Isolation and purification of peroxidase from soyabeanPooja Walke
Peroxidase (EC. 1.11.1.7), an oxidoreductase, has iron porphyrin ring generally and catalyzes a redox reaction between H202 as an electron acceptor and many kinds of substrates by means of oxygen liberation from HzOz (Brill, 1996).
Amylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into sugars.
Amylase is present in the saliva of humans and some other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of digestion. Foods that contain large amount of starch but less amount of sugar, such as rice and potatoes, may acquire a slightly sweet taste as they are chewed because amylase degrades some of their starch into sugar.
α- amylase is a protein enzyme that hydrolyses alpha bonds of large, alpha - linked polysaccharides, such as starch and glycogen, yielding glucose and maltose. It is a major form of amylase found in humans and other mammals.
Many of the enzymes used in the industries are extracellular derived from microorganisms. Among various extracellular enzymes, alpha amylase ranks first in terms of commercial exploitation.
Bacteria and fungi secrets amylases to the outside of the cells to carryout extracellular digestions when they have broken down the soluble starch, the soluble end products such as Glucose or Maltose are absorbed into their cells.
The industrially important Bacillus strains which are extensively used to produce alpha amylase, are, B. licheniformis, B. subtilis etc. B. amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus licheniformis is a Gram-positive endospore forming organism that can be isolated from soils and plant material all over the world.
This organism is used extensively for large-scale industrial production of exoenzymes as it can secrete large quantities of proteins of up to 20–25 g/l.
The use of the submerged culture is advantageous because of the ease of sterilization and its process control.
The objective of this work was to study the pattern and the comparison of α-amylase production by using two strains of Bacillus licheniformis, MTCC 2617 and MTCC 2618 using four different substrates starch, rice, wheat and ragi powder as carbon source.
Ragi or finger millet is round, soft yet firm and rich brown in color. It is probably the only edible solid you are advised to swallow not chew. A gram of ragi has 72% carbohydrate, 3.6% fiber, 7.3% of protein, vitamin B and a good combination of minerals.
ABSTRACT- Microbial source of amylase is preferred to other sources because of its plasticity, vast availability, higher yield and
thermostability even at elevated temperatures.Various physical and chemical factors have been known to affect the production of α-
amylase such as temperature, pH, period of incubation, carbon sources acting as inducers, surfactants, nitrogen sources, phosphate,
different metal ions, moisture. Interactions of these parameters are reported to have a significant influence on the production of
the enzyme.Study was mainly aimed to isolate a bacterium capable of hydrolyzing a starch source and to check effect of different physiological
parameters on amylase enzyme activity. To conduct this research, study was mainly focused on three objectives i.e. 1st Screening
and morphological characterization of the isolated bacteria. 2nd Characterization of amylase production by selected isolates. 3rd
Time course of Enzyme production and Partial purification with Ammonium Sulphate saturation.Amylases of isolate-6 and isolate-9
were concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation which can be used as partially purified enzyme for further study. Isolate-6 and
Isolate-9 showed the activity 0.34 and 0.28 units/ml/min respectively.Enzyme derived from isolate-6 and isolate-9 was stable at different
physiological conditions. So, it is useful in fermentation industry and in pharmaceuticals.
Key words- Amylase, Starch hydrolyzing bacteria, fermentation and pharmaceutical industries
Novozymes produces two alpha-amylase products - Liquozyme and Termamyl. Liquozyme is designed for ethanol plants and provides improvements in viscosity and liquefaction. Termamyl is highly heat-stable and can be used at temperatures up to 105–110 °C. The document discusses the production, purification, and characterization of alpha-amylases from microbial sources including various fermentation and downstream processing methods.
Application of Xylanase produced by Bacillus megaterium in Saccharification, ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that isolated the xylanase-producing bacterium Bacillus megaterium from soil and used its xylanase enzyme in various applications. Purified xylanase was used to saccharify untreated and pretreated sugarcane bagasse, producing the most reducing sugars from untreated bagasse. The enzyme also efficiently clarified pineapple juice (44%), tomato juice (16%) and apple juice (20%) by degrading hemicelluloses. Oil extraction from jatropha seeds was enhanced by 26.47% when inoculated with the xylanase-producing B. megaterium compared to a control without the organism. The study demonstrated various commercial applications of xylanase from B.
This document provides information about various enzymes. It begins with an introduction to enzymes, noting that they are proteins that act as catalysts and play a vital role in cellular functions and organism activities. It then discusses the properties, chemical nature, and classifications of enzymes. Specific enzymes discussed in more detail include diastase, pepsin, and trypsin. Their sources, preparations, descriptions, uses, and identification tests are outlined.
Production and Purification of Amylase from Bacillus subtilis Isolated from SoilDr. Amarjeet Singh
In spite of progress in biotechnology and
enzymology, the enzymes have been industrialized in recent
years for the mounting up the product development in
various arena. The ultimate goal of this study comprises the
production and purification the amylase enzyme from the
bacterial strain. A powerful amylase producer, Bacillus
subtilis ISOLATE-4 was isolated, screened and identified
from the soil sample. In order to produce extracellular
amylase, various physico-chemical parameters were
optimized. During optimization, the maximal production of
amylase by the isolate at 48 hrs of incubation in 100 rpm was
found to be 6.93U/ml, 5.94U/ml, 6.0U/ml at 45ºC, pH 6 with
1% substrate concentration respectively. Ammonium
sulphate fractionation was done for rapid precipitation of the
amylase at a concentration of 60% and exposed to dialysis
showed the 25% purification fold of an enzyme. The dialyzed
product was further subjected to DEAE-Cellulose column
chromatography resulted in an increase up to 75%
purification fold than crude enzyme. The amylase enzyme
might be suitable for the liquefaction of starch, detergent,
textile and several additional industrial applications.
The document examines the peroxidase activity in arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhyza Bancroft) roots affected by pH and temperature. Roots were stored at 5°C to induce chilling injury and then peroxidase kinetic activity was determined under different pH and temperature conditions. The peroxidase activity was highest between pH 5.5-6.0 and at 30°C. The enzyme was more susceptible to inactivation at acidic pH levels compared to alkaline pH levels and could also be inactivated through heat treatment.
Isolation and purification of peroxidase from soyabeanPooja Walke
Peroxidase (EC. 1.11.1.7), an oxidoreductase, has iron porphyrin ring generally and catalyzes a redox reaction between H202 as an electron acceptor and many kinds of substrates by means of oxygen liberation from HzOz (Brill, 1996).
Amylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into sugars.
Amylase is present in the saliva of humans and some other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of digestion. Foods that contain large amount of starch but less amount of sugar, such as rice and potatoes, may acquire a slightly sweet taste as they are chewed because amylase degrades some of their starch into sugar.
α- amylase is a protein enzyme that hydrolyses alpha bonds of large, alpha - linked polysaccharides, such as starch and glycogen, yielding glucose and maltose. It is a major form of amylase found in humans and other mammals.
Many of the enzymes used in the industries are extracellular derived from microorganisms. Among various extracellular enzymes, alpha amylase ranks first in terms of commercial exploitation.
Bacteria and fungi secrets amylases to the outside of the cells to carryout extracellular digestions when they have broken down the soluble starch, the soluble end products such as Glucose or Maltose are absorbed into their cells.
The industrially important Bacillus strains which are extensively used to produce alpha amylase, are, B. licheniformis, B. subtilis etc. B. amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus licheniformis is a Gram-positive endospore forming organism that can be isolated from soils and plant material all over the world.
This organism is used extensively for large-scale industrial production of exoenzymes as it can secrete large quantities of proteins of up to 20–25 g/l.
The use of the submerged culture is advantageous because of the ease of sterilization and its process control.
The objective of this work was to study the pattern and the comparison of α-amylase production by using two strains of Bacillus licheniformis, MTCC 2617 and MTCC 2618 using four different substrates starch, rice, wheat and ragi powder as carbon source.
Ragi or finger millet is round, soft yet firm and rich brown in color. It is probably the only edible solid you are advised to swallow not chew. A gram of ragi has 72% carbohydrate, 3.6% fiber, 7.3% of protein, vitamin B and a good combination of minerals.
ABSTRACT- Microbial source of amylase is preferred to other sources because of its plasticity, vast availability, higher yield and
thermostability even at elevated temperatures.Various physical and chemical factors have been known to affect the production of α-
amylase such as temperature, pH, period of incubation, carbon sources acting as inducers, surfactants, nitrogen sources, phosphate,
different metal ions, moisture. Interactions of these parameters are reported to have a significant influence on the production of
the enzyme.Study was mainly aimed to isolate a bacterium capable of hydrolyzing a starch source and to check effect of different physiological
parameters on amylase enzyme activity. To conduct this research, study was mainly focused on three objectives i.e. 1st Screening
and morphological characterization of the isolated bacteria. 2nd Characterization of amylase production by selected isolates. 3rd
Time course of Enzyme production and Partial purification with Ammonium Sulphate saturation.Amylases of isolate-6 and isolate-9
were concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation which can be used as partially purified enzyme for further study. Isolate-6 and
Isolate-9 showed the activity 0.34 and 0.28 units/ml/min respectively.Enzyme derived from isolate-6 and isolate-9 was stable at different
physiological conditions. So, it is useful in fermentation industry and in pharmaceuticals.
Key words- Amylase, Starch hydrolyzing bacteria, fermentation and pharmaceutical industries
Novozymes produces two alpha-amylase products - Liquozyme and Termamyl. Liquozyme is designed for ethanol plants and provides improvements in viscosity and liquefaction. Termamyl is highly heat-stable and can be used at temperatures up to 105–110 °C. The document discusses the production, purification, and characterization of alpha-amylases from microbial sources including various fermentation and downstream processing methods.
Application of Xylanase produced by Bacillus megaterium in Saccharification, ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that isolated the xylanase-producing bacterium Bacillus megaterium from soil and used its xylanase enzyme in various applications. Purified xylanase was used to saccharify untreated and pretreated sugarcane bagasse, producing the most reducing sugars from untreated bagasse. The enzyme also efficiently clarified pineapple juice (44%), tomato juice (16%) and apple juice (20%) by degrading hemicelluloses. Oil extraction from jatropha seeds was enhanced by 26.47% when inoculated with the xylanase-producing B. megaterium compared to a control without the organism. The study demonstrated various commercial applications of xylanase from B.
This document provides information about various enzymes. It begins with an introduction to enzymes, noting that they are proteins that act as catalysts and play a vital role in cellular functions and organism activities. It then discusses the properties, chemical nature, and classifications of enzymes. Specific enzymes discussed in more detail include diastase, pepsin, and trypsin. Their sources, preparations, descriptions, uses, and identification tests are outlined.
Production and Purification of Amylase from Bacillus subtilis Isolated from SoilDr. Amarjeet Singh
In spite of progress in biotechnology and
enzymology, the enzymes have been industrialized in recent
years for the mounting up the product development in
various arena. The ultimate goal of this study comprises the
production and purification the amylase enzyme from the
bacterial strain. A powerful amylase producer, Bacillus
subtilis ISOLATE-4 was isolated, screened and identified
from the soil sample. In order to produce extracellular
amylase, various physico-chemical parameters were
optimized. During optimization, the maximal production of
amylase by the isolate at 48 hrs of incubation in 100 rpm was
found to be 6.93U/ml, 5.94U/ml, 6.0U/ml at 45ºC, pH 6 with
1% substrate concentration respectively. Ammonium
sulphate fractionation was done for rapid precipitation of the
amylase at a concentration of 60% and exposed to dialysis
showed the 25% purification fold of an enzyme. The dialyzed
product was further subjected to DEAE-Cellulose column
chromatography resulted in an increase up to 75%
purification fold than crude enzyme. The amylase enzyme
might be suitable for the liquefaction of starch, detergent,
textile and several additional industrial applications.
The document examines the peroxidase activity in arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhyza Bancroft) roots affected by pH and temperature. Roots were stored at 5°C to induce chilling injury and then peroxidase kinetic activity was determined under different pH and temperature conditions. The peroxidase activity was highest between pH 5.5-6.0 and at 30°C. The enzyme was more susceptible to inactivation at acidic pH levels compared to alkaline pH levels and could also be inactivated through heat treatment.
Screening and Production of Protease Enzyme from Marine Microorganism and Its...iosrjce
Marine sediment samples were collected from the Gulf of Mannar in India to screen for protease-producing microbes. Two isolates, Bacillus subtilis (strain P2) and Bacillus licheniformis (strain P5), showed the largest zones of proteolytic activity on skim milk agar plates. Both strains could tolerate up to 7% NaCl concentration. Strain P2 produced 21.2 mg/ml of total protein and had maximum protease activity at pH 7 and 40°C, while strain P5 produced 22.4 mg/ml of protein and worked best at pH 8 and 50°C. The crude enzymes from both strains were able to remove stains like blood, coffee, and ink, showing
Detection of Alpha-Amylase Activity from Soil Bacteriaiosrjce
Alpha-amylase is one of the industrial enzymes that hydrolyze starch molecules into polymers
composed of glucose units. The enzyme has potential application in a wide number of industrial processes such
as food, textile, paper, detergent, fermentation and pharmaceutical industries. Alpha-amylase can be produced
by microorganisms, plants or animals.
Aim: The aim of this study is to detect the activity of alpha-amylase from bacteria isolated from soil
environment.
Method: Soil samples were inoculated onto the media that are rich in nutrient that favour the growth of the
bacteria and incubated for 24 hours at 37oC after which the bacterial growth was detected in form of colonies.
In this study, bacterial species belonging to the genus Bacillus were identified through phylogenetic analysis
using 16s-ribosomal RNA sequencing for detection of the enzymatic activity. Effects of pH and temperature on
the enzymatic activity were observed using DNS activity assay method.
Results: Positive response to alpha-amylase activity by the soil bacteria was observed by the formation of clear
zone of inhibition shown by the colonies on the petri plates.
Conclusions: The optimal pH and temperature activities showed that the bacteria exhibit enzymatic activity at
mesophilic temperature and acidophilic or alkalophilic pH.
Production of secondary metabolites : enzymes which involves the upstream technological process
Introduction
History
Process involved
Contribution of different micro-organisms
Flowchart
Example: Methods Production of Amyalse in industrial view
This document discusses microbial enzymes and their applications. It describes the different types of enzymes produced by microbes, including hydrolases, oxidoreductases, lyases and isomerases. Specific microbial enzymes are discussed in detail, including amylases, proteases, pectinases, and glucose isomerase. The document outlines the industrial applications of these enzymes and describes the microbial production processes through fermentation. Key aspects like strain selection, nutrient media optimization, and downstream processing methods are summarized.
α -Amylase is an enzyme which has ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of internal α-1, 4-glycosidic linkages in starch to yield products like glucose and maltose.
Industrial enzymes in the synthesis of drugs/ intermediatesPHARMA IQ EDUCATION
Importance of the following enzymes for the synthesis of drugs
1. introduction
2. penicillin acylase
3. lipase
4. oxidoreductase
5. transaminase
6. protease
Conclusion
References
Thanks
Production and optimization of lipase from candida rugosa using groundnut oil...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Isolation, Optimization, Production and Purification of Alpha Amylase from ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the isolation, optimization, production, and purification of the enzyme alpha amylase from soil bacteria. Key points:
1) The bacteria Bacillus subtilis was isolated from soil samples and identified as an alpha amylase producer through starch hydrolysis screening and biochemical tests.
2) Fermentation conditions like pH and temperature were optimized for maximum enzyme production, with pH 7.0 and 37°C found to be optimal.
3) The enzyme was partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation and further purified via dialysis. SDS-PAGE was used to determine the molecular weight of the purified amylase.
This document discusses industrial enzymes and their production through microbial sources. It describes that enzymes can be produced from plants, animals, and microorganisms, but microbes are preferred for large-scale production due to their ability to be genetically manipulated and grown at low costs. The key steps in microbial production include identifying a suitable source microbe, inoculum preparation through screening and isolation, cultivation through solid-state or submerged fermentation, enzyme extraction from cells or culture, and purification using techniques like chromatography, electrophoresis, or adsorbent gels.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Lipase production and purification Likhith KLIKHITHK1
Lipase (tri acyl glycerol acyl hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the carboxyl ester bonds in tri acyl glycerols to produce di acyl glycerols, mono acyl glycerols, fatty acids and glycerol under aqueous conditions and the synthesis of esters in organic solvents.
Under the controlled conditions, lipases are able to catalyze a large number of reactions. Lipases of microbial origin are of considerable commercial importance, because of the high versatility and high stability, moreover, the advantage of being readily produced in high yields.
Many microbial lipases have been commercially available in free or immobilized form. Numerous species of bacteria (Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Burkholderia), yeasts (Candida rugosa, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Candida antarctica) and molds (Aspergillus, Trichoderma viride) produce lipases with different enzymological properties and specificities but microbes are known to be more potent lipase producer.
In the field of biotechnology there are many industrial applications that result in biotech products that we use everyday at home. Some of these are food science applications that utilize enzymes to produce or make improvements in the quality of different foods. In the dairy industry, some enzymes are required for the production of cheeses, yogurt and other dairy products, while others are used in a more specialized fashion to improve texture or flavour.
Isolation and Purification of Enzymes
Enzymes are unstable molecules with a definite physico chemical organization. Even a slight change in this organization reduces the activity of enzyme and sometimes the enzyme is totally inactivated.
Therefore, the enzymes have to be isolated under controlled conditions of pH, ionic strength and temperature. Since they are proteinaceous in nature, standard extraction and purification procedures for enzymes are the same as those used for proteins except that the activity of the enzyme is assayed at each of the following four steps of extraction and purification.
Purification of Enzymes - Enzyme purification involves three steps, electrophoresis. These three techniques described in the following text
1.Dialysis
2.Chromatography.
The document discusses enzymes and their industrial production. It notes that enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions. Common industrial enzymes include amylases, proteases, and pectinases which are produced using fungi like Aspergillus oryzae and bacteria like Bacillus species. Enzyme production involves submerged fermentation in bioreactors or semi-solid fermentation using agricultural waste. The enzymes find applications in industries like food, textiles and detergents.
This document discusses the production of lipases and cellulases. It describes that lipases are produced by microbes like bacteria, fungi and yeast through fermentation and are used in industries like food processing, detergents, and pharmaceuticals. Cellulases are enzymes that break down cellulose and are produced by fungi and bacteria through fermentation. They have applications in food, textile, pulp and paper industries. The document provides details on lipase-producing microorganisms, fermentation conditions, purification methods, and applications of both lipases and cellulases.
Dehalogenases, nitroreductases, and peroxidases are important enzyme families. Dehalogenases remove halogen atoms from substrates and are used in bioremediation. Nitroreductases reduce nitro groups on toxic compounds and are important for bioremediation and cancer treatment. Peroxidases catalyze redox reactions using peroxides and have roles in plant metabolism, immune response, and detoxification.
“Production and optimization of lipase from bacillus subtillis”Pooja Walke
Lipases (try acryl glycerol acylhydrolase ) are the enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis and the synthesis of ester formed from glycerol and long chain fatty acid.
This document provides an overview of enzyme production from various sources including animals, plants, and microbes. It discusses how enzymes can be extracted from tissues and fermentation processes. Key points include:
- Enzymes can be derived from animal organs, plant materials, or microbial fermentation. Microbes are now the dominant source due to lower costs and ability to genetically modify them.
- Upstream processing for microbial enzymes includes isolating microorganisms, developing strains, and formulating culture media. Downstream processing covers extraction, purification, and final processing steps.
- Extraction from tissues requires grinding or lysing cells followed by centrifugation, precipitation, and other purification methods. Fermentation allows easier downstream processing of extracellular
This document outlines amylases, which are enzymes that hydrolyze starch. It describes three main types of amylases - alpha, beta, and gamma amylase - and their differences in terms of what bonds they cleave in starch. It also discusses methods for producing amylases through microbial fermentation, determining enzyme activity, and purifying the enzymes. The key industrial applications of amylases are in the food, paper and textile industries.
This document outlines a study aimed at isolating and identifying soil bacteria capable of producing the enzyme alpha-amylase. Soil samples were collected from different environments and inoculated onto culture media. Colonies showing clear zones of starch hydrolysis were considered positive for alpha-amylase production. Phylogenetic analysis using 16s rRNA sequencing identified the positive bacteria as belonging to the genus Bacillus. The isolated bacteria were further characterized by examining the effects of pH and temperature on alpha-amylase activity.
Xylan-degrading enzymes can be used in a variety of industrial applications to break down plant biomass. They catalyze the hydrolysis of xylan, one of the most abundant renewable polysaccharides found in agricultural waste streams and residues. Potential applications of these enzymes include improving food processing in industries like cereal, juice, and baking; aiding biofuel production; and assisting pulp and paper processing by breaking down waste. Many agricultural byproducts like corn fiber, rice bran, and potato pulp contain xylan and could be broken down for higher value uses with xylan-degrading enzymes.
Heresy involves obstinately denying or doubting truths that must be believed with divine faith after baptism. Apostasy is the total denial of the Christian faith. Schism is refusing submission to the Pope or communion with members of the Church under his authority.
OneDrive es la nube de Microsoft que permite almacenar archivos en línea y acceder a ellos desde cualquier lugar con conexión a Internet. Ofrece nuevas aplicaciones móviles para iOS, Android y Windows, copia de seguridad automática de fotos, mejoras en la interfaz de usuario, soporte para archivos offline y una aplicación universal para Windows 10.
Screening and Production of Protease Enzyme from Marine Microorganism and Its...iosrjce
Marine sediment samples were collected from the Gulf of Mannar in India to screen for protease-producing microbes. Two isolates, Bacillus subtilis (strain P2) and Bacillus licheniformis (strain P5), showed the largest zones of proteolytic activity on skim milk agar plates. Both strains could tolerate up to 7% NaCl concentration. Strain P2 produced 21.2 mg/ml of total protein and had maximum protease activity at pH 7 and 40°C, while strain P5 produced 22.4 mg/ml of protein and worked best at pH 8 and 50°C. The crude enzymes from both strains were able to remove stains like blood, coffee, and ink, showing
Detection of Alpha-Amylase Activity from Soil Bacteriaiosrjce
Alpha-amylase is one of the industrial enzymes that hydrolyze starch molecules into polymers
composed of glucose units. The enzyme has potential application in a wide number of industrial processes such
as food, textile, paper, detergent, fermentation and pharmaceutical industries. Alpha-amylase can be produced
by microorganisms, plants or animals.
Aim: The aim of this study is to detect the activity of alpha-amylase from bacteria isolated from soil
environment.
Method: Soil samples were inoculated onto the media that are rich in nutrient that favour the growth of the
bacteria and incubated for 24 hours at 37oC after which the bacterial growth was detected in form of colonies.
In this study, bacterial species belonging to the genus Bacillus were identified through phylogenetic analysis
using 16s-ribosomal RNA sequencing for detection of the enzymatic activity. Effects of pH and temperature on
the enzymatic activity were observed using DNS activity assay method.
Results: Positive response to alpha-amylase activity by the soil bacteria was observed by the formation of clear
zone of inhibition shown by the colonies on the petri plates.
Conclusions: The optimal pH and temperature activities showed that the bacteria exhibit enzymatic activity at
mesophilic temperature and acidophilic or alkalophilic pH.
Production of secondary metabolites : enzymes which involves the upstream technological process
Introduction
History
Process involved
Contribution of different micro-organisms
Flowchart
Example: Methods Production of Amyalse in industrial view
This document discusses microbial enzymes and their applications. It describes the different types of enzymes produced by microbes, including hydrolases, oxidoreductases, lyases and isomerases. Specific microbial enzymes are discussed in detail, including amylases, proteases, pectinases, and glucose isomerase. The document outlines the industrial applications of these enzymes and describes the microbial production processes through fermentation. Key aspects like strain selection, nutrient media optimization, and downstream processing methods are summarized.
α -Amylase is an enzyme which has ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of internal α-1, 4-glycosidic linkages in starch to yield products like glucose and maltose.
Industrial enzymes in the synthesis of drugs/ intermediatesPHARMA IQ EDUCATION
Importance of the following enzymes for the synthesis of drugs
1. introduction
2. penicillin acylase
3. lipase
4. oxidoreductase
5. transaminase
6. protease
Conclusion
References
Thanks
Production and optimization of lipase from candida rugosa using groundnut oil...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Isolation, Optimization, Production and Purification of Alpha Amylase from ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the isolation, optimization, production, and purification of the enzyme alpha amylase from soil bacteria. Key points:
1) The bacteria Bacillus subtilis was isolated from soil samples and identified as an alpha amylase producer through starch hydrolysis screening and biochemical tests.
2) Fermentation conditions like pH and temperature were optimized for maximum enzyme production, with pH 7.0 and 37°C found to be optimal.
3) The enzyme was partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation and further purified via dialysis. SDS-PAGE was used to determine the molecular weight of the purified amylase.
This document discusses industrial enzymes and their production through microbial sources. It describes that enzymes can be produced from plants, animals, and microorganisms, but microbes are preferred for large-scale production due to their ability to be genetically manipulated and grown at low costs. The key steps in microbial production include identifying a suitable source microbe, inoculum preparation through screening and isolation, cultivation through solid-state or submerged fermentation, enzyme extraction from cells or culture, and purification using techniques like chromatography, electrophoresis, or adsorbent gels.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Lipase production and purification Likhith KLIKHITHK1
Lipase (tri acyl glycerol acyl hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the carboxyl ester bonds in tri acyl glycerols to produce di acyl glycerols, mono acyl glycerols, fatty acids and glycerol under aqueous conditions and the synthesis of esters in organic solvents.
Under the controlled conditions, lipases are able to catalyze a large number of reactions. Lipases of microbial origin are of considerable commercial importance, because of the high versatility and high stability, moreover, the advantage of being readily produced in high yields.
Many microbial lipases have been commercially available in free or immobilized form. Numerous species of bacteria (Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Burkholderia), yeasts (Candida rugosa, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Candida antarctica) and molds (Aspergillus, Trichoderma viride) produce lipases with different enzymological properties and specificities but microbes are known to be more potent lipase producer.
In the field of biotechnology there are many industrial applications that result in biotech products that we use everyday at home. Some of these are food science applications that utilize enzymes to produce or make improvements in the quality of different foods. In the dairy industry, some enzymes are required for the production of cheeses, yogurt and other dairy products, while others are used in a more specialized fashion to improve texture or flavour.
Isolation and Purification of Enzymes
Enzymes are unstable molecules with a definite physico chemical organization. Even a slight change in this organization reduces the activity of enzyme and sometimes the enzyme is totally inactivated.
Therefore, the enzymes have to be isolated under controlled conditions of pH, ionic strength and temperature. Since they are proteinaceous in nature, standard extraction and purification procedures for enzymes are the same as those used for proteins except that the activity of the enzyme is assayed at each of the following four steps of extraction and purification.
Purification of Enzymes - Enzyme purification involves three steps, electrophoresis. These three techniques described in the following text
1.Dialysis
2.Chromatography.
The document discusses enzymes and their industrial production. It notes that enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions. Common industrial enzymes include amylases, proteases, and pectinases which are produced using fungi like Aspergillus oryzae and bacteria like Bacillus species. Enzyme production involves submerged fermentation in bioreactors or semi-solid fermentation using agricultural waste. The enzymes find applications in industries like food, textiles and detergents.
This document discusses the production of lipases and cellulases. It describes that lipases are produced by microbes like bacteria, fungi and yeast through fermentation and are used in industries like food processing, detergents, and pharmaceuticals. Cellulases are enzymes that break down cellulose and are produced by fungi and bacteria through fermentation. They have applications in food, textile, pulp and paper industries. The document provides details on lipase-producing microorganisms, fermentation conditions, purification methods, and applications of both lipases and cellulases.
Dehalogenases, nitroreductases, and peroxidases are important enzyme families. Dehalogenases remove halogen atoms from substrates and are used in bioremediation. Nitroreductases reduce nitro groups on toxic compounds and are important for bioremediation and cancer treatment. Peroxidases catalyze redox reactions using peroxides and have roles in plant metabolism, immune response, and detoxification.
“Production and optimization of lipase from bacillus subtillis”Pooja Walke
Lipases (try acryl glycerol acylhydrolase ) are the enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis and the synthesis of ester formed from glycerol and long chain fatty acid.
This document provides an overview of enzyme production from various sources including animals, plants, and microbes. It discusses how enzymes can be extracted from tissues and fermentation processes. Key points include:
- Enzymes can be derived from animal organs, plant materials, or microbial fermentation. Microbes are now the dominant source due to lower costs and ability to genetically modify them.
- Upstream processing for microbial enzymes includes isolating microorganisms, developing strains, and formulating culture media. Downstream processing covers extraction, purification, and final processing steps.
- Extraction from tissues requires grinding or lysing cells followed by centrifugation, precipitation, and other purification methods. Fermentation allows easier downstream processing of extracellular
This document outlines amylases, which are enzymes that hydrolyze starch. It describes three main types of amylases - alpha, beta, and gamma amylase - and their differences in terms of what bonds they cleave in starch. It also discusses methods for producing amylases through microbial fermentation, determining enzyme activity, and purifying the enzymes. The key industrial applications of amylases are in the food, paper and textile industries.
This document outlines a study aimed at isolating and identifying soil bacteria capable of producing the enzyme alpha-amylase. Soil samples were collected from different environments and inoculated onto culture media. Colonies showing clear zones of starch hydrolysis were considered positive for alpha-amylase production. Phylogenetic analysis using 16s rRNA sequencing identified the positive bacteria as belonging to the genus Bacillus. The isolated bacteria were further characterized by examining the effects of pH and temperature on alpha-amylase activity.
Xylan-degrading enzymes can be used in a variety of industrial applications to break down plant biomass. They catalyze the hydrolysis of xylan, one of the most abundant renewable polysaccharides found in agricultural waste streams and residues. Potential applications of these enzymes include improving food processing in industries like cereal, juice, and baking; aiding biofuel production; and assisting pulp and paper processing by breaking down waste. Many agricultural byproducts like corn fiber, rice bran, and potato pulp contain xylan and could be broken down for higher value uses with xylan-degrading enzymes.
Heresy involves obstinately denying or doubting truths that must be believed with divine faith after baptism. Apostasy is the total denial of the Christian faith. Schism is refusing submission to the Pope or communion with members of the Church under his authority.
OneDrive es la nube de Microsoft que permite almacenar archivos en línea y acceder a ellos desde cualquier lugar con conexión a Internet. Ofrece nuevas aplicaciones móviles para iOS, Android y Windows, copia de seguridad automática de fotos, mejoras en la interfaz de usuario, soporte para archivos offline y una aplicación universal para Windows 10.
Andrew Wachtel's presentation on sealing aggregates and precoating November 201'Andrew Wachtel
Andrew shares a short 10 minutes audio and visual presentation on making sealing aggregates for spray seal roads and how pre coat is added to aggregates at a quarry.
on you tube there is video of this presentation
Este documento discute la asincronía miocárdica y su análisis mediante ecocardiografía. Explica los diferentes tipos de asincronía, incluyendo la asincronía aurículo-ventricular, interventricular e intraventricular. Describe cómo el análisis del strain longitudinal y radial puede identificar patrones de asincronía y predecir la respuesta a la terapia de resincronización cardíaca. Finalmente, introduce el índice de disincronía como una métrica cuantitativa para medir la gravedad de la asinc
Proyecto de extension pedagogogica para formato audiovisualJulia Elena Ponte
Este documento propone un proyecto de extensión pedagógica para la creación de formatos audiovisuales. El objetivo es construir modelos audiovisuales extraescolares donde los jóvenes puedan identificarse y construir nuevas formas de relación, reconociendo la diversidad. El proyecto promovería la inclusión, el género como construcción sociocultural, y conceptos como cultura e identidad nacional. Los formatos audiovisuales abordarían temas como adolescencia, sentimientos, anticoncepción y prevención de enfermedades
Este documento proporciona instrucciones para buscar y utilizar el Journal Citation Reports (JCR) para encontrar información sobre revistas científicas. Explica cómo acceder al JCR a través de BIB Salud e ISI Web of Knowledge y buscar revistas de ortopedia ordenadas por número de artículos. También describe cómo encontrar el factor de impacto, índice de inmediatez y cuartil de una revista seleccionada en la página de resultados.
This document discusses arithmetic sequences, which are sequences where the difference between successive terms is always the same number called the common difference. It provides examples of arithmetic sequences and formulas for finding individual terms and the sum of terms. Key formulas introduced are the term generating formula an = a + (n-1)d, where a is the first term and d is the common difference, and the formula for the sum of n terms S = (n/2)(a1 + aN), where a1 is the first term and aN is the last term.
Fiquei tanto tempo programando mas ninguém usa, e agora?Lu Terceiro
O documento apresenta a equipe de Concepção e Interface de Produtos da UOL, descrevendo seus membros e como eles trabalham para garantir uma boa Experiência do Usuário nos produtos e serviços da empresa. A equipe realiza pesquisas com usuários, cria wireframes e protótipos, e testa soluções ao longo do processo de desenvolvimento para garantir que as necessidades dos usuários sejam atendidas.
This document discusses techniques for detecting and identifying plant viruses in quarantine. It covers:
1. An overview of plant viruses, their characteristics and modes of transmission.
2. Various detection techniques including biological, physical, biochemical, serological and molecular methods. Serological techniques include ELISA and molecular methods include PCR, RT-PCR and real-time PCR.
3. Details on techniques like mechanical inoculation, electron microscopy, and nucleic acid-based methods.
4. The use of these techniques to detect and identify important quarantine viruses.
This document discusses various techniques for estimating proteins including immunohistochemistry, PCR, blotting techniques, SDS-PAGE, and spectroscopy. It provides details on each technique such as the principles, procedures, and applications. Immunohistochemistry uses antigen-antibody reactions to identify specific tissue components. PCR amplifies segments of DNA through repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension. Blotting techniques like Southern, Northern, and Western blotting are used to transfer and detect DNA, RNA, and proteins. SDS-PAGE separates proteins by size using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Spectroscopy techniques like MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry are used to analyze proteins and identify disease markers.
Building a haul road tor T282B Dump truck with GVM 600t same as A380 jumboAndrew Wachtel
1. The document discusses the engineering challenges of constructing haul roads that can support ultra-heavy 600-ton dump trucks at a mining site in Australia.
2. It involves upgrading existing haul roads made of unsuitable overburden and constructing 12km of new roads to accommodate 12 new 600-ton dump trucks and 800-ton excavators.
3. Extensive testing of on-site sandstone materials was conducted to identify suitable sources for road construction, as the sandstone showed variability in quality, and recommendations were provided to optimize road design and construction based on the suitable materials.
The document summarizes two studies that used ELISA techniques to evaluate immunity against viruses and detect parasites. The first study developed a competitive ELISA to evaluate immunity to the Varicella-Zoster virus by measuring neutralizing antibodies against viral proteins. The second study used a monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA and immunochromatographic assay to detect the cathepsin L1 protease antigen in detecting Fasciola gigantica infection. Both investigations validated ELISA as an accurate method to establish an individual's immune status and identify the presence of antigens.
Paradigm Shift in Scripture by Dr. Natividad Pagaduteccce821
This document discusses paradigms and the need for paradigm shifts in catechesis and teaching Scripture. It provides context on paradigms from Thomas Kuhn's work and explains that a paradigm is a set of implicit or explicit rules that shape one's perspectives. The document outlines that catechesis and religious education need paradigm shifts to move from an academic focus to a personal encounter with Jesus. It discusses various meanings of "Word of God" and how Scripture invites paradigm shifts. The role of women in relation to the word of God is highlighted from Verbum Domini. Overall the document examines shifting perspectives and approaches in teaching and learning Scripture and faith.
The document discusses the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique, which is a biochemical assay used in immunology to detect substances like peptides, proteins, antibodies, and hormones. ELISA uses antibodies and color changing enzymes to identify these molecules in a sample. There are different variations of ELISA including direct, indirect, and double antibody sandwich ELISA. ELISA is a sensitive, cost-effective technique that can test large numbers of samples for antigens or antibodies.
A path breaking technology which has made it possible for us to detect HIV. ELISA is an immunological assay nowadays even used to detect food proteins & is the science behind pregnancy color test. This presentation unlocks the working of this assay.
This document provides an introduction and history of plant tissue culture. It discusses various types of plant tissue cultures including callus culture, cell suspension culture, protoplast culture, meristem culture, anther culture, somatic embryogenesis, and ovary/ovule culture. The key applications of these culture techniques are the production of virus-free plants, mass production of desirable genotypes, production of haploid plants, and genetic transformation.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay
Impact of anthelmintic efficacy of Calotropis procera on tegumental enzymes o...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
The document analyzes the carbohydrate and redox metabolism of the thermophilic anaerobe Caldicellulosiruptor bescii. It finds that C. bescii utilizes the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway but lacks key enzymes for the oxidative branch. Enzyme activity assays showed low or no activity for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, supporting that C. bescii does not use the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway to regenerate NADPH. A better understanding of C. bescii metabolism is needed to engineer it for biofuel production.
Research articles enzyme optimization studies.Salman Khan
The document summarizes research on optimizing the production of various enzymes through manipulation of culture and fermentation conditions. Key points discussed include:
1. Bacillus sp. was used to produce the enzyme pectinase, and production was optimized by varying incubation time, temperature, pH, carbon sources, and nitrogen sources. Highest production occurred at 96 hours, 35°C, pH 6 using glucose as the carbon source and yeast extract as the nitrogen source.
2. Lipase production by Staphylococcus sp. was optimized by varying oils, nitrogen sources, temperature, pH, incubation period, and agitation speed. Olive oil was used as the substrate.
3. Alkaline protease
Anti oxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory ethyl acetate extract of cynodon da...srirampharma
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities of isolated compounds from Cynodon dactylon and Piper betle extracts. Extracts were prepared from these plants using successive solvent extractions. Isolated fractions from the ethyl acetate extracts were obtained via column chromatography. These isolates were then evaluated for their antioxidant effects using various in vitro assays like DPPH radical scavenging and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Their ability to inhibit the enzyme alpha-amylase was also tested. The results showed that the isolated compounds possessed antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities, with combined forms showing better effects than individual forms.
Anti oxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory ethyl acetate extract of cynodon da...srirampharma
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities of isolated compounds from Cynodon dactylon and Piper betle extracts. Extracts were prepared from these plants using successive solvent extractions. Isolated fractions from the ethyl acetate extracts were obtained via column chromatography. These isolates were then evaluated for their antioxidant effects using various in vitro assays like DPPH radical scavenging and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Their ability to inhibit the enzyme alpha-amylase was also tested. The results showed that the isolated compounds demonstrated antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities, with combined isolates showing better effects than individual isolates.
This document summarizes research on the isolation, purification, characterization, and kinetic properties of acid phosphatase from mungbean (Vigna radiata) leaves. Key findings:
1. Acid phosphatase was purified 222-fold from mungbean leaf extracts using ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography, achieving a specific activity of 1291 nkat/mg protein.
2. SDS-PAGE and gel filtration chromatography revealed the purified enzyme consisted of two isoforms with molecular weights of 29 kDa and 18 kDa.
3. Kinetic analysis found the 29 kDa isoform had a Km of 0
1) Phenolic disinfectants like phenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and p-tert-amylphenol bound to Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells, with higher percentages binding to cells for more potent disinfectants.
2) Protoplasts bound slightly less (around 20%) of the phenolic disinfectants compared to whole cells, suggesting cell walls contribute to binding.
3) Binding of 2,4-dichlorophenol decreased with increasing pH, while binding of phenol and p-tert-amylphenol was constant over the pH range tested, relating to differences in ionization properties.
Bayer et al. - 2012 - Purification and characterization of riproximin frCristina Voss
This document describes the purification and characterization of riproximin, a type II ribosome inactivating protein, from the fruit kernels of Ximenia americana. The researchers established a purification procedure involving aqueous extraction of the kernels, removal of lipids using chloroform, and chromatographic purification steps on an anion exchange resin and lactosyl-Sepharose. The purified riproximin from fruit kernels was biochemically and biologically similar to riproximin from the original African plant material, but differences were found in electrophoresis patterns and mass spectrometry profiles, suggesting the purified version contains closely related isoforms. The reliable purification process provides a basis for further research on this potential anticancer drug candidate.
Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation of Cassia tora, L. Seedsiosrjce
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the hepatoprotective activity and fatty acid composition of Cassia tora L. seeds. Researchers extracted the seeds with hexane, ethanol, and a combination to obtain total, defatted, and lipid extracts. GC-MS analysis of the lipid extract identified 27 fatty acids. Rats were treated with extracts or Silymarin after carbon tetrachloride induction of hepatic injury. Biomarkers and histology showed the extracts comparable to Silymarin in protecting liver function, with the total extract more effective. The study demonstrated hepatoprotective effects of C. tora seed extracts.
The researchers aimed to purify cellular retinol binding protein (CRBP) from bovine liver. Through a process involving homogenization, centrifugation, cation exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and concentration, they obtained a final product. However, characterization through SDS-PAGE and absorption spectroscopy identified the protein as catalase rather than CRBP. Despite initial absorption at 350nm for CRBP, the maximal absorption and thermal/pH profiles matched those of catalase. The purification resulted in the isolation of catalase rather than the intended CRBP.
This study evaluated the antioxidant activity and phenolic content of red propolis samples from the state of Sergipe, Brazil. All propolis samples showed antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging tests, which was confirmed by more sensitive lipid peroxidation and chemiluminescence assays. Lipid peroxidation inhibition ranged from 48.08% to 93.37%, higher than previous studies. Extracts with the highest antioxidant activity also had the highest total phenolic content, though not the highest flavonoid levels. The presence of flavonoids catechin, epicatechin and formononetin was confirmed in all samples by UFLC.
PRODUCTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF CHOLESTEROL OXIDASE FROM RHODOCOCCUS SPECIESSUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Optimization of conditions for cholesterol oxidase production by the microorganism isolated from urban compost and dairy soil samples.Isolates were obtained on the basis of their capability of growing on isolation medium A and B and their cholesterol oxidase (CHO) production was estimated. CHO production was optimized by the optimization of temperature, pH, carbon sources, and organic and inorganic nitrogen sources.isolates out of 22 were found to secrete extracellular CHO as detected by cholesterol oxidase indicator plate A and were designated as cholesterol oxidase producing isolate 1, 2 and 3 (COP 1, COP 2 and COP 3). Results showed that the strain COP 2 belonging to the genus Rhodococcus sp. based on morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics recorded highest cholesterol oxidase activity. Optimum temperature and pH for CHO activity were found to be 35 °C and 7.5 respectively. Steroidal substrate cholesterol produced a significant increase in CHO level (0.502 IU/ml). Organic and inorganic nitrogen sources were supplemented in combinations leads to increase in CHO production as compared to individual components.
The document discusses the extraction and characterization of xylo-oligosaccharides from finger millet bran. Bran was separated from endosperm and destarched using amylase enzymes. Xylanase treatment of destarched bran yielded xylo-oligosaccharides. Composition analysis found xylose and arabinose in a ratio of 1:2.7. Xylo-oligosaccharides were separated on Amberlite XAD-2 into neutral and acidic fractions. Neutral fraction contained xylose and xylotriose. Acidic fraction contained feruloylated oligosaccharides. Xylo-oligosaccharides and components promoted growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in vitro and produced short
Effect of estradiol -17 β on arachidonic acid metabolism in sheep uterus: in ...iosrjce
The effect of estradiol-17 β on Arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in non-pregnant sheep uterus was
studied under in vitro conditions. On incubation of uterine slices with estradiol-17β, the levels of prostaglandins
were altered but not Lipoxygenase (LOX) products. Based on their analysis on conventional TLC technique, the
Cyclooxygenase (COX) products PGF2α, 6-keto PGF1α and PGE2 were shown to be altered over an incubation
period of 0 to 120 minutes. The LOX products, HPETEs and HETEs did not show any change upon incubation
with estradiol-17β. This study gives a preliminary understanding of role of estradiol on AA metabolism.
Evaluation of LdhIsozymes Following the Treatment of Methyl Parathion in the ...inventionjournals
Lactate dehydrogenase converts lactate into pyruvate and has a very important role in carbohydrate metabolism. LDH activity depends on its isozymes and their activities change under pathological conditions. The increase in LDH activity suggests the increased anaerobic conditionsunder the influence of methylparathion to meet the energy demand when the aerobic oxidation is lowered. Following the treatment of methyl parathion there was a differential percentage in increase or decrease of different isozymes in the fish Labeo rohita. There were three distinct bands during the 96h of treatment almost parallel to LDH5 band of human serum suggesting liver damage. This was also confirmed by histopathological studies.
Evaluation of LdhIsozymes Following the Treatment of Methyl Parathion in the ...inventionjournals
The document evaluates changes in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozyme levels in the fish Labeo rohita following exposure to the organophosphate pesticide methyl parathion. LDH isozymes were separated and quantified using electrophoresis. Exposure resulted in changes to the percentages of different LDH isozymes over time. Three distinct bands appeared after 96 hours of exposure, similar to a human LDH isozyme indicative of liver damage. Histological examination of liver tissue showed damage including disorganized hepatic cords and central veins, ruptured blood vessels, and necrotic changes over time with exposure. The study demonstrates methyl parathion exposure can alter LDH isozyme levels and cause liver damage in L. ro
Evaluation of LdhIsozymes Following the Treatment of Methyl Parathion in the ...inventionjournals
Lactate dehydrogenase converts lactate into pyruvate and has a very important role in carbohydrate metabolism. LDH activity depends on its isozymes and their activities change under pathological conditions. The increase in LDH activity suggests the increased anaerobic conditionsunder the influence of methylparathion to meet the energy demand when the aerobic oxidation is lowered. Following the treatment of methyl parathion there was a differential percentage in increase or decrease of different isozymes in the fish Labeo rohita. There were three distinct bands during the 96h of treatment almost parallel to LDH5 band of human serum suggesting liver damage. This was also confirmed by histopathological studies.
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extractsinventionjournals
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
Similar to Isolation and purification of peroxidase from shoots of tomato (20)
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Isolation and purification of peroxidase from shoots of tomato
1. - P O O J A W A L K E
ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION
OF PEROXIDASE FROM SHOOTS
OF TOMATO
2. Abstract
Utilizing starch-gel electrophoresis, peroxidases were identified in purified extracts of
the dwarf tomato shoot (Lycopersicon esculentum). A major peroxidase has been found
in the tomato pericarp (Lycopersicon esculentum var. Tropic) of the ripe and green
fruit. A purification scheme yielding this enzyme approximately 85% pure has been
developed.
The tomato enzyme resembles horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in a standard peroxidase
assay and in its ability to be reduced to ferroperoxidase, to be converted to
oxyferroperoxidase (compound III), and to form peroxidase complexes with hydrogen
peroxide (compounds I and II).
In contrast to the HRP, the tomato peroxidase fails to catalyze the aerobic oxidation of
indole-3-acetic acid in the presence of 2,4-dichlorophenol and manganese. The tomato
peroxidase can be resolved into two nonidentical subunits in the presence of
dithiothreitol while HRP remains as a single polypeptide chain after such treatment.
Dithiothreitol is oxidized in the presence of tomato or horseradish peroxidase with the
enzymes accumulating in their oxyferroperoxidase forms during the oxidation reaction.
Whereas HRP returns to its free ferric form at the end of the reaction, the tomato
enzyme is converted into a form that absorbs at 470 nanometers. Molecular weight of
peroxidase was measured 46kg/dalton and the protein was estimated 1.813 by the biuret
test.
3. Introduction
A single peroxidase which has been shown to exist in tomato fruit extracts and to exhibit
some IAA oxidase activity (5, 8) has been implicated both in the production of ethylene (12,
17, 18) and in the destruction of the plant growth hormone IAA (8).
Although it is not unusual to relate the action of the enzyme peroxidase with the control of
the above hormones, in the case of tomato fruit it is premature to assume such a relationship
because of insufficient information about the physical and catalytic properties of this
peroxidase and the lack of a purification method which would allow a quantitative
estimation and a complete isozyme composition of the noncovalently bound peroxidases of
the fruit (22, 23).
Spectral properties and pH optima of the tomato fruit peroxidase in catalyzing the oxidation
of redogenic substrates in the presence of H202 have been previously reported by Evans (6).
The present report deals with additional properties of the purified enzyme including its
capability to be converted to complexes of higher oxidation states (compounds I, II, III)
which are thought to be important for the IAA oxidase activity of peroxidases (13, 26). The
enzyme HRP,3 a well studied peroxidase, was employed in order to compare some of its
properties with similar propertiesof the tomato enzyme.
This paper describes the isolation and partial purification of the major peroxidases from the
extreme dwarf tomato shoot.
4. Materials and Methods
Plant Material:
The extreme dwarf (dx/d1) tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum) was originally described
by Rick and Butler ( 10) and descendents of Rick's stock were used in thes studies. There are
no qualitative differences between dwarf and normal tomato peroxidases, but peroxidase
activity is greater in the dwarf tomato plant (2).
Isolation of Crude Peroxidases:
Tomato shoot was homogenized in the presence of I liter of0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.5)
supplemented with 20 g of insoluble PVP from Calbiochem and 10 g of sodium ascorbate.
The homogenate was filtered through a triple layer of cheesecloth, and the residue was
washed twice with 100 ml of 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.5). The filtrates were combined
and centrifuged at 2,000 g for 10 min. The supernatant, to be referred to as crude soluble
peroxidase fraction, was stored at 0 C for further use. The pellet and the solid material on the
cheesecloth were suspended in 200 ml of 0.2 M sodium maleate-0.2 M calcium chloride
adjusted to pH 6.5. The suspension was then sonicated for 5 min and centrifuged at 2,000g
for 10 min. Under this treatment peroxidases that were ionically bound to the tomato pulp
were solubilized (17). These peroxidases remained in solution after,the supernatant was
dialyzed twice against 4 liters of 5 mm phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) for 20 hr and will be
referred to as crude ionically bound peroxidases. All steps of the above procedure took place
at 4 C.
5. Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation:
Ammonium sulfate precipitation was used as a purification step for the crude soluble peroxidase fraction but
not for the crude ionically bound peroxidases. In the former case, solid ammonium sulfate was added slowly
with stirring to the crude soluble peroxidase fraction to 40%o saturation, and the resulting precipitate was
removed by centrifugation. The supernatant carrying most of the peroxidase activity was then brought to
85% saturation. The precipitate collected by centrifugation, was dissolved in 50 ml of distilled H20 and
dialyzed twice against 4 liters of 5 mm phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) for 20 hr. Inactive precipitate was removed
by centrifugation. All steps of the above procedure were carried out at 4 C. The presence of inhibitors in the
crude extract had been removed by the precipitation followed by dialysis.
Dialysis
Dialysis is a very small technique used extensively to separate macromolecules from smaller molecules.
Here the solution containing sample and phosphate buffer was taken in a dialysis bag which allows only
small molecules and ions to pass through but larger molecules like proteins are held back. The method was
commonly used for removing salts from proteins. The dialysis bag was boiled for 10 minutes in a beaker of
water containing sodium sulphate (2%) and EDTA (1M). Then the bag was taken out and rinsed in distilled
water. The bag was boiled in a beaker of water containing 1mM EDTA. The bag was cooled. One end of the
bag was tied and checked for leakage. The dialysis bag was diluted with sample and then tied at other end.
The bag was then suspended in a beaker with 500 ml distilled water and kept overnight at 4ºC. The water
was changed the next day and bag was suspended for 3 more hours later the bag was removed and the
sample was transferred to lyophilization flask.
6. SDS Page:
Standard proteins and purified enzymes were incubated in 1 % SDS and 0·1 % β-
mercaptoethanol in sample buffer for 2 h at 37°C. Staining was performed with 1 % amido
black in 7% acetic acid. Excess stain was removed and replaced by by 7% acetic acid with
frequent changes. After destaining, gels were stored in 2 % acetic acid.
1] 1x SDS gel loading buffer:
2] 1x Triss glycine electrophoresis buffer:
Stacking gel: (5%)
Resolving Gel: (10%)
Staining solution:
Destaining solution:
7. Peroxidase Assay:
Peroxidase assay was carried out in a reaction mixturecontaining 46 mL phosphate buffer of
pH 6, 0.320 mL of H202 (Substrate) and 0.850 mL guaiacol (chromogen). The absorbance of
the coloured complex was read on spectrophotometer at 470 nm wavelength after 3 min. of
reaction interval (Ambreen et al., 2000). Protein contents of the enzyme extract at all steps
were measured by biuret method (Gornall et aI., 1949).
9. References
CHANCE, B. AND A. C. MAEHLY. 1955. Assay of catalases and peroxidases. 11. In: Methods in
Enzymology. Vol. II. S. Colowick and N. Kaplan, eds. Academic Press, New York. p 764-75.
EVANS, J. J. AND N. A. ALLDRIDGE. 1965. The distribution of peroxidases in extreme dwarf
and normnal tomato. Phytochemistry 4: 449-503.
HOSOYA, T. 1960. Turnip peroxidase. I. Purification and physicochemical properties of
multiple components in turnip peroxidase. J. Biochem. 47: 369-81.
KAWASHIMA, N. AND I. URITANI. 1965. Some nproperties of peroxidase produced in sweet
potato infected by the black rot fungus. Plant Cell Physiol. 6: 247-65.
KON, S. AND J. R. WHITAKER. 1965. Separation and partial characterization of the
peroxidases of nFicus glabrata latex. J. Food Sci. 30: 977-85.
KONDO, K. AND Y. MORITA. 1952. Studies on phytoperoxidase (2). Isolation and purification
of nsweet potato peroxidases and their n absorption nspectra. Bull. Res. Inst. Food Sci., Kyoto
Univ. n10: 33-45.
LOWRY, 0. H., N. J. ROSEBROUGH, A. L. FARR, AND R. J. RANDALL. 1951. Protein
measurement with the Folin phenol reagent.n J. Biol. Chem. 193:n 265-75.
MACNICOL, P. K. 1966. Peroxidases of the Alaska pea (Pisum sativum L.). Arch. Biochem.
Biophys. n117: 347-56.
RACUSEN, D. AND M. FOOTE. 1966. Peroxidase isozymes in bean leaves by preparative disc
electroplhoresis. Can. J. Botany 44: 1633-38.
RICK, C. M. AND L. BUTLER. 1956. Cytogenetics nof the tomato. Advan. Genet. 8: 267-382.