The document provides information on various digital television standards and technologies including HDTV, ATSC, DVB, and ISDB. It summarizes: - HDTV standards define resolutions of 1080 or 720 lines using 16:9 aspect ratio, and can be transmitted using ATSC in North America, DVB-T in Europe, and ISDB-T in Japan. - The ATSC standard supports resolutions up to 1080p for HDTV and lower resolutions for SDTV, using 8-VSB or 16-VSB modulation. DVB-T uses COFDM modulation and supports QAM. ISDB-T uses BST-COFDM modulation. - The document also

1. DTV Study Notes – k70110 draft (C) Amos Tsai, Tuesday, 2007-January-09
[HDTV]
While a number of high-definition television standards have been proposed or implemented on a limited basis,
the current HDTV standards are defined in ITU-R BT.709 as 1080 active interlaced or progressive lines, or 720
progressive lines, using a 16:9 aspect ratio.
Broadcast Format Notation (1080i / 1080p / 720p):
- The number of lines in the vertical display resolution.
- Whether progressive frames (p) or interlaced fields (i) are used.
- The number of frames or fields per second.
Key Features:
- All commercial HD is digital.
- HD programming and films will be presented in 16:9 widescreen format.
- Two new pre-recorded disc formats support HDTV resolutions, namely HD DVD (supporting 720p, 1080i
and 1080p) and Blu-ray (supporting up to 1080p).
- Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound is broadcast along with standard HDTV video signals, allowing full
surround sound capabilities.
HDTV Transmission Systems:
- ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee, US / Canada / Mexico)
- DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcast – Terrestial, DVB Europe Consortium Standard)
- ISDB-T (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting, Japan ARIB)
Main characteristics of three DTTV systems
Systems ATSC DVB-T ISDB-T
Source coding
Video Main Profile syntax of ISO/IEC 13818-2 (MPEG-2 – Video)
Audio
ATSC Standard
A/52 (Dolby
AC-3)
ISO/IEC 13818-2 (MPEG-2 – Layer
II Audio) and Dolby AC-3
ISO/IEC 13818-7 (MPEG-2 – AAC
Audio)
Transmission system
Channel coding
Outer coding
R-S (207, 187, t =
10)
R-S (204, 188, t = 8)
Outer
interleaver
52 R-S block convolutional (I=12, M=17, J=1) 12 R-S block
Inner coding
rate 2/3 Trellis
code
PCC: rate 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8; constraint length = 7, Polynomials (octal) =
171, 133
Inner
interleaver
12 to 1 Trellis
code
bit-wise, frequency, selectable time
Data
randomization
16-bit PRBS
Modulation
8-VSB and
16-VSB
COFDM
QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM
Hierarchical modulation:
multi-resolution constellation (16QAM
and 64QAM)
BST-COFDM with 13 frequency
segments
DQPSK, QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM
Hierarchical modulation: choice of
three different modulations on each

2. DTV Study Notes – k70110 draft (C) Amos Tsai, Tuesday, 2007-January-09
Guard interval: 1/32, 1/16, 1/8 & 1/4 of
OFDM symbol
Two modes: 2k and 8k FFT
segment
Guard interval: 1/32, 1/16, 1/8 & 1/4
of OFDM symbol
Three modes: 2k, 4k and 8k FFT
[ATSC]
Wide screen 16:9 images up to 1920×1080 pixels in size.
Up to six standard-definition "virtual channels" can be broadcast on a single TV station using the existing
6MHz channel
Resolutions:
640x480 (4:3 SD square): 59.94i, 60i, 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 30p, 59.94p, 60p
704x480 (4:3 or 16:9 SD non-square): 59.94i, 60i, 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 30p, 59.94p, 60p
1280x720 (16:9 HD square): 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 30p, 59.94p, 60p
1920x1080 (16:9 HD square): 59.94i, 60i, 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 30p
Modulation and Transmission:
Terrestrial: 8-VSB (19.39Mbps)
Cable: 16-VSB, 256-QAM (38.78Mbps)
Standards:
A/52B: audio data compression (Dolby AC-3 and E-AC-3)
A/53E: ATSC Digital Television Standard (primary)
A/…
[DVB]
Free Standards: http://www.etsi.org/services_products/freestandard/home.htm
Transmission (Physical & Data Link Layer):
- satellite (DVB-S, DVB-S2 and DVB-SH; also DVB-SMATV for distribution via SMATV)
- cable (DVB-C)
- terrestrial television (DVB-T)
- terrestrial television for handhelds (DVB-H)
- microwave using DTT (DVB-MT), the MMDS (DVB-MC), and/or MVDS standards (DVB-MS)
Devices interact with the physical layer via a synchronous parallel interface (SPI), synchronous serial
interface(SSI), or asynchronous serial interface(ASI).
Data streams: DVB-MPEG (MPEG2 transport streams with constraints)
Modulation schemes:
- DVB-S (SHF) uses QPSK, 8PSK or 16-QAM
- DVB-S2 uses QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK or 32APSK, at the broadcasters decision. QPSK and 8PSK are the
only versions regularly used.
- DVB-C (VHF/UHF) uses QAM: 16-QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM, 128-QAM or 256-QAM
- DVB-T (VHF/UHF) uses 16-QAM or 64-QAM (or QPSK) in combination with COFDM and hierarchical
modulation
Standards:
DVB-DATA (EN 301192): defines data connection with return channels (DVB-RC)
DVB-TXT: teletext (backward compatible)
DVB-VBI: vertical blanking interval (backward compatible)
DVB-SUB: sub-title (advanced alternative of DVB-TXT & DVB-VBI)
DVB-CA: conditional access system, defines DVB-CSA and DVB-CI.
DVB-CSA: common scrambling algorithm.

3. DTV Study Notes – k70110 draft (C) Amos Tsai, Tuesday, 2007-January-09
DVB-CI: common interface.
DVB-CPCM: (encryption) content protection and copy management system.
DVB-SI (ETSI EN 300468 ETSI TS 101211): (metadata) service information (electronic program guide).
DVB-MHP: multimedia home platform, java-based.
Map:

4. DTV Study Notes – k70110 draft (C) Amos Tsai, Tuesday, 2007-January-09
[ISDB]
The concept was named for its similarity to ISDN, because both allow multiple channels of data to be
transmitted together (a process called multiplexing).
Transmission:
12GHz band ISDB-S: PSK modulation
2.6GHz digital sound: CDM
ISDB-T in UHF/VHF band: COFDM with PSK/QAM
Data connections with internet with a return channel (ARIB STD-B24).
Free Standards: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DiBEG
ISDB-S: Satellite Television

5. DTV Study Notes – k70110 draft (C) Amos Tsai, Tuesday, 2007-January-09
ISDB-T: Terrestrial
ISDB-C: Cable
2.6GHz band mobile broadcasting
ISDB-Tsb: ISDB-T and ISDB-Tsb are for mobile reception of TV bands
Encryption:
- ISDB CAS system (B-CAS) defines Common Interface for Conditional Access (ARIB STD-B25) with
Common Scrambling Algorithm MULTI2.
- Supports RMP (Rights Management and Protection), modes: copy once, copy free, copy never.
[SDTV]
In ATSC, SDTV can be broadcast in 704 pixels × 480 lines with 16:9 aspect ratio (40:33 rectangular pixel), 704
pixels × 480 lines with 4:3 aspect ratio (10:11 rectangular pixel) or 640 pixels × 480 lines with 4:3 ratio (and
square pixels). The refresh rate can be any of 24, 30 or 60 pictures per second.
Digital SDTV in 4:3 aspect ratio has the same appearance as the regular analog TV (NTSC, PAL, PAL2,
SECAM) minus the ghosting, snowy images and static noises. However, if the reception is poor, one may
encounter various other artifacts such as blockiness and stuttering.
Standards that can broadcast digital SDTV include DVB, ATSC and ISDB. The latter two were originally
developed for HDTV, but they have proved to be more often used for their ability to deliver multiple SD video
and audio streams via multiplexing, than to use the entire bitstream for one HD channel.
[EDTV]
Enhanced (or Extended)-Definition Television.
- Progressive scan. Common implementations are 480p or 576p. 50% more v-res than SDTV.
- EDTV signals are often broadcast in 16:9 ratio / non-square pixels. H-res are fixed as 704 or 720.
- ATSC official DTV formats include SDTV, and HDTV. EDTV is considered part of the HDTV standard.
[NTSC]
National Television Systems Committee
Resolution: 525-line/59.94Hz, actual frame contains 484 lines. 480i60.
Color encoding: Luminance-Chrominance encoding system.
Channel Bandwidth: 6 MHz
- lower 250kHz is guard band
- 500kHz ~ 5.45MHz above lower bound is for amplitude-modulation
- 1.25MHz is for the video carrier
- 4.2 MHz wide sideband (full upper sideband and 750 kHz of the vestigial sideband is transmitted)
- color carrier is 3.579545 MHz above video carrier, quadrature-amplitude-modulated.
- higher 25 kHz for audio signal (frequency-modulated)
- main audio carrier is 4.5 MHz above the video carrier.
- MTS is simply more than one audio signal.

6. DTV Study Notes – k70110 draft (C) Amos Tsai, Tuesday, 2007-January-09
[PAL]
Phase-Alternating Line (Phase Alternation by Line, Phase Alternation Line)
Resolution: 625-line/50Hz, 576i50.
Similar to NTSC, color carrier is 4.43 MHz above video carrier, quadrature-amplitude-modulated.
The name "Phase Alternating Line" describes the way that the phase of part of the colour information on the
video signal is reversed with each line, which automatically corrects phase errors in the transmission of the
signal by cancelling them out.
[SECAM]
Sequential Color with Memory (France)
Monochrome signal + chrominance signal.
First, SECAM uses frequency modulation to encode chrominance information on the sub carrier.
Second, instead of transmitting the red and blue information together, it only sends one of them at a time, and
uses the information about the other color from the preceding line. It uses a delay line, an analog memory
device, for storing one line of color information. This justifies the "Sequential, With Memory" name.
(todo) more specs.
[Analog Modulation]
AM
FM
PM
QAM
[Digital Modulation]
ASK
FSK
PSK
QAM
OFDM

7. DTV Study Notes – k70110 draft (C) Amos Tsai, Tuesday, 2007-January-09
MSK
[MPEG]
Transport Stream
Layers
- Composition of various programs
- Packetized Elementary Stream (PES)
- Elementary Stream (ES)
- Group of Pictures (GOP) here and below are video only
- Slice
- Macroblock – 4 DCT blocks
- Encoding block – a DCT encoding block, 8x8 luminance pixels
Elements
Packet (188 bytes)
sync byte (0x47) + 3 bit flags (3 bits) + PID (13 bits) + optional adaptation field & payload
Packet (204 bytes)
Packet (188 bytes) + Reed Solomon error correction data (16 bytes)
PID
Programs
PAT
PMT
PCR
Null Packets
Program Stream
[MPEG-2]
ISO/IEC 13818-1 System
ISO/IEC 13818-2 Video
ISO/IEC 13818-3 Audio
ISO/IEC 13818-…
[DVB-T]

8. DTV Study Notes – k70110 draft (C) Amos Tsai, Tuesday, 2007-January-09
Number of streams in combination provides required services, transmitted in a MPEG2 MPTS multiplex.
Streams Multiplex:
Terrestrial Multiplex Limit: 24 Mbps
Program bit rates:
TV Video: 5000 kbps
Stereo Audio: 270 kbps
Sub Titles: 50 kbps
CA: 600 kbps
Total: 5920 kbps
Simple bit rate overheads:
SI: 300 kbps
PSI: 546 kbps
Digital Teletext: 754 kbps
Total per mux: 1600 kbps
Typical contents (services) could be provided per 8MHz channel bandwidth:
5 TV channels, or 4 higher quality channels / no CA, or 3 higher quality channels with CA
EPG
Audio Descriptions for the visually impaired (~70 kbps)
Signing for the deaf (~ 400 kbps using a separate window)
house pages, digital data, software down-loads, …
{DVB-EPG}
{DVB-SI}
PID?
{DVB-DATA} (EN 301192): defines data connection with return channels (DVB-RC)
{DVB-TXT}: teletext (backward compatible)
{DVB-VBI}: vertical blanking interval (backward compatible)
{DVB-SUB}: sub-title (advanced alternative of DVB-TXT & DVB-VBI)

9. DTV Study Notes – k70110 draft (C) Amos Tsai, Tuesday, 2007-January-09
{DVB-CA}: conditional access system, defines DVB-CSA and DVB-CI.
{DVB-CSA}: common scrambling algorithm.
{DVB-CI}: common interface.
{DVB-CPCM}: (encryption) content protection and copy management system.
{DVB-SI}
(ETSI EN 300468 ETSI TS 101211): (metadata) service information (electronic program guide).
4 Mandatory SI Tables
NIT
NIT_actual
Network_ID
Original_Network_ID
Transport_ID
Serive_ID
NIT_other
NIT_other_global
SDT
Service_ID
EIT
Used to transmit information relating to events (programmes) in the MPEG transport stream.
TDT
Used to update internal clock of the receiver/decode.
{DVB-MHP}: multimedia home platform, java-based.
Active Format Descriptor
[http://www.dtg.org.uk/reference/tutorial_afd.html]
The Active Formal Descriptor (AFD) is a signal that broadcasters will transmit with the picture to enable
television sets to display the picture to best effect. What is best effect depends on the viewers display (4x3 or
16x9) and it depends on the viewer's preferences. Most viewers like to 'see a screenful' but many prefer to set
their televisions so that not too much picture is cropped. Some like to see the whole picture, even if that means
black bands at the sides of the screen. In general, widescreen televisions offer five options when transmission is
not full 16x9 widescreen:
4 by 3
14 by 9
Zoom (16 by 9)
Smart/Panorama
Auto
The latter three modes need some explanation. Zoom will keep the correct shape but crops the top and bottom
of a 4x3 picture quite considerably. Smart / panorama avoids the cropping by stretching the picture horizontally
to fill the screen but makes everyone look as though they need to go on a diet. Neither of these modes is
entirely satisfactory. What we need is a signal from the broadcaster to say, for example, 'This picture can be

10. DTV Study Notes – k70110 draft (C) Amos Tsai, Tuesday, 2007-January-09
zoomed in and cropped as far as 14x9 (because we have shot it with this compromise in mind)' or 'this picture is
actually letterbox so, even if you normally prefer to watch in 4x3, you can zoom it in to 14x9.' This is where the
AFD come in. It is a way of giving the tv set more information so that it can adjust the zoom for best effect
taking account of viewers preferences.
Lastly, when a viewer records a programme on an existing analogue VCR, the digital bitsream flag which
indicates a 16x9 programme is lost. Therefore, the DTG is recommending that manufacturers generate a 'line
23' WSS signal on the output feed to the VCR. Without it, widescreen programmes will appear distorted. Use of
the AFD in the WSS generation gives the viewer the same fine control of zoom when viewing recordings as
when watching off-air transmissions.
[DTV Box Components]
[Software Architecture / Middleware]
[Conformance Test Kits/Cases]
[Keil Cx51 Notes]
Compiler:
1. 16 bit wide characters are not supported.
2. Recursive function calls are not supported by default. Use “reentrant” declaration to enable it.
Library:
1. Supported standard library routines:
lang/cpu i/o string math memory conversion
longjmp
setjmp
va_arg
va_end
va_start
getchar
gets
printf
putchar
puts
scanf
vprintf
isalnum
isalpha
iscntrl
isdigit
isgraph
islower
isprint
abs
acos
asin
atan
atan2
ceil
cos
calloc
malloc
memchr
memcmp
memcpy
memmove
memset
atof
atoi
atol
ceil
cos
strtod
strtol

11. DTV Study Notes – k70110 draft (C) Amos Tsai, Tuesday, 2007-January-09
ispunct
isspace
isupper
isxdigit
sprintf
sscanf
strcat
strchr
strcmp
strcpy
strcspn
strlen
strncat
strncmp
strncpy
strpbrk
strrchr
strspn
strstr
tolower
toupper
vsprintf
cosh
exp
fabs
floor
fmod
labs
log
log10
modf
pow
rand
sin
sinh
sqrt
srand
tan
tanh
realloc
free
strtok
strtoul
2. Cx51 specific routines:
lang/cpu i/o string math (80517 coproc) memory conversion
_crol
_cror
_irol
_iror
_lrol
_lror
_nop_
_testbit_
_getkey
printf517
scanf517
ungetchar
cabs
sprintf517
sscanf517
strops
strrpbrk
strrpos
_tolower
_toupper
acos517
asin517
atan517
cos517
exp517
log10517
log517
sin517
sqrt517
tan517
init_mempool
memccpy
atof517
strtod517
toascii
toint
3. Not supported standard library routines:
(skip) all not found in 1 and 2.
Memory Model
1. SMALL:
- generate small and fast code as possible
- all variables are stored in 8051 internal memory
2. COMPACT
3. LARGE
Variable Location:
1. data specifier: internal data memory
2. xdata specifier: external data memory
Compiler Limits:

12. DTV Study Notes – k70110 draft (C) Amos Tsai, Tuesday, 2007-January-09
1. Maximum number of switch-case branches is limited by the memory size and individual function size.
2. Maximum number of nested function call in an invocation parameter list is 10.
3. Maximum number of nested include file is 9.
4. Maximum depth of directives for conditional compilation is 20.
5. Blocks {} may be nested up to 15 levels deep.
6. Macros may be nested up to 8 levels deep.
7. Maximum parameters passed to a macro or function is 32.
8. Maximum macro definition length is 65535.
Byte Order:
1. LCALL stack push of return address is little-endian format.
2. All other 16-bit or 32-bit values are stored as big-endian.
3. Floating point values are in IEEE-754 format and stored as big-endian.
[Working Resources]
Local Broadcast Server (has VNC server):
DVB: mslab6859_2
Perforce:
- design_svr:1666, User: Saturn, Pwd: SaturnSZCode
- design_svr:1666, User: hdtv, Pwd: dtv999
- design_svr:1666, User: TomCruise, Pwd: TB777