This document discusses the toxic effects of drugs, including paracetamol. It notes that while no drug is completely free from toxic effects, paracetamol doses below 150 mg/kg pose a low risk of liver damage, while doses above 250 mg/kg likely cause liver damage and doses over 12g/kg can be potentially fatal. It then lists several types of drug toxicities such as intolerance, blood dyscrasias, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, behavioral effects, induced diseases, and endocrine and electrolyte disturbances. Teratogenic effects on fetuses when drugs are taken during pregnancy are also mentioned.

2. Indroduction
• Drug can proudce toxic effects in addition to the
pharmacological actions
• No drug is free from toxic effects

3. Therapeutic index

4. Toxicity of Paracetamol
• Less then 150 mg/kg ( low risk )
• More then 250 mg/kg (likely liver damage)
• more then 12g/kg (potentially fatal)

5. Drug toxicities
• Intolerance
– Inability of an individual to tolerate a drug
• Blood dyscrasias
– The toxic effects of drug on bone marrow
• Hepatotoxicity
– Toxicity which damage liver
• Nephrotoxicity
– Toxicity which damage the kidney

6. • Behavioural toxicity
– Drugs may alter the normal behaviour
• Drug induced diseases
– Drugs may produce certain diseases
• Unmasking of a diseases
– Drugs can unmask the latent diseases
• Endocrine disturbances
– Drugs can produce endocrine disturbances

7. • Electrolyte disturbances
– Drugs can disturb the electrolyte balances in our body
• Skin reations
– Some drugs can produce skin rashes
• Carcinogenesis
– No drugs has been found to be directly carcinogenic in
human

8. • Teratogenic effects
– Drugs when administred to pregnant women are likely to
produce foetal abnormalities
• Addition
– Addition which involve s both psychic and physical
– Addition characterised by
• Tendency to increase the dose
• overpowering desire to take thedrug
• Development of psychic and physical dependence
• Detrimental effects on the individual and society