This document outlines the key steps involved in the drug discovery process: 1. Target identification involves identifying protein targets through methods like sequence analysis and cDNA library generation. 2. Target validation confirms the drug will affect the specific target through techniques like chemogenomics and target gene disruption. 3. Lead identification screens compound libraries to find leads that are potent against the target using assays. 4. Lead optimization refines the leads using computer-aided drug design and de novo drug design. 5. Preclinical pharmacology involves testing the drugs on lab animals, human cells, and clinical trials with government approval.

1. DRUG DISCOVERY
B Y B R I T T O S A M U E L M
I I . M . S C . , B I O T E C H N O L O G Y ,
D E P A R T M E N T O F B I O T E C H N O L O G Y ,
A V S C O L L E G E O F A R T S A N D S C I E N C E ,
S A L E M

2. INTRODUCTION
* In today’s science, discovering of drug for many kind of disease
placed an important role in curing patients’ issue.
* Drug institutes and pharma companies always doing research with
new product under bioinformatic ways.
* These researches carried out only for their commercial purpose and
beat the competition.
* Basically we know how the medicines mingled with our life. But there
some steps to be carried under labs and bioinfo. fields to check
overwriting, Copyrights, etc.,
* If an industry forget to follow these methods will fall under failure of
the product announced by the government.

3. Process Behind Drug Discovery

4. Steps Involved in Drug Designing
* Several Steps to be followed in Industries for drug discovering process
1. Target Identification
2. Target Validation
3. Lead Identification
4. Lead Optimization
5. Preclinical Pharmacology

5. 1. Target Identification
* This process is a chemistry based. Which mean produce compounds
for screening.
* Approach of identification includes, protein expression, structural and
functional studies and study of biochemical pathways.
* For these mode of identification, recently several methods are available
 Sequence Analysis
 Positional Cloning
 cDNA Library generation
* Therefore this process helps to find a huge number of target
identification.

6. 2. Target Validation
* Target validation is a process that to conform either, our drug
that will affect the specific target to get biological Reponses.
* Chemogenomics similar to this process. That o check all possible
drugs to all possible drug targets.
* Target gene disruption (TGD) refers to several different methods of
target validation.
* It relates to production of knock out or transgenic animals to
study the effect of removing a particular putative molecular
target.
* Time consuming

7. 3. Lead Identification
* Termed as a lead that must exceed a specific potency
threshold against the target.
* The compound used as lead can from many sources such as,
> Peptide Libraries
> CHO Libraries
* Each lead must be screened by appropriate assay against the
target.
4. Lead Optimization:
* In-order to maintain the traits of the drugs, this process carried
out
* Drug designing under CADD methodology (Computer aided
Drug designing.
* In order to know this CADD and Lead optimization should
know De novo Drug designing.

8. 5. Preclinical Pharmacology
1. Sampling (Product testing with lab animals)
2. Sampling (Product testing with human cell lines or Cells)
3. Sampling (carried out in environment with government support
1. Sampling (Product testing with lab animals)
* The drug must feed to the laboratory animals and test results to be
documented and send to the medical inspection department for
further mode of sampling.

9. 2. Sampling (Product testing with human cell lines or Cells)
* After the success rate of tested in lab animals, the drugs were
tested with human cells in order to find the effects.
* If this process get succeed, then the report to be generate to
the medicinal department to get a train directly to the
environment.
3. Sampling (carried out in environment with government support
* Clinical Trails for free of cost.

10. Reference:
 Bioecthics –Shaleesha A. Stanley
 Bioinformatics methods and Application – SC Rassgoti *
N. Mendiratta P. Rastagori

11. Thank You,
Britto Samuel M
II. M.Sc., biotechnology,
Department of biotechnology,
Avs college of arts and science,
Salem