, and
between − 5.4 and +0.1‰ in laminated limestone and mud-limestone. Limestones and mud-limestones exhibit 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from
0.70740 to 0.70780. A comparative isotope stratigraphy between the inner-shelf and the middle-shelf basin shows differences in carbon isotope
ratios: The cap dolomite and limestones have lower δ13C ratios on the border of the basin (inner shelf) than in the middle shelf of the basin. These
lower values can be related to shallower environmental conditions and to a stronger influence of the continental border. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios are the
same in both areas, and are consistent with seawater composition at around 600 Ma.
This document discusses the Dharwar Super Group found in the Dharwar Craton of India. The Dharwar Craton is divided into the Western and Eastern Dharwar cratons, separated by the Chitradurga shear zone. The Western Dharwar craton contains two prominent super belts: the Bababudan-Western Ghats-Shimoga super belt and the Chitradurga-Gadag super belt, which are part of the Dharwar super group. The Eastern Dharwar craton also contains formations from the Dharwar super group, divided into the Kolar and Yashwantanagar formations. The document concludes that the Dharwar super
Distribution, stratigraphy and economic importance of cuddapah parag sonwane
The document summarizes the distribution, stratigraphy, and economic importance of the Cuddapah Supergroup in India. It discusses that the Cuddapah Supergroup is an important Proterozoic sedimentary basin located in southern India. The stratigraphy includes lower volcanic rocks and upper non-volcanic rocks separated by an unconformity. It is divided into various formations composed of quartzites, shales, limestones, and other rock types. Though fossils are rare, the basin contains important mineral resources like uranium, barytes, diamonds, and asbestos. The Cuddapah Supergroup provides insights into the geology of India during the Proterozoic Eon.
This document describes a study of the extinct rhinoceros species Rhinoceros sivalensis from the Middle Siwaliks Dhok Pathan Formation in Pakistan. The objectives were to study the systematics and taxonomy of R. sivalensis from 10-3.5 million years ago. Several teeth specimens were described and measured. Diagnostic features included parastyle buttresses and absence of cristae. Measurements showed R. sivalensis was larger than related species R. unicornis and R. sondaicus. The study expands the known range of R. sivalensis from Late Miocene to Middle Pliocene.
chinji zone:
by these slides you will know about the chinji zone location in siwalik hills
fossil fuels of the chinji zone
how chinji zone formation occurs
FEldspar etc...
This document summarizes a proposed system called Density Based Signal Management in Traffic System that aims to optimize traffic light timing based on real-time traffic density readings. Road Side Units would monitor vehicle density on all sides of an intersection and prioritize which side receives the green light based on current traffic conditions, with the goal of clearing traffic more efficiently. This approach could help reduce traffic jams and delays by dynamically adjusting light timing based on measured vehicle accumulation rather than fixed schedules.
The digital divide refers to unequal access to technology and the internet between groups. It exists between rich and poor countries, urban and rural areas, younger and older generations, and men and women. Several factors contribute to the digital divide, including socioeconomic barriers, lack of infrastructure in rural/poor areas, lack of digital skills, disabilities, and lack of content in local languages. Reducing the digital divide requires efforts like improving infrastructure, increasing digital literacy and education, developing inclusive technologies, and expanding affordable internet access.
This document provides a preliminary investigation of the underground water supply for the hamlet of Waye. It summarizes that the three houses in Waye are each supplied by their own dug wells about 10 meters deep in fractured granite. The wells were likely sited where intermittent springs originally occurred. Rainwater percolates through different saturation zones in the bedrock to replenish the groundwater. Modern water usage risks exceeding the sustainable yield of the wells. Immediate remedies include water conservation measures, while longer-term options could include deepening the wells, drilling boreholes, or connecting to the public water system.
Spe 163367-ms-p Modelling of regional aquifer.....Burgan Field Minagish Reser...Stephen Crittenden
Bergan Field Kuwait. The Minagish Reservoir comprising oolite shoals, is aquifer pressure connected to other fields in the region which interact with each other.
The document discusses geosteering, which involves steering wells to desired targets. It describes the key roles in geosteering including the operations geologist and wellsite geologist. It also discusses analyzing geosteering tool behavior and measuring geosteering quality to improve performance. Specifically, it proposes measuring quality by analyzing whether targets were met and optimal well placement was achieved based on recorded geosteering data.
CEAT is considering expanding its operations into the Bangladesh automotive market. Some key points analyzed in the document include:
- Bangladesh's road transportation market is growing rapidly with increasing infrastructure investment and economic development. This presents an opportunity for CEAT to enter the market.
- A phased approach is proposed, starting with commissioning a plant in Dhaka and later establishing warehouses in Chittagong, Sylhet and Khulna to serve the country.
- An analysis of capital structure determines a debt to equity ratio of 60:40 would optimize CEAT Bangladesh's weighted average cost of capital.
- A quantitative model is used to determine the optimal product mix at the new plant, identifying that 3-
Eage poster 53, copenhagen, steve crittenden & adi kadar et al, 2012finalStephen Crittenden
Biofacies and palaeoenvironment & stratigraphy of the ratawi, Minagish and Makhul formations Kuwait, reservoir, source rocks, conventional and unconventional expl plays.
P053Biofacies, palaeoenvironments and stratigraphy of the Ratawi, Minagish an...Stephen Crittenden
Three major biozones are identified from micropalaeontological analysis of formations from the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous in Kuwait. The Makhul Formation contains a radiolarite assemblage indicative of restricted muddy limestones. The Minagish Formation and Ratawi Limestone Member contain calcareous algae and foraminifera assemblages representing shallow shelf carbonates. The Ratawi Shale Member contains a foraminifera assemblage representing a mixed clastic and carbonate environment. Within these three biozones, a number of subsidiary biofacies divisions are also identified, allowing recognition of vertical stacking patterns and depositional cyclicity in this important hydrocarbon-bearing interval.
This project aims to study the clay mineralogy, provenance, paleoclimate, and paleoenvironment of the Kanawa Member of the Pindiga Formation in Nigeria. Samples will be collected from outcrops and analyzed using x-ray diffraction and fluorescence to identify clay minerals. This will help reconstruct the depositional environment and climate conditions during the time period. The study area is located in Ashaka quarry and along the Pindiga stream. Results are expected to provide information on sediment transport over time and paleoclimate.
This document analyzes the petrology and geochemistry of greywacke sediments from the ~1.6 billion year old Middle Aravalli Supergroup in northwest India. Attributes of the greywackes such as poor sorting, angular framework grains, and variable chemical indexes suggest rapid erosion under an active tectonic regime. Geochemical signatures indicate the sediments were derived from a young differentiated continental arc rather than the older Archaean basement. Trace element patterns resemble modern continental arc magmas, suggesting a subduction zone setting for the precursor magmas. The sediments provide evidence for thick continental crust underlying the Middle Aravalli continental arc between 1772-1586 million years ago.
Bimodal pore size behavior of the shajara formation reservoirs of the permo ...Khalid Al-Khidir
This document summarizes a study of the pore size behavior of sandstone reservoirs in the Shajara Formation in Saudi Arabia. Mercury injection testing was performed on 9 sandstone samples from 3 reservoirs (Lower, Middle, and Upper Shajara). The results show that the reservoirs exhibit a bimodal pore size distribution and are characterized as heterogeneous megaporous reservoirs. Reservoir quality is found to increase with grain size and sorting. Pore aperture sizes were calculated from capillary pressure curves using standard equations.
Bimodal pore size behavior of the shajara formation reservoirs of the permo ...Khalid Al-Khidir
The sandstones of the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara Formation form the main part of the Unayzah Reservoir in the Greater Arabian Basin. It is divided into three reservoirs, namely from base to top Lower, Middle, and Upper Shajara reservoirs. Mercury intrusion technique was carried out on representative sandstone samples collected from the type section and the three reservoirs are generally characterized as heterogeneous megaporous reservoirs. The best reservoir quality is assigned to the lower sand unit of the Lower Shajara followed by the Middle Shajara Reservoir. One sample collected from the upper part of the Lower Shajara was described as low quality due to its fine grain characteristic and its proximity to the unconformity surface. Reservoir quality is controlled to a large extent by the depositional facies and specifically by rock texture illustrated by petrophysical description. The quality of the three reservoirs of the Shajara Formation, increases with the increase of grain size and grain sorting.
Keywords Shajara Reservoirs Shajara Formation Unayzah Group Pore size distribution
This document provides an outline and introduction for a seminar presentation on the hydrocarbon prospectivity of Cretaceous basins in Eastern and Southern Africa. The presentation will discuss the geological settings, Cretaceous basins, source rocks, structures, reservoirs, distribution of oil and gas, depositional histories, and comparisons of basins in Eastern and Southern Africa. It will conclude that while Eastern Africa's sedimentary cover is not thick enough everywhere to generate hydrocarbons, Southern Africa's basins have greater potential due to a complex tectonic history and the Orange Basin in particular has huge potential for large oil and gas discoveries.
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Underexplored Opportunities in the Arabian Plate.pdfssuseref75f1
The document discusses underexplored opportunities for hydrocarbon exploration in the Arabian Plate, including stratigraphic traps and diagenetic traps. It notes that stratigraphic complexity provides opportunities to explore stratigraphic pinch-out traps in intrashelf basins, isolated reef builds, and inverted palaeohigh "synclines". It also discusses the potential for diagenetic traps formed by hydrothermal dolomitization, and provides examples from the Middle East that so far only contribute to rather than form standalone reservoirs. Understanding basin development, sequence stratigraphy, and global analogues is key to exploring these opportunities.
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This document summarizes a study of the sedimentology and geochemistry of the Cretaceous Torok and Nanushuk Formations in northern Alaska. Key findings include:
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MSc Thesis - Modelling of the Bowland and Holywell ShalesAlex Hughes
The document describes modeling the burial history of the Northern Cheshire Basin in the UK using Novva software. Key points:
- The most prospective area for shale gas exploration is the northern basin slope at depths of 1500-2000m, where peak maturity was reached during the Cimmerian inversion around 180Ma.
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Here are the key steps to making a thin section:
1. Cut a 1 inch square piece of rock from the hand sample using a slab saw.
2. Trim and thin the rock slab to about 30 mils (0.03 cm) thick using trim and lap saws.
3. Cut the thin slab in half using a trim saw.
4. Attach one half of the thin slab to a glass slide with epoxy.
5. Grind and polish the exposed rock surface to about 30 microns thin using progressively finer grit lap wheels.
6. Attach a glass cover slip to the other half of the thin slab with epoxy.
7. Grind
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Eage poster Cairo dec 2010 nov 28 Biofacies - Kuwait
1. Results: Biofacies – Outer Ramp (deep water carbonate setting)
Textularinids
Cyclamminids
Everticyclamminasp.
Pseudocyclammina
Rotaliids
Agglutinants
Miliolids
Cuneolina
Nautiloculina
Charentiaspp
Trocholina
Neotrocholinaspp
Bramkampella
Praechrysalidina
Ammobaculites
Chofatella
Pfenderinaspp
Nezzazatinellids
Orbitolinopsis(conicalagglut)
Lenticulinaspp
Undiffforaminifera
Planktonicforaminifera
Rudists
Corals
Stromatoporoids
Molluscs
Gastropods
Bivalves
Ostracods
Brachiopods
GreenAlgae
Lithocodium
Bacinella
Oncoids
Codiaceans
Dasyclads
Echinoderms
Bryozoans
Serpulids
SpongeSpicules
Calpionellids
Calcispheres
VeryShallow
Shallow
Innerramp
Corefacies
Microfacies(Wilson1975)
Mudstone
Wackestone
Packstone
Grainstone
Boundstone
Floatstone
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9472.40
9475.00
9659.70
9668.20
9686.70
9371.50
9379.30
9382.70
9389.30
9406.00
9419.00
9432.00
9435.00
9450.50
Minagish
9066.90
9096.40
9153.50
9157.80
9175.70
9184.20
9299.10
Middleramp
9306.70
9314.40
9322.10
9334.80
9338.50
9368.90
9190.90
9202.50
9205.00
9241.50
9250.50
9277.60
9289.70
9462.30
DistalOffshore(Basinal)
Facies TS Textures (Dunham)
TS Depth
ME-01 Core Thin Section Bio-components Inner Ramp
DistalOuterRamp
ProximalOuterRamp
A/C
Micriticpeloids
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Results: eg. Biostratigraphy Models
Preliminary Biofacies studies of
the Ratawi, Minagish and
Makhul formations, Kuwait
Stephen Crittenden and Maha Al-Baghli
Introduction
The Tithonian stage of the Late Jurassic with the Berriasian and
Valanginian stages of the Lower Cretaceous in Kuwait comprise a
proven hydrocarbon bearing interval.(Ref. 1)
• Producing hydrocarbons in Kuwait since mid-20th Century.
• Fields are „giants‟ and include Minagish Field (1958/9) (Ref. 2), Uum Gudair
Field (1962) (Ref. 3) and Wafra Field (1953). (Ref. 4)
• Large structural 4-way closure Traps at multiple stratigraphical levels. (Ref.
5)
• Predominantly shallow marine platform carbonate reservoirs (Ref. 1, 2 & 3)with
minor clastic reservoirs – secondary (eg. Sabriyah Field).(Ref. 5)
• Three conventional lithostratigraphical units: Ratawi, Minagish and Makhul
formations. (Ref. 6)
• Hydrocarbon shows in the three formations regionally in Kuwait. (Ref. 5)
OBJECTIVE: Evaluate lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy
data. Establish a predictive Holistic Stratigraphy framework (eg.
Ref. 7 & 8)
useful in the subtle trap exploration play concept.
A: Biostratigraphical / Biofacies Data
Source and collect existing “in-house” well & outcrop data.
Search published literature. (eg. Ref. 1)
Evaluate existing Lithostratigraphy, Biostratigraphy,
Chronostratigraphy data and frameworks.(eg. Ref. 9)
Generate new data: biostratigraphy, biofacies, sedimentology,
lithofacies, petrography.(eg. Ref. 10)
Evaluate, Integrate & Interpret all data sets.
B: Holostratigraphy
Develop a Biostratigraphy and Chronostratigraphical Model.
Establish age-dating of the reservoirs and formations.
Calibrate to regional chronostratigraphy – time lines.
Palaeoenvironment of reservoirs and formations.
Develop a Depositional Sequence Stratigraphy Model.
Correlate wells (iterative process).
Prediction of potential Source and Reservoir intervals.
Selected References
1. Al-Fares, A. A., M. Bouman and P. Jeans, 1998, A new Look at the Middle-Lower Cretaceous Stratigraphy, Offshore Kuwait. GeoArabia, v. 3, pp. 543 -
560.
2. Youash, Y. Y. & Mukhopadhyay, A., 1982, Geology of Minagish Oil Field, Kuwait. AAPG 66 (5), pp. 645.
3. Davies, R., Hollis, C., Bishop, C., Gaur, R. & Aziz Haider, A., 2000. Reservoir geology of the Middle Minagish Member (Minagish Oolite), Umm Gudair
Field, Kuwait. In: Middle East Models of Jurassic / Cretaceous Carbonate Systems. SEPM Special Publication No. 69, pp. 273 – 286.
4. Longacre. S. A. and Ginger, E. P. 1988. Evolution of the Lower Cretaceous Ratawi Oolite reservoir Wafra Field, Kuwait-Saudi Arabia Partitioned
neutral Zone. in Lomando, A., and Harris, P. M., eds., Giant Oil and Gas fields: SEPM, Core Workshop 12, pp. 273-331.
5. Carman, G., 1996. Structural elements of Kuwait. GeoArabia, v.1, pp. 239 – 266.
6. Owen, R. M. S. & Nasr, S. N. 1958. The Stratigraphy of the Kuwait- Basra area. In: Habitat of Oil, AAPG Memoir, 1252 – 1278.
7. Sharland, P., et al. 2001. Arabian Plate Sequence Stratigraphy. GeoArabia Spec Publ. 2
8. Davies, R. B., Casey, D. M., Horbury, A. D., Sharland, P. R. and Simmons, M. D. 2002. Early to Mid Cretaceous mixed carbonate-siliciclastic shelfal
systems: Examples, issues and models from the Arabian Plate. GeoArabia, v. 7, 3, pp. 541-598.
9. Al-Rifay, I. A. & Lemone, D. 1987. Calpionellids and the late Jurassic and early Cretaceous stratigraphy of Kuwait and the Gulf Region. Marine
Micropalaeontology, 12, pp. 383-388.
10. Banner, F. T. and Simmons, M. D. 1994. Calcareous algae and foraminifera as water – depth indicators: an example from the Early Cretaceous
carbonates of northeast Arabia. In Simmons, M. D. (ed.). Micropalaeontology and Hydrocarbon Exploration in the Middle East. British
Micropalaeontology Society Publication Series. pp. 243 – 252.
11. Al-Husseini, M. & Matthews, R. K., 2008. Jurassic-Cretaceous Arabian orbital stratigraphy: The AROS-JK Chart. GeoArabia, v. 13, pp. 89 – 94.
12. Hughes, G. W. G. 2005. Calcareous Algae of Saudi Arabian Permian to Cretaceous Carbonates. Rev. Esp. de Micropal. V. 37, 1 pp. 131-140.
13. Sharland , P., et al. 2004. Chrono-Sequence Stratigraphy of the Arabian Plate. GeoArabia, v 9, 1, Enclosure 1.
Acknowledgments: This poster is presented with the
approval of the Ministry of Oil of the state of Kuwait and the
Kuwait Oil Company. The encouragement, assistance and
advice is acknowledged of all members of the Exploration
Studies Team of KOC. Some primary data has been gleaned
from proprietary “vintage” service company reports held in
the archives of KOC authored by: Dr Osman Varol, Dr Peter
Morris, Dr Mike Simmons, Fugro Robertson, Halliburton,
Corelab , Weatherford and Badley Ashton.
Concluding Remarks
The keys to well based sequence stratigraphy
modelling for exploration are:
• A robust biostratigraphical model generated from
integrated well data sets.
• Evaluate “old” biostratigraphical data gives value.
• Biostratigraphical control and identification of time
lines eg. FS, = Chronostratigraphy.
• Beware of “shoe-horning” data to fit a preconceived
model. A model is a guide only.
• The ”holistic approach” to stratigraphy has a
predictive use for exploring new play concepts.
• Data from High Resolution Field Reservoir case
studies contribute to development of a regional well-
based predictive sequence stratigraphy.
Results:
• provide an enhanced understanding of the
distribution of Lowermost Cretaceous reservoir
potential lithologies eg. Shoal barriers.
• add value to an exploration strategy seeking the
subtle stratigraphical trap - Risk Reduction.
This poster introduces some initial results from a
biostratigraphical methodology that embraces well
material generated data (both vintage and new) and
models, to assist in evaluating the prospectivity of the
lowermost Lower Cretaceous in Kuwait.
Materials and Method
Results:Biofacies–Inner Ramp shoal & Outer Ramp(eg. Ref.10)
Results: Biostratigraphy - Biofacies
Haq *
Sharland et
al
2005 2004
139ma 136ma K30 Valanginian
141ma 138ma K20 Berriasian
144ma 143ma K10 Berriasian
147ma 147ma J110 Tithonian
* calibrated to GTS of Gradstein et al 2004
MegasequenceAP8
Intra Ratawi Lst
Intra Minagish Lst
Intra Makhul Fm
Intra Lower Makhul
Late Jurassic Unconformity (SB 149.0 Ma)
3rd Order MFS Position
Sharland et al 2004Stage
Major
MFS
Late Valanginian Unconformity
EARLYCRETACEOUSEPOCH
STAGE
LITHOLOGY
Middle-Late
Tithonian
Berriasian
Berriasian-
Valanginian
Early
Valang-
inian
Stratigraphy and simplified lithology of the Makhul, Minagish and
Ratawi formations
Group
Formation
Member
LATE
JURASSIC
RatawiLstRatawiSh.
Carbonates
with
grainstone
shoals
Muddy
carbonates
Transitional
evaporites
THAMAMA(pars)
MAKHULMINAGISHRATAWI
SHAQRA
(pars)
HITH
EAGE 2nd Exploration Workshop, Cairo. Dec 2010.
EXPO419
3rd Order Maximum Flooding Scheme for the latest
Jurassic - earliest Cretaceous (Ref. 7)
Lowermost Cretaceous Conventional Stratigraphy Model (Ref. 6)
?? Possible 3rd Order Flooding Event, perhaps
equivalent to K20 fs of Sharland et al., 2001, 2004.
Difficult to reconcile due to lack of / or sparse, age
diagnostic fossils.
Cyclical deposition in a relatively deep water distal part of a large carbonate ramp during an
overall transgressive to highstand sea-level. These cycles are interpreted as high order changes in
relative sea level that in a more proximal situation may result in greater lithological diversity eg.
“oolitic / grainstone” shoals.
Outer ramp, 25 – 70m water
depth indicator
Common Lithocodium 10 –
30m water depth indicator.
(Ref. 12)
Calpionellids: characterise deep water, low
energy environment. Mostly within
argillaceous rich, laminated calcareous
mudstones and wackstones. Proximal and
distal outer ramp setting. These pelagic,
calcareous unicellular organisms are studied
in thin section hence re-study of
petrographical thin sections provides good
data. They are however prone to diagenetic
obliteration and reworking (in clasts).
Chronostratigraphy: Integrated Biostratigraphy uses all available data from all groups
studied: eg. calcareous nannofossils, dinoflagellate cysts, spores and pollen,
calpionellids, radiolaria, ostracods, calcareous algae and foraminifera. All have been
used to date the well sections, either in isolation or in an integrated fashion depending
on data available. The proviso is that all are facies dependent / controlled – diachronous
nature of local stratigraphical ranges within a shallow marine environment, and a
detailed high resolution chronostratigraphic biozonation is not possible.
9454 ft FDO Abundant Calpionellids, plus
Calpionella alpina
Candidate high order SB from core at top of cleaning-up cycles
The model acts as a broad guide. Observed data
should not be “shoe-horned” to fit the model. The
biostratigraphical data should be used to modify the
model if necessary.
Well F (Ref. 1) Calc Nanno
FloodingsurfacesasinterpretedbySharlandetal.2004
Surfacesfrom“in-house‟KOCdata
?
PS = Polycostella senaria 13360ft
A maximum flooding based stratigraphy of Sharland et al indicates four
3rd order depositional sequences within the 2nd order sequence
(duration 16 my). Evaluation of data indicates up to six 3rd order
depositional sequences may be present as implied by AROS (Ref. 11).
Maximum flooding “intervals”: either deeper water outer shelf shales
or shallow water limestones.
Well F is in an outer ramp deep water carbonate setting. The Minagish
Formation is developed as non-reservoir facies.
2ndOrderSequence
Calcareous nannoplankton: Due to shallow water
palaeoenvironments and post depositional diagenesis, nannofossil
assemblages in samples from the studied wells are of low
abundance, low diversity and usually poorly preserved. Many of
the expected stratigraphical marker species commonly reported in
deep-sea sediments of Lower Cretaceous age are absent or only
occur sporadically. Semi-quantitative analysis provides a means
for assisting in the identification of marine flooding intervals –
floral acme / abundance.
FDO (extinction) of Polycostella senaria: is it a correlatable Time-
event (local extinction level) in shallow water shelf carbonates? PS
Results:Palaeoenvironment Models
Major SB
Major SB
A
?
?
B
Polycostella senaria 9064ft
PS
PS
PS
Microfossils and biofacies
associations for the Makhul,
Minagish and Ratawi formations
indicate depositional environments
ranging from shallow marine to
deeper shelf / basin. An
environmental history for the
carbonate deposition can be
determined that can help assist i)
the resolution of layering /
stratigraphical tiering in a
reservoir and ii) regional
correlation. Some biota events are
interpreted as transgressive pulses
that may equate to time lines.
These constrain the reservoir
lithofacies sequence stratigraphy
interpretation.
Integrated Biostratigraphical Model - numerous fossil groups.
Diachronous stratigraphical ranges of key taxa in shallow marine
carbonates – environmental control.
Biofacies from prepared Petrographic thin sections.
Correlate wells (iterative process).
? Palaeogeographical Mapping.
Identification of potential Source and Reservoir intervals.
Offshore Kuwait
Minagish Fm as non reservoir facies
Minagish Fm as Oolitic / grainstone shoal reservoir facies
Well B Well A
Exploration Play Concept.
The depositional regime for
prospective reservoir
development is the shoal
barrier environment of the inner
ramp in well B.
South Kuwait