This study analyzed data from 2,668 patients in Denmark who underwent surgery for perforated peptic ulcer between 2003-2009 to evaluate the association between hourly surgical delay and 30-day survival. The results showed that for every hour of delay between admission and surgery, there was an average 2.4% decreased probability of survival. Overall, 26.5% of patients died within 30 days of surgery. Limiting surgical delay seems critically important for patients with perforated peptic ulcers.
Safety, risk of complications and the functional feasibility among different kinds of central venous access are still a matter of debate.Not many clinical trials have reported a comparison of complications and patency of CVCs versus Peripherally Inserted Catheters (PICC) as central venous access for indoor patients with advanced gastrointestinal disorder. The aim of the present study was to compare CVCs and PICCs regarding function, complications and convenience in a controlled clinical study on patients aimed for oncology surgery aimed for cure.
Distributions of patients were comparable. Malignant diagnoses were significantly higher among CVC-patients. CVCs and PICCs were used for treatment during equal number of days, without any signifi cant complication rates and with comparable number of days on antibiotics and other potent drugs. The overall cumulative hazard (risk) for treatment interruptions, due to either full-filled clinical indications or due to any complication among the subgroups of patients did not differ.Central Venous Catheter and Peripheral Inserted Central Venous Catheter, for central venous access, did not differ among consecutive unselected patients with serious gastro-intestinal disorders.
Safety, risk of complications and the functional feasibility among different kinds of central venous access are still a matter of debate.Not many clinical trials have reported a comparison of complications and patency of CVCs versus Peripherally Inserted Catheters (PICC) as central venous access for indoor patients with advanced gastrointestinal disorder. The aim of the present study was to compare CVCs and PICCs regarding function, complications and convenience in a controlled clinical study on patients aimed for oncology surgery aimed for cure.
Distributions of patients were comparable. Malignant diagnoses were significantly higher among CVC-patients. CVCs and PICCs were used for treatment during equal number of days, without any signifi cant complication rates and with comparable number of days on antibiotics and other potent drugs. The overall cumulative hazard (risk) for treatment interruptions, due to either full-filled clinical indications or due to any complication among the subgroups of patients did not differ.Central Venous Catheter and Peripheral Inserted Central Venous Catheter, for central venous access, did not differ among consecutive unselected patients with serious gastro-intestinal disorders.
Background: The incidence of abdominal tuberculosis is increasing. Preoperative diagnosis continues to
be the biggest challenge. Diagnosis is established only after histopathological examination. The modes of presentation
and therapeutic options need to be assessed. Objectives: To study the patterns of presentations, the extent of organ
involvement and therapeutic options. Materials and methods: Fifty histopathologically proven cases of abdominal
tuberculosis were studied. In addition, epidemiologic data, clinical patterns of presentation, diagnostic and various
surgical options, including outcomes, were studied. Results: The mortality in the study was 8%. The disease was
commonly seen in 21 to 40 years old and commonly seen in females. HIV positivity, anaemia and hypoproteinaemia
were associated with poor outcomes. Four types of presentations were observed. Diagnostic laparoscopy enabled early
histopathological diagnosis of biopsy specimens. Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment Surgery is a significant
adjunct in diagnosing and managing complications. Patients presenting with perforative peritonitis had a poor prognosis
Conclusion: Critical evaluation of chronic abdominal pain is essential. Supportive evidence such as the history of TB or
contact with a patient suffering from TB is highly suggestive of abdominal tuberculosis. Radiological tests are highly
suggestive but not diagnostic. Diagnostic laparoscopy enables tissue diagnosis. Chemotherapy accompanied by surgical
intervention for complications is the mainstay of treatment.
The mortality rate of perforated peptic ulcer is still high particularly for aged patients and all the existing scoring systems to predict mortality are complicated or based on history taking which is not always reliable for elderly patients. This study’s aim was to develop an easy and applicable scoring system to predict mortality based on hospital admission data.
Content server (10)A randomized, controlled, double-blind prospective trial w...Missing Man
A randomized, controlled, double-blind prospective trial
with a Lipido-Colloid Technology-Nano-OligoSaccharide
Factor wound dressing in the local management of
venous leg ulcers
Incidence of VTE in the First Postoperative 24 Hours after Abdominopelvic Sur...semualkaira
A good number of research reports the incidence of postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) mostly looks at longer postoperative duration, usually days after surgery.
Background: The incidence of abdominal tuberculosis is increasing. Preoperative diagnosis continues to
be the biggest challenge. Diagnosis is established only after histopathological examination. The modes of presentation
and therapeutic options need to be assessed. Objectives: To study the patterns of presentations, the extent of organ
involvement and therapeutic options. Materials and methods: Fifty histopathologically proven cases of abdominal
tuberculosis were studied. In addition, epidemiologic data, clinical patterns of presentation, diagnostic and various
surgical options, including outcomes, were studied. Results: The mortality in the study was 8%. The disease was
commonly seen in 21 to 40 years old and commonly seen in females. HIV positivity, anaemia and hypoproteinaemia
were associated with poor outcomes. Four types of presentations were observed. Diagnostic laparoscopy enabled early
histopathological diagnosis of biopsy specimens. Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment Surgery is a significant
adjunct in diagnosing and managing complications. Patients presenting with perforative peritonitis had a poor prognosis
Conclusion: Critical evaluation of chronic abdominal pain is essential. Supportive evidence such as the history of TB or
contact with a patient suffering from TB is highly suggestive of abdominal tuberculosis. Radiological tests are highly
suggestive but not diagnostic. Diagnostic laparoscopy enables tissue diagnosis. Chemotherapy accompanied by surgical
intervention for complications is the mainstay of treatment.
The mortality rate of perforated peptic ulcer is still high particularly for aged patients and all the existing scoring systems to predict mortality are complicated or based on history taking which is not always reliable for elderly patients. This study’s aim was to develop an easy and applicable scoring system to predict mortality based on hospital admission data.
Content server (10)A randomized, controlled, double-blind prospective trial w...Missing Man
A randomized, controlled, double-blind prospective trial
with a Lipido-Colloid Technology-Nano-OligoSaccharide
Factor wound dressing in the local management of
venous leg ulcers
Incidence of VTE in the First Postoperative 24 Hours after Abdominopelvic Sur...semualkaira
A good number of research reports the incidence of postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) mostly looks at longer postoperative duration, usually days after surgery.
Wound dehiscence in surgical procedures and its relationship to increased mor...AI Publications
This study aims to determine outcomes for Wound dehiscence in surgical procedures and its relationship to increased mortality. Twenty-five patients were collected from different hospitals in Iraq with intestinal obstruction, and they were distributed into two groups according to gender (15 males, ten females), and the average age ranged between 25-50 years. This retrospective study included those patients who were after bowel surgery at different hospitals in Iraq between January 6, 2020, and May 27, 2021, where information was obtained by reviewing clinical records.The statistical analysis program IBM SPSS SOFT 18 was also relied upon for the purpose of knowing the true value and standard regression in addition to the percentage of healthy variables to patients. Microsoft Excel 2013 was used for the purpose of describing and analysing demographic data. the results which found of this study collected 25 patients, and MEAN VALUE with slandered div of age patients was 39.4800 ± 6.8, and the type of anaesthesia used in this study was general anaesthesia. Causes of the bowel surgery according to the sex of the patients were (Mesenteric Ischaemia for one female patient and three male patients and Blunt trauma was one patient for both sexes. Bowel surgery, according to emergency basis and elective basis, was the emergency basis for 19 patients and elective for six patients. Association between Surgery * sex * presence of leaks Cross-tabulation were nine patients for an emergency basis and one patient for Elective. In this study, the mortality rate was higher for males than for females (1.4 patients), respectively and we concluded that there is a statistical relationship between the death rate and its prevalence among men
PERFORATIVE PERITONITIS: CONTINUING SURGICAL CHALLENGE.(PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF ...KETAN VAGHOLKAR
Background: Perforative peritonitis poses a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the attending
surgeon. Delay in diagnosis followed by sub-optimal treatment may lead to many complications, thereby increasing both
morbidity and mortality. This is by virtue of various factors which affect the prognosis. Hence the need arises to identify
these prognostic factors. Aims and Objectives: To study the various etiological factors of perforative peritonitis and to
identify prognostic factors and comorbid conditions which influence the outcome in perforative peritonitis. Materials
and Methods: 50 patients with an established diagnosis of perforative peritonitis due to various aetiologies confirmed
by clinical and radiological investigations were included in the study and studied prospectively. On admission to the
hospital, various haematological and radiological investigations were conducted to confirm the diagnosis. Patients
subsequently underwent surgical intervention. Postoperative recovery and outcomes assessed. Results were tabulated
and statistically analysed. Results: The mean age of patients in the study was 36.5 ±5 years. Patients who presented
in an advanced stage developed complications. The majority of patients were males. The interval between the onset
of symptoms and operative intervention was directly related to postoperative complications. Pneumoperitoneum was
the most common x-ray finding, followed by dilated bowel loops with free fluid in the peritoneal cavity as the most
common ultrasonography finding. Tachycardia and oliguria, which were markers of the severity of the disease process,
were associated with an increased rate of complications. Peptic ulcer perforation was the most common, followed by
perforations caused by infective aetiology. Perforations caused by infective aetiology had a higher rate of complication.
Primary closure of the perforation was the most commonly performed procedure. Significant abdominal contamination
found intraoperatively contributed to a negative outcome, as were comorbid conditions, which also increased the
complication rate significantly. Conclusion: Delayed intervention after the onset of symptoms, tachycardia, oliguria
and comorbidities are associated with a higher complication rate. Radiological investigations help in confirming the
diagnosis. Infective aetiology of the perforation and extensive peritoneal contamination was associated with higher
complication rates. Prompt and aggressive resuscitation on admission, optimum antibiotic administration, and early
meticulous surgical intervention can reduce morbidity and mortality to a bare minimum.
British Journal of Anaesthesia, 120(1) 146e155 (2018)doiVannaSchrader3
British Journal of Anaesthesia, 120(1): 146e155 (2018)
doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.08.002
Advance Access Publication Date: 23 November 2017
Quality and Safety
Q U A L I T Y A N D S A F E T Y
The surgical safety checklist and patient outcomes
after surgery: a prospective observational cohort
study, systematic review and meta-analysis
T.E.F. Abbott1, T. Ahmad1, M.K. Phull2, A.J. Fowler3, R. Hewson2,
B.M. Biccard4, M.S. Chew5, M. Gillies6 and R.M. Pearse1,*, for the
International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS) groupa
1William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK, 2The Royal
London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E1 1BB, UK, 3Guys and St. Thomas’s NHS Foundation
Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK, 4Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Groote Schuur
Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, 5Department of
Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Link€oping University, 58185
Link€oping, Sweden and 6Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, University of
Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH48 3DF, UK
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
a Complete details for the collab authors are available in Supplementary data.
Abstract
Background: The surgical safety checklist is widely used to improve the quality of perioperative care. However, clinicians
continue to debate the clinical effectiveness of this tool.
Methods: Prospective analysis of data from the International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS), an international obser-
vational study of elective in-patient surgery, accompanied by a systematic review and meta-analysis of published
literature. The exposure was surgical safety checklist use. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality and the
secondary outcome was postoperative complications. In the ISOS cohort, a multivariable multi-level generalized linear
model was used to test associations. To further contextualise these findings, we included the results from the ISOS
cohort in a meta-analysis. Results are reported as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals.
Results: We included 44 814 patients from 497 hospitals in 27 countries in the ISOS analysis. There were 40 245 (89.8%)
patients exposed to the checklist, whilst 7508 (16.8%) sustained �1 postoperative complications and 207 (0.5%) died
before hospital discharge. Checklist exposure was associated with reduced mortality [odds ratio (OR) 0.49 (0.32e0.77);
P<0.01], but no difference in complication rates [OR 1.02 (0.88e1.19); P¼0.75]. In a systematic review, we screened 3732
records and identified 11 eligible studies of 453 292 patients including the ISOS cohort. Checklist exposure was associated
with both reduced postoperative mortality [OR 0.75 (0.62e0.92); P<0.01; I2¼87%] and reduced complication rates [OR 0.73
(0.61e0.88); P<0.01; I2¼89%).
Conclusions: Patients exposed to a surgical safety checklist experience bett ...
Transfusion and Postoperative Outcome in Pediatric Abdominal Surgeryasclepiuspdfs
Background: Intraoperative and post-operative morbimortality factors are multiple in pediatric patients. Studies in pediatric cardiac surgery and intensive care patients have identified transfusion as one independent factor among others. This study was undertaken to investigate whether transfusion was an independent factor of morbimortality in pediatric abdominal surgical patients. Objectives: The objective of the study is to identify morbimortality risk factors in intraoperatively transfused and not transfused pediatric abdominal surgical patients. Design: This was a retrospective observational descriptive pediatric cohort study. Setting: Monocentric pediatric tertiary center, Necker–Enfants Malades University Hospital, Paris, from January 1, 2014, to May 17, 2017. Patients: 193 patients with a median age of 27.5 months (1.0–100.5) were included in the study. Inclusion criteria were the presence or the absence of transfusion in the intraoperative period in abdominal surgery patients. Exclusion criterion was transfusion in the post-operative period until discharge from hospital and non-abdominal surgical patients.
Lotti Marco MD - Cancer of the Oesophago-Gastric JunctionMarco Lotti
An analysis of the evidence about Transhiatal or Transthoracic approach for cancer of the oesophagogastric junction. Invited presentation at the 27th National Congress of the Italian Society of Young Surgeons SPIGC
Background: There is a global resolve among Clinicians towards adoption of imaging modalities in the evaluation of appendicitis because clinical algorithms have been disappointing. We sought to determine the authenticity of interobserver variability in ultrasound scan interpretation in a resourceconstrained mission hospital settings, northwestern region of Cameroon. Methods: In this study, we reviewed the standardized diagnostic approach in acute appendicitis and also performed prospective cross observational qualitative testing using sensitivity, specifi city, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy to determine the interobserver variability of ultrasonography using the medical database of the two Mission Hospitals, northwestern region of Cameroon from January 2012 to December 2016. A sequential non-randomized convenient sampling was used and data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22.
Treatment and early outcome of 11 children with hepatoblastoma.Dr./ Ihab Samy
Fouad A. Fouad saleep MD., Ihab samy Fayek MD.
Department of Surgical Oncology – National Cancer Institute – Cairo University - Egypt.
Kasr el-aini medical journal Volume 18, No.4, October 2012.
The Appendicitis Inflammatory Response Score: A Tool for the
Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis that Outperforms the Alvarado
Score
Manne Andersson Æ Roland E. Andersson
The Alvarado score for predicting acute
appendicitis: a systematic review
Robert Ohle†
, Fran O’Reilly†
, Kirsty K O’Brien, Tom Fahey and Borislav D Dimitrov
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
1. Original article
Surgical delay is a critical determinant of survival in perforated
peptic ulcer
D. L. Buck1
, M. Vester-Andersen2
and M. H. Møller3
on behalf of the Danish Clinical Register of
Emergency Surgery
Departments of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, 1
Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, and 2
Copenhagen University
Hospital Herlev, Herlev, and 3
Department of Intensive Care, 4131, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Correspondence to: Dr M. H. Møller, Department of Intensive Care, 4131, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK – 2100
Copenhagen, Denmark (e-mail: mortenhylander@gmail.com)
Background: Morbidity and mortality following perforated peptic ulcer (PPU) remain substantial.
Surgical delay is a well established negative prognostic factor, but evidence derives from studies with a
high risk of bias. The aim of the present nationwide cohort study was to evaluate the adjusted effect of
hourly surgical delay on survival after PPU.
Methods: This was a cohort study including all Danish patients treated surgically for PPU between
1 February 2003 and 31 August 2009. Medically treated patients and those with a malignant ulcer
were excluded. The associations between surgical delay and 30-day survival are presented as crude and
adjusted relative risks (RRs) with 95 per cent confidence intervals (c.i.).
Results: A total of 2668 patients were included. Their median age was 70·9 (range 16·2–104·2) years
and 55·4 per cent (1478 of 2668) were female. Some 67·5 per cent of the patients (1800 of 2668) had at
least one of six co-morbid diseases and 45·6 per cent had an American Society of Anesthesiologists fitness
grade of III or more. A total of 708 patients (26·5 per cent) died within 30 days of surgery. Every hour
of delay from admission to surgery was associated with an adjusted 2·4 per cent decreased probability of
survival compared with the previous hour (adjusted RR 1·024, 95 per cent c.i. 1·011 to 1·037).
Conclusion: Limiting surgical delay in patients with PPU seems of paramount importance.
Paper accepted 22 April 2013
Published online in Wiley Online Library (www.bjs.co.uk). DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9175
Introduction
Perforated peptic ulcer (PPU) is a complication of peptic
ulcer disease in which gas and gastroduodenal fluid leak into
the peritoneal cavity. The incidence has been estimated at
six to seven per 100 000 inhabitants1,2
. Mortality rates as
high as 25–30 per cent have been reported3–6
. Sepsis
is known to be a frequent and leading cause of death in
patients with PPU; an estimated 30–35 per cent of patients
have sepsis on arrival at the operating theatre7
and sepsis
is believed to account for 40–50 per cent of fatalities7–9.
Within 30 days of surgery more than 25 per cent of patients
develop septic shock10, which carries a mortality rate of
50–60 per cent11,12
.
One of the cornerstones in the treatment of sepsis is
intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, adminis-
tered within the first hour of diagnosis11
. Kumar and
colleagues13
reported a significant association between each
hour of delay in the start of antimicrobial treatment and
in-hospital mortality. Another keystone in the treatment of
sepsis is source control, which in PPU is synonymous with
surgery11
. Surgical delay in PPU is a well established neg-
ative prognostic factor14
. However, the evidence derives
from studies with a high risk of bias15, and no study has
assessed the association between hourly surgical delay and
adverse outcome14
.
The aim of the present nationwide cohort study was
to evaluate the risk of surgical delay by hour and adverse
outcome in patients with PPU.
Methods
This nationwide cohort study with prospective data collec-
tion was approved by the Danish Data Protection Agency,
and did not require informed patient consent according to
Danish law. The manuscript was prepared according to the
Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in
Epidemiology (STROBE) statement16
.
2013 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd British Journal of Surgery 2013; 100: 1045–1049
Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
2. 1046 D. L. Buck, M. Vester-Andersen and M. H. Møller
Study population
All patients who had surgery for benign gastric or duodenal
PPU in all 35 hospitals caring for patients with PPU in
Denmark between 1 February 2003 and 31 August 2009
were included. Medically treated patients and those with
a malignant ulcer were not included. There was no age
restriction.
Danish Clinical Register of Emergency Surgery
Patients with PPU were identified using computerized
data from the Danish Clinical Register of Emergency
Surgery (DCRES)1
. The DCRES was founded in 2003
by the Danish public healthcare authorities. The aim was
to monitor the quality of care provided to patients with
complicated peptic ulcer disease by Danish public hospitals,
through the registration of quality standards, indicators and
prognostic factors. Reporting to the database is mandatory
for all Danish hospitals. Because emergency services are
provided solely by the public healthcare system, all patients
treated surgically for PPU in Denmark are included. The
DCRES database includes baseline characteristics as well
as information about the preoperative, intraoperative and
postoperative phases of care.
Data extraction and management
The following baseline and clinical data were registered:
age; sex; presence of shock (systolic blood pressure less
than 100 mmHg and heart rate exceeding 100 beats/min);
coexisting diseases; haemoglobin and creatinine levels on
admission; use of aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, steroids
and anticoagulants; alcohol abuse; daily use of tobacco;
American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) fitness grade;
and surgical delay.
The primary data were recorded by the surgeon
using a standard case report form. The information was
subsequently validated and transferred to an electronic
database by the local DCRES representative at each site.
The exact date of death was ascertained through linkage
of the patient’s civil registration number with the Danish
Civil Registration System17.
Outcome measure
The primary outcome measure was survival within 30 days
of the index surgical procedure.
Statistical analysis
Baseline and clinical characteristics are presented as
distribution frequencies among all patients with PPU in
Denmark from 2003 to 2009. Logistic regression modelling
was used to examine survival within 30 days of surgery as a
function of time from admission to surgery (surgical delay)
using 1-h intervals. Results are presented as crude and
adjusted relative risks (RRs) with 95 per cent confidence
intervals (c.i.). Adjustment was made for the following well
established prognostic dichotomous co-variables: age over
65 years, shock at admission, co-morbidity and ASA grade
III–V14
. Baseline and clinical characteristics were missing
for fewer than 5 per cent of the patients. The prevalence
and pattern of missing values in the patient cohort were
evaluated, and the data were found not to be missing
completely at random. Consequently, multiple imputation
for the missing values was performed18,19. The regression
models of the imputed data set were validated using
goodness-of-fit tests and model diagnostics, and showed
no indication of lack of fit. Two-sided P < 0·050 was con-
sidered statistically significant. Data were analysed using
SPSS version 20.0 (IBM, Armonk, New York, USA).
With a binary response variable, five co-variables,
β = 0·80, α = 0·05 and an anticipated small effect size,
it was calculated that 643 patients were required to detect
an association between the variables and the endpoint20,21
.
Results
A total of 2668 patients who had surgery for gastric or
duodenal PPU were included. Their median age was 70·9
(range 16·2–104·2) years and 55·4 per cent (1478 of 2668)
were female. Some 67·5 per cent (1800 of 2668) had at
least one of six co-morbid diseases (Table 1) and 45·6 per
cent (1217 of 2668) had an ASA fitness grade of at least III.
Alcohol abuse was present in 18·9 per cent of the patients
(504 of 2668) and 61·3 per cent (1635 of 2668) smoked
daily (Table 1). A total of 708 patients (26·5 per cent) died
within 30 days of surgery.
Over the first 24 h after admission, each hour of surgical
delay beyond hospital admission was associated with a
median decrease in 30-day survival of 2·0 (range 0·8–9·9)
per cent. The survival rate was 95·7 per cent when surgery
was initiated within 1 h of hospital admission, 88·9 per
cent when initiated within 2 h, 81·8 per cent when started
within 3 h, decreasing to 50·0 per cent after a surgical delay
of 7 h (Fig. 1). The 30-day survival rate was 20 per cent
when the surgical delay was more than 24 h. The median
delay before surgery was 5 (interquartile range 3–12) h; at
that point the 30-day survival rate was 64·2 per cent.
Only 2·7 per cent of all patients were treated surgically
within the first hour of hospital admission (Fig. 1). Some
18·3 per cent underwent surgery within 3 h of admission
and 50·6 per cent by 6 h. Even 12 h after admission, more
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3. Surgical delay in perforated peptic ulcer 1047
Table 1 Baseline and clinical characteristics among 2668 patients
with peptic ulcer perforation in Denmark, 1 February 2003 to 31
August 2009
No. of patients (n = 2668)
Age > 65 years 1665 (62·4)
Female sex 1478 (55·4)
Malignant disease or AIDS 187 (7·0)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 392 (14·7)
Diabetes 193 (7·2)
Heart disease 901 (33·8)
Liver cirrhosis 141 (5·3)
Chronic disease 783 (29·3)
ASA fitness grade
I 563 (21·1)
II 888 (33·3)
III 857 (32·1)
IV 323 (12·1)
V 37 (1·4)
Use of anticoagulants 133 (5·0)
Use of aspirin 766 (28·7)
Use of steroids 347 (13·0)
Use of NSAIDs 1094 (41·0)
Alcohol abuse* 504 (18·9)
Daily smoker 1635 (61·3)
Shock on admission† 430 (16·1)
Serum haemoglobin < 6·0 mmol/l 277 (10·4)
Serum creatinine > 130 µmol/l 688 (25·8)
*More than 36 g alcohol per day (men) or more than 24 g alcohol per day
(women). †Blood pressure below 100 mmHg and heart rate over 100
beats per min. AIDS, acquired immunedeficiency syndrome; ASA,
American Society of Anesthesiologists; NSAID, non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drug.
than a quarter of the patients had not been treated in the
operating theatre.
When surgical delay was assessed as a continuous
variable, the crude RR of death was 1·035 (95 per cent
c.i. 1·024 to 1·047). After adjusting for known adverse
prognostic variables, the RR was 1·024 (1·011 to 1·037);
that is, every hour of surgical delay was associated
with an adjusted 2·4 per cent decreased probability of
survival compared with the previous hour over the entire
observation period. Surgical delay accounted for 12·8 per
cent of the variance in 30-day survival (R2
).
Discussion
In this nationwide cohort study of 2668 patients treated
surgically for PPU, every hour of surgical delay was
associated with a 2·4 per cent decreased probability of
surviving 30 days. Furthermore, a substantial number of
patients had delayed surgery.
The strengths of the present study include its size,
the nationwide population-based design, the complete
follow-up for ascertainment of survival, and the adjustment
for known potential confounders. Data collected during
0
< 9 < 11
Time from admission to surgery (h)
< 13 < 15 <17 < 19 < 21 < 23 ≥ 24< 7< 5< 3< 1
10
20
30
40
%ofpatients
50
60
70
80
90
100
Treated surgically
Alive 30 days after surgery
Fig. 1 Cumulative percentage of patients treated surgically and
percentage alive 30 days after surgery in relation to time after
hospital admission
routine clinical work may be inaccurate and incomplete;
however, participation in the DCRES is mandatory in
Denmark, and extensive efforts are made to ensure the
validity of the data22
. Some patient records had missing
data for prognostic characteristics. Multiple imputation
was done to control for possible bias; this is the optimal
way of handling missing data18,19
. Time to start of
effective antimicrobial treatment, an important prognostic
predictor of adverse outcome, is not registered in the
DCRES database. Other significant possible confounding
by unmeasured factors cannot be excluded. Follow-up for
more than 30 days would also have been desirable in this
patient population as there may have been deaths due to
surgery after this time23. Finally, the importance of delay
in initial presentation to hospital has not been addressed in
the present study.
Delayed operation is recognized as a contributor to
adverse outcome in many areas of emergency surgery24
.
The primary cause in general surgery seems to be
diagnostic delay24
. Reasons behind delayed surgery for
PPU are sparsely explored, but seem to be associated
with out-of-hospital perforation, lack of peritoneal signs,
late attendance by the surgeon, attendance by a non-
senior surgeon and lack of pulse oximetry25
. Patients
with out-of-hospital perforation are often unselected and
it may take time to reach the diagnosis24
. Those with
atypical symptoms are often not prioritized, compared with
patients with signs of an abdominal emergency. Previous
studies have reported the strong negative prognostic impact
of delayed surgery for PPU14
. However, the evidence
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Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
4. 1048 D. L. Buck, M. Vester-Andersen and M. H. Møller
derives primarily from studies using unadjusted analyses,
and with few patients14
, risking bias15
, and no study
has assessed surgical delay as a continuous variable. A
possible reason for the strong association between delay and
adverse outcome could be the increased risk of developing
severe sepsis. Longstanding perforation is associated with
peritoneal contamination, positive peritoneal cultures,
septic complications8
and development of postoperative
abscesses9
.
Limiting surgical delay for PPU can be accomplished in
a number of ways. After ruptured aortic aneurysm, PPU
accounts for the highest mortality rate after emergency
surgery overall26
. Surgery for PPU should thus have a very
high priority24
.
Respiratory and haemodynamic pre-emptive optimiza-
tion (goal-directed resuscitation before surgery) reduces
surgical mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients27.
Implementation of a perioperative care protocol based on
the Surviving Sepsis guidelines11, including goal-directed
resuscitation, improved 30-day survival in a PPU cohort10
.
However, the duration of optimization should be mini-
mized to reduce surgical delay.
The results of the present study contrast with those
of a randomized trial of surgery versus no surgery for
PPU28. Morbidity and mortality rates in the two groups
were similar in this small study of 83 patients, but the
duration of hospital stay was increased significantly in the
no-surgery group. The quality of evidence for non-surgical
treatment is low29 and the World Society of Emergency
Surgery still recommends surgical treatment for PPU30
.
Disclosure
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Snapshots Quiz
Snapshot Quiz 13/32
Question: What is this condition and how should it be treated?
a b c
The answer to the above question is found on p. 1107 of this issue of BJS.
Huang K-C, Liang J-T: Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of
Medicine, 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan (e-mail: jintung@ntu.edu.tw)
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