E003B resistors
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Resistors oppose current flow, causing a voltage drop and generating heat through resistance. There are different types of resistors that must dissipate heat without exceeding their power rating to avoid damage. Commercial resistors have preferred resistance values with tolerances indicated through standardized color codes.
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This document provides a diagram and explanation of a three wire start/stop control circuit. When the start button is pressed, current flows through the normally closed stop button and energizes relay coil K1. When coil K1 energizes, it closes contacts K1.1 and K1.2, allowing current to continue flowing through K1.1 to maintain the circuit even after releasing the start button. Current also flows through K1.2 to turn on an indicator lamp. Pressing the stop button opens its normally closed contact, breaking the current to the relay coil and de-energizing the circuit.
3 phase motors 1
The document discusses 3-phase motors and how they produce a rotating magnetic field using 3 stator windings that are 120 degrees apart, powered by a 3-phase supply with voltages that are also 120 degrees apart. This rotating magnetic field is produced as the magnetic flux from each winding rotates continuously, causing the field to move around the stator. The speed of this rotating field is determined by the supply frequency and number of poles in the stator windings. As the rotor lags behind this rotating field, it produces torque.
Max demand
To calculate the current rating of an RCD for a portion of an electrical installation:
1. Calculate the maximum demand for the lighting and socket outlets in the portion using Load Group A and B in Table C1.
2. The maximum demand for the portion was calculated to be 18A based on the socket outlets having a maximum demand of 15A and lighting having 3A.
3. The RCD rating must be at least the greater of the maximum demand or highest circuit breaker rating. In this case, the highest breaker is 20A, so the minimum RCD rating is 20A.
E104 B Topic 1
This document discusses electrical fundamentals and units of measurement. It introduces the basic and derived SI units used to measure electrical quantities like voltage, current, resistance, power, and more. It explains how to convert between units, use transposition to solve for different variables in equations, and expresses values using scientific notation. Standard abbreviations and conventions for writing electrical units are also covered.
E104 B Topic 1
This document discusses electrical fundamentals and units of measurement. It covers:
1) The seven base SI units including the meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela.
2) Derived units that are calculated from the base units, such as velocity, acceleration, force, torque, pressure, electrical charge, voltage, resistance, energy, work, and power.
3) Conventions for writing units, such as using a space between numbers and units, clustering numbers over 999 into groups of three, and including leading zeros for decimal values.
Transducers
Transducers convert one form of energy to another. They are defined as devices that convert an input signal of one form to an output signal of another form. Transducers can measure many quantities including energy, pressure, temperature, position, and more. Common transducers include thermocouples, thermistors, strain gauges, and magnetic pickups. Transducer parameters that are important to consider include sensitivity, range, span, linearity, hysteresis, accuracy, and precision.
Inverters
Inverters take direct current (DC) from a battery and convert it to alternating current (AC) power electronically. They use switches to rapidly open and close, generating a square wave that is fed into a transformer to produce AC. Inverters can produce different waveforms like square, modified sine, or true sine. Smaller inverters are typically square wave or modified sine wave, while larger inverters produce true sine waves.
Power control devices
The document discusses various power control devices including silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs), triacs, diacs, gate turn-off thyristors (GTOs), bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), and metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). SCRs, triacs, and diacs can only be turned off by reducing the anode current below a threshold, while GTOs can be turned off by a negative gate signal. BJTs and MOSFETs can be used as electronic switches by controlling the base/gate current to turn the device on or off.
Voltage regulation
Voltage regulation circuits like the zener diode and three-terminal regulators can maintain a constant output voltage despite fluctuations in load conditions or input voltage. A zener diode operates in reverse bias to regulate voltage at a specific breakdown voltage. A three-terminal voltage regulator integrated circuit provides precise voltage control with only a few external components and has built-in protections like overcurrent prevention. The adjustable three-terminal regulator uses a resistor network and reference voltage to set the output voltage.
Filter circuits
This document discusses different types of filter circuits used to reduce ripple voltage and increase average DC voltage output. It describes L-section filters which use an inductor to provide constant current to the load and reduce ripple voltage which is then filtered by a capacitor. Pi filters are also described where the capacitors provide a short circuit for AC and an open circuit for DC, while the inductor blocks AC and provides a short circuit for DC. The document also mentions using a bleed resistor to safely discharge capacitor charge over time when the load is removed.
Session 2 & 3 rectifiers
DC power supplies work by taking an AC voltage from a transformer, rectifying it using diodes to convert it to DC, filtering it using capacitors to smooth the output, and regulating it using integrated circuits to maintain a steady voltage level. Common rectification methods include half-wave and full-wave rectification using either single-phase or three-phase inputs. The rectification process converts the AC voltage to a pulsing DC voltage that is then filtered and regulated.
Session1semiconductors
This document provides an introduction to electronic power and control systems. It discusses semiconductor devices like diodes and transistors. It covers rectifiers, filters, voltage regulators, inverters, and transducers. The document explains the principles of p-n junctions and how diodes allow current to flow in only one direction. It defines diode specifications and characteristics. Diode testing using an analog multimeter is also covered.
Electrical Heating
The document discusses various methods of electrical heating, including different types of water heaters, heat control methods like thermostats, and potential faults in electric heating equipment. It provides information on topics like heat transfer methods, temperature scales, specific heat capacity, and requirements for installing water heaters. Diagrams are included to illustrate components like thermostats and water heating systems.
E003B multiples & si units
This document discusses the International System of Units (SI) and its use of base units, derived units, multiples, and submultiples to describe electrical measurements. It explains that the six base SI units are the units of length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, and luminous intensity. Derived units are formed by combining the base units and include units like voltage, resistance, and capacitance. The document also covers converting between standard and scientific notation to represent numbers in a more convenient form.
E003B sources
This document discusses different sources of electrical energy including electromagnetic induction, batteries, thermocouples, solar, quartz crystals, and piezo sources. Electromagnetic induction produces an EMF by cutting a conductor through a magnetic field, as in generators and alternators. Batteries use two electrodes in an electrolyte to produce energy chemically as either primary or secondary cells. Thermocouples generate an EMF from the temperature difference between two ends of different conductor materials. Solar converts sunlight directly into electricity while quartz crystals produce an EMF when force is applied.
E003B power
This document discusses power in single path DC circuits. It defines power as the rate at which energy is converted, measured in watts. It explains that power ratings indicate how quickly a device converts energy. Formulas show that power is equal to voltage times current or current squared times resistance. Heat produced during energy conversion can cause problems for some devices like motors and transformers but not others like lamps. Examples are provided for calculating current drawn with different voltages and resistances.
E003 b ohms law
The document discusses Ohm's law, which establishes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in electrical circuits. It explains that voltage and current are directly proportional, while current and resistance are inversely proportional. Several examples are provided to demonstrate calculating voltage, current, and resistance using the Ohm's law formula V=IR.
E003B electrical concepts
The document discusses the basic concepts of electricity including voltage, current, resistance, and atoms. It explains that voltage is electrical pressure, current is the flow of electrons, and resistance opposes current flow. Atoms are made up of electrons, protons and neutrons. An atom can gain or lose electrons to become positively or negatively charged ions. Current is defined as the conventional flow of electrons from the negative terminal to the positive terminal of a battery when a conducting path is provided.
E003B energy & torque
This document discusses key concepts related to energy, work, torque, and power in electrical circuits. It defines work as force applied over a distance, power as the rate of doing work, and energy as the potential to do work. Torque is described as the turning effort of a motor. The document also covers efficiency of machines, calculating output power using speed and rotational force, and how losses indicate efficiency. Power input and output are related to voltage, current, and efficiency calculations.
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E003B resistors
- 1. UEENEEE003B Solve Problems in Single Path DC Circuits Resistors
- 2. In general terms, resistors oppose current flow and as such we have a drop in voltage across the resistor. Resistors get warm due to the opposition to current flow. This can be likened to friction. Revision02 2 Types of resistors
- 3. It is important to remember that resistors must be able to dissipate the heat which is caused. Heat is a loss which is an inefficiency. All resistors have a set POWER rating so we know how hot they can get before they are damaged. Some large industrial resistors need a fan to aid in cooling. Revision02 3 Resistors cont.
- 4. Commercial resistors are given a value of resistance which is known as a preferred value. These values have a value and a tolerance. Revision02 4 Resistor colour code.
- 5. Revision02 5 Resistor colour code