This document discusses the Dutch elm disease, caused by ascomycete fungi in the genus Ophiostoma. It spreads through elm bark beetles and root grafts. Two pandemics have occurred, first caused by O. ulmi, then by the more aggressive O. novo-ulmi. O. novo-ulmi likely originated in Asia and outcompeted O. ulmi. It produces the toxin cerato-ulmin and can hybridize with and acquire genes from O. ulmi, increasing its pathogenicity. Management focuses on sanitation to control beetle vectors and development of resistant elm hybrids.
SURVIVAL AND DISPERSAL OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA.pdfOm Prakash
SURVIVAL OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Phytopathogenic bacteria have the ability to survive both for longer & shorter periods including soil, seed, diseased crop debris, weed host, and insect vectors.
DISPERSAL OF PLANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
To make a healthy plant diseased, the first requirement of a pathogen is to spread its inoculum (primary as well as secondary) from the source of survival to the susceptible parts of a healthy plant. The spread of a plant pathogen within the general area in which it is already established is called “dispersal” or “dissemination”.
Moving the inoculum only a few inches and transporting it for hundreds of miles both constitute its dispersal or dissemination. However, pathogen dispersal is not necessary only for the spread of diseases but also for the continuity of the life-cycle and evolution of the pathogen. Detailed knowledge of pathogen-dispersal is essential to find out effective control measures for diseases because the possibilities of preventing dispersal and thereby breaking the infection chain always exist.
Describe about different agents in causing the plant diseases with simple example so that it will be easy to understand for under graduate students especially
Definition, Characteristics, Nutrition, Special Structures, Reproduction, Nam...Dr. Rajbir Singh
This Lecture Include the Definition, Main Characteristics, Nutrition, Special Structures, Reproduction (Asexual and Sexual), Naming and Classification (Old and New)of Fungi.
SURVIVAL AND DISPERSAL OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA.pdfOm Prakash
SURVIVAL OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Phytopathogenic bacteria have the ability to survive both for longer & shorter periods including soil, seed, diseased crop debris, weed host, and insect vectors.
DISPERSAL OF PLANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
To make a healthy plant diseased, the first requirement of a pathogen is to spread its inoculum (primary as well as secondary) from the source of survival to the susceptible parts of a healthy plant. The spread of a plant pathogen within the general area in which it is already established is called “dispersal” or “dissemination”.
Moving the inoculum only a few inches and transporting it for hundreds of miles both constitute its dispersal or dissemination. However, pathogen dispersal is not necessary only for the spread of diseases but also for the continuity of the life-cycle and evolution of the pathogen. Detailed knowledge of pathogen-dispersal is essential to find out effective control measures for diseases because the possibilities of preventing dispersal and thereby breaking the infection chain always exist.
Describe about different agents in causing the plant diseases with simple example so that it will be easy to understand for under graduate students especially
Definition, Characteristics, Nutrition, Special Structures, Reproduction, Nam...Dr. Rajbir Singh
This Lecture Include the Definition, Main Characteristics, Nutrition, Special Structures, Reproduction (Asexual and Sexual), Naming and Classification (Old and New)of Fungi.
Introduction to the science of plant pathology, its objectives, scope and historical background. Classification of plant diseases, symptoms, signs, and related terminology. Parasitic causes of plant diseases (fungi, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasma, protozoa, algae and flowering parasitic plants), their characteristics and classification. Non-parasitic causes of plant diseases. Infection process. Survival and dispersal of plant pathogens. Plant disease epidemiology, forecasting and disease assessment. Principles and methods of plant disease management. Integrated plant disease management.
Content:
Introduction
Importance of Host Plant Resistance
Historical perspectives
Advantages and Disadvantages of HPR
Mechanisms of Resistance
Adaptation of Resistance in Plant to Insect
Morphological
Anatomical
Biochemical
Assembly of plant species - Gene Pool
Behavior in Relation to Host Plant Factor
Introduction to the science of plant pathology, its objectives, scope and historical background. Classification of plant diseases, symptoms, signs, and related terminology. Parasitic causes of plant diseases (fungi, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasma, protozoa, algae and flowering parasitic plants), their characteristics and classification. Non-parasitic causes of plant diseases. Infection process. Survival and dispersal of plant pathogens. Plant disease epidemiology, forecasting and disease assessment. Principles and methods of plant disease management. Integrated plant disease management.
Content:
Introduction
Importance of Host Plant Resistance
Historical perspectives
Advantages and Disadvantages of HPR
Mechanisms of Resistance
Adaptation of Resistance in Plant to Insect
Morphological
Anatomical
Biochemical
Assembly of plant species - Gene Pool
Behavior in Relation to Host Plant Factor
Click on each mosquito picture to discover factsheets on main mosquito vector...ahmedounimaster
Aedes japonicus has become the third invasive mosquito species to
be reported in Europe after Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti. Its
geographical expansion has been facilitated by human activities, such
as the international trade in used tyres and a high overwintering survival
(diapause). Its distribution in central Europe is also expanding.
Ae. japonicus colonises urbanised environments and females are active
during the day, increasing the potential contact this species could have
with humans. This species has shown vector competence for dengue
and chikungunya viruses, both of which have been recently reported in
Europe.
This presentation was my Senior Biology Major Capstone and was given along with a written paper. The presentation discusses three scientific papers following the ebola virus from fruit bats to carriers such as gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans.
PowerPoint presentation Theory of evolution through mutation of Hugo de Vries from the website http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/mutation/mutation-theory-mutation-theory-of-evolution-by-hugo-de-vries/12255/
I hope that this PowerPoint will help you in understanding Hugo de Vries' theory.
Historical Background on Genesis of Epidemics, Plant Quarantine & Phytosani...Mir G.
With the increasing international travel and trade globalization, the persistence of trans-boundary plant/animal/human diseases in the world poses a serious risk to world humans/animal/ agriculture/food security and jeopardizes international trade. See the timeline of pandemics/epidemics that, in ravaging human populations and changed history. Many destructive plant pathogens have emerged via human-assisted global migration movement from their native geographic range to a new environment. Examples of dangerous pathogens/diseases disseminated during the transboundary movement of seeds and other planting materials in international trade and exchange caused havoc and leading to profound political, economic, and social consequences. In this context, the awareness of quarantine & certification measures are compulsory in the present scenario.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
2. The Elms (genus Ulmus)
- >30 species in genus
- Europe has 5;
N. America 8;
Asia has 23 or more.
- 2 ssp live in tropics
- 6 spps native to the
northeastern U.S.,
including Ulmus
americana, the
American elm.
Many cultivars too.
- New species are still
being found in China,
3. The perfect shade tree
• Street liners: fast-growing,
easily transported, tolerant
of soil compaction and
different soil types. Dense
canopy borne high above
ground, few low branches.
• Shade, shelter: When
planted in rows, they
overhang the street
forming a Gothic-style arch. Good for windbreaks.
• #1 urban tree in U.S east of the Rockies, and in large parts
of Europe and Asia (Heybroek, 1993)
4. Elms in urban/rural settings
• In coastal western Europe,
as windbreaks
• In dry continental places, the
Siberian elm is important.
Planted as “shelterbelts” to
prevent erosion during the
Dustbowl in the 30’s. The
most important shelterbelt
tree species in the U.S.
5. In Nature
• In general, a riparian, river bottom
species (goes through periods of anoxia,
explaining it’s tolerance to over-
watering and soil compaction).
• Long lived (up to 300 years).
• Largest trees seem to be most
susceptible.
• Moller (1992), in Netherlands, 79
ssp of insect are specialized or
dependent on elm. Elm seeds are
important.
6. Dutch Elm Disease
- Why “Dutch”? First
isolated in 1920 by a
Dr. Schwarz in the
Netherlands.
- Wilt disease that
attacks elm (Ulmus ssp);
caused by ascomycete
fungi (genus Ophiostoma,
formerly Ceratosystis).
Vectored by beetles (fam. Scolytidae) and root
graft. Has a saprophytic and a pathogenic stage.
8. Life Cycle of the Disease
• Saprophytic stage (in the bark, beetles
emerge and carry to healthy tree) and a
pathogenic stage (once introduced to a
healthy host tree, moves from bark to xylem
and begins to attack. May then go back to
bark to “reinfect” beetles).
• Obligate outcrossers with two sexual
compatibility types.
9. Life cycle of beetles and Ophiostoma are
closely matched
10. 1) Native elm bark beetle
(Hylurgopinus rufipes)
(above) is the primary
vector in parts of the
northern United States, New
England, and all of Canada.
However, temperatures
below -6F kill the larvae.
2) European elm bark
beetle (Scolytus
multistriatus Marsh.)
(below) is the major vector
of the disease.
11. Vectors of disease
• Insects: 1) the native elm beetle 2) the smaller
European elm beetle. The beetles can fly for
several miles, allowing the disease to spread over
a wide area.
• Root grafts: when elms are within 50 feet of one
another, their roots can grow together and disease
passes easily along. Important in urban settings.
• Infected logs: Often transferred long distances in
logs.
12. Management: Sanitation
• Includes removing bark from elm logs which are
being stored for use as fuel and/or covering or
burning all downed wood (so that beetles can’t get
in it). AND, removing dead or diseased branches
of standing trees (again because of the beetles).
• Needs to be community-wide, and coupled
w/fungicide use.
• Thought of as the most effective way of curbing
DED.
13. Management: Innoculations
• Systemic fungicides labeled for
preventative control, injected into root
flares. Effective on trees showing < 5-10%
crown symptoms.
• Need new injections every 3 years,
expensive.
15. Other Management Methods
• Development of resistant hybrid elms
• Additional treatments: breaking up root
grafts is commonly used and efffective.
• Timing of pruning: wounded trees attract
the bark beetle vectors of DED (Byers et
al., 1980), so routine pruning should be
done in the dormant season or during
periods of beetle inactivity.
16. History of the Disease (Brasier, 2001)
-unknown in Europe and N. America pre-
1900. Since then, 2 major pandemics.
-caused by 2 different species:
1) Ophiostoma ulmi
2) Ophiostoma novo-ulmi
(in both cases, geographic origins unknown-
probably Asia)
17. Pandemic #1 (Ophiostoma ulmi)
• Appears in Europe in 1910’s (sweeps across
Europe and into Asia); arrives in eastern U.S. in
late 1920’s on infested elm timber; transported to
Ohio in 1928 via diseased logs.
• In Europe it killed 10-40 % of the elms in most
countries but by the 1940’s it had slowed, because
of the of spread of deleterious viruses. These
viruses did not show up in the U.S. and O. ulmi
continued to kill trees.
18. Pandemic #2 (Ophiostoma ulmi-novo)
• In the 1940’s, two strains of O. ulmi-novo began a
second wave of epidemics: the EAN (Eastern
European) strain in Moldova-Ukraine, and the
NAN (North American) strain in the Great Lakes
region of U.S. Traveled to Asia, W. Europe, and
all over the U.S.
• Repeated introductions occurred b/c people didn’t
realize it was a separate species.
• Most mature European elms dead (30 million in
UK alone). In N. America, hundreds of millions of
elms dead. In these places and in Asia, recurring
cycle of recovery of seedlings, and then attack by
O. novo-ulmi, are predicted well into the future.
• In U.S., in all states besides the desert Southwest.
21. Dynamics between O. ulmi and
O. novo-ulmi
• O. ulmi arrives first, but O. novo-ulmi then arrives
and outcompetes and replaces. Why?
--evolved in tropics vs. temperate
--levels of aggression (O. ulmi is moderate
pathogen on European elms, O. ulmi-novo is
aggressive. American elms are more susceptible
to both). Different levels of the cerato- ulmil
protein (see later slide).
22. O. ulmi and O. novo-ulmi:
hybridization?
• They are anciently diverged taxa but seem
to be able to cross under certain conditions,
so rare hybrids do occur in nature. These
are transient (weak and sterile). But they
can act as genetic bridges- allowing
unilateral gene flow from one species to the
other, when backcrossing occurs.
23. Hybridization (cont.)
• Evidence for gene flow:
--has the pathogenicity gene been transferred
from O. ulmi to O. ulmi-novo??
- “Field inoculations of the moderately resistant elms Ulmus
procera and Ulmus X Commelin were carried out with progeny of
a genetic cross between AST27, a Eurasian (EAN) O. novo-ulmi
isolate with an unusually low level of pathogenicity, and H327, a
highly aggressive EAN isolate. These confirmed the results of a
previous study that indicated that the difference in phenotype was
controlled by a single nuclear gene. This pathogenicity
gene,designated here Pat1, is the first putative pathogenicity gene
to be identified in O. novo-ulmi. (Linkage distances, etc.) suggest
that the Pat1 allele conferring unusually low aggressiveness in
AST27 may have been acquired from O. ulmi via introgression. “
( Et-Touil, Brasier, Bernier. 1999. Molecular and Plant Interactions)
24. Hybridization (cont.)
• Evidence for rapid changes in O. ulmi-novo
population structure:
--Gene acquisition of vegetative compatibility
(vc) genes from O. ulmi. (occurs only where O.
ulmi and O. novo-ulmi coexist or used to coexist,
and the virus is present; allow for resistance to
viruses.)
--Gene acquisition of virus from O. ulmi?
(preliminary data suggests that it’s possible)
25. Cerato-ulmin
• A secreted protein, isolated in 1975, that seems to be directly correlated to
aggressive forms of Ophiostoma. May be a “wilt toxin”.
• The nucleotide sequences of the cerato-ulmin (cu) genes of two naturally
occurring pathogenic CU-deficient mutants, PG470 and MAFf8, of the Dutch elm
disease fungus, Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, were determined….. It is likely that the cu
gene of MAFf8 has been introgressed from O. ulmi, probably as a result of rare
hybrid formation between O. ulmi and O. novo-ulmi, followed by backcrossing of
the hybrid with O.novo-ulmi. The presence of an O. ulmi-like cu gene in MAFf8 is
consistent with its CU deficiency, since the O. ulmi cu gene is known to be poorly
expressed and O. ulmi isolates secrete little or no CU in culture. (Pipe; Brasier;
Buck. 2000. Molecular Plant Pathology).
• Results from these trials demonstrated that cerato-ulmin was not directly
involved in the virulence of the pathogen. All of the epidemiological data,
however, indicated a correlation between cerato-ulmin and the pathology of
Dutch elm disease. We suggest that the critical evaluation and consideration of
these recent data offer opportunities in developing biological control strategies for
Dutch elm disease. (Temple and Horgen. 2000. Mycologia)
26. Hybridization (cont.)
• The EAN and NAN forms are hybridizing.
-- “swarms of EAN/NAN hybrids are likely to
emerge in overlapping sites” (Brasier, 2001)
--so O. novo-ulmi is currently undergoing rapid
evolutionary development in Europe (accelerated
pathogen evolution when it is released from its
endemic environment)
• Evidence of hybridization in other species as well.
--Ophiostoma quercus (saprophytic on oaks)
and O. novo-ulmi?
--Talk about diversity in O. ulmi and O. novo-ulmi
27. • The combination of low d-infection
frequency, low vc type diversity and the
presence of a less efficient Dutch elm
disease vector (Scolytus multistriatus) in
North America suggests that North
American novo-ulmi populations might be
potential targets for attempted biological
control of Dutch elm disease via the release
of d-factors. (Brasier, 1996)
And..
Editor's Notes
American elm (Ulmus americana L.) is generally highly susceptible. Winged elm (U. alata Michx.), September elm (U. serotina Sarg.), slippery elm (U. rubra Muhl.), rock elm (U. thomasii Sarg.), and cedar elm (U. crassifolia Nutt.) range from susceptible to somewhat resistant.
Appears in France, Belgium, Germany 1918-1921/ arrival in E. US in late 20’s, established in NY and effecting 5500 sq miles by 1940/ strain transported to Ohio in 1928 via diseased logs. New epidemic in Europe, aggressive strains recognized in Europe in 1971.
establishing in NY and effecting 5500 sq miles by 194o’s.
Ulmi novo is a better pathogen. It captures more of the host resource, etc.
That O. ulmi-novo caused the extinction of O. ulmi, but ulmi gave ulmi-novo a virus, which could have led to it’s demise, but that ulmi also “donated” it’s vc genes which curb the virus’s spread.