Drought is a temporary condition caused by deficient precipitation that can adversely impact crop growth and yields. It is distinguished from aridity, which is a permanent climatic feature. Drought can be classified based on duration, such as permanent, seasonal, or contingent droughts. It can also be classified based on timing of occurrence, such as early-season, mid-season, or late-season drought. Drought impacts crop production by altering water relations and photosynthesis, inducing anatomical changes, and affecting metabolic reactions, hormone activity, nutrition, growth, and yields. Crops can adapt to drought conditions by escaping drought through short life cycles or exhibiting drought resistance through structural or functional modifications.
This document discusses drought management in India. It provides classifications for drought based on meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural factors. Key parameters for drought risk analysis are discussed such as rainfall, temperature, evaporation, and soil moisture. The document outlines drought management strategies in India including crop insurance schemes, calamity relief funds, and drought proofing programs. It identifies regions in India that are frequently affected by drought and the cumulative effects of changing rainfall patterns, water utilization, and agricultural practices that contribute to drought in these areas. Adaptation strategies are proposed such as micro-irrigation practices, sustainable crops, and social networks.
Sub: Rainfed Agriculture and Watershed Management.
Topic: Drought: types, effect of water deficit on physio-morphological characteristics of the plants, Crop adaptation and mitigation to drought
Drought is a period of below-average precipitation that results in prolonged water shortages. There are four main types of drought: meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, and socioeconomic. Causes of drought include low amounts of atmospheric water vapor, shifting air masses, human activities like deforestation and overfarming, and global warming. India has a drought management system that involves reporting from local gram panchayats up through state and national authorities. Over the past 200 years India has experienced many reported drought events.
Watershed management aims to enable sustainable production and minimize hazards to natural resources like soil and water. A watershed is a geographical area that drains to a common water body. Key components of watershed management programs include soil and water conservation measures, water harvesting, and crop management and alternate land use systems suited to land capability. The overall objectives are improved livelihoods through increased incomes while protecting watershed resources.
Drought and drought management strategiesO.P PARIHAR
This document discusses drought and drought management strategies. It defines drought as a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall that results in severe water shortage. It classifies drought based on duration, users affected, time of occurrence, and descriptive terms. Agricultural drought is caused by inadequate rainfall, erratic distribution, long dry spells, and lack of soil and crop management. The effects of drought on crops include reduced water status, photosynthesis, respiration, growth, and development. Strategies to manage drought include adjusting plant populations, mid-season corrections like thinning and spraying, mulching, weed control, and water harvesting for life-saving irrigation during dry spells.
Drought is defined as a period with less than average water supply, whether surface or underground. It can last months or years and is caused by consistently low precipitation. There are four types of drought: meteorological based on dryness compared to normal; agricultural linking dryness to farm impacts; hydrological associated with low streamflow and reservoirs; and socioeconomic when people are affected by water shortages. Drought damages include direct losses like income and indirect losses like reduced revenues. Causes are natural like less rain or human-made like overuse of water.
Drought is defined as a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall leading to water shortages. Drought can be caused by natural factors like weather and global warming, as well as human factors such as overpopulation, overcultivation, and deforestation. Long-term strategies to mitigate drought include rainwater harvesting, watershed management, increasing forest cover, adopting drought-resistant crops, and promoting livelihoods besides water-intensive agriculture and animal husbandry. Additional strategies involve conserving soil moisture through practices like mulching, controlling weeds, and adjusting plant populations, as well as managing water resources through conjunctive use of surface and groundwater and artificial groundwater recharge. Water conservation is important not just
This document discusses drought, including its types, causes, history, and effects. It defines drought as a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall that results in water shortage. There are three main types of drought: meteorological, relating to low rainfall; hydrological, regarding low water levels in supplies; and agricultural, when not enough water is available for crops. Common causes include deficiencies in rain, soil erosion, global warming, deforestation. India experiences frequent droughts affecting over 70% of its cultivated land. Specific regions that are prone to drought are identified.
This document discusses drought management in India. It provides classifications for drought based on meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural factors. Key parameters for drought risk analysis are discussed such as rainfall, temperature, evaporation, and soil moisture. The document outlines drought management strategies in India including crop insurance schemes, calamity relief funds, and drought proofing programs. It identifies regions in India that are frequently affected by drought and the cumulative effects of changing rainfall patterns, water utilization, and agricultural practices that contribute to drought in these areas. Adaptation strategies are proposed such as micro-irrigation practices, sustainable crops, and social networks.
Sub: Rainfed Agriculture and Watershed Management.
Topic: Drought: types, effect of water deficit on physio-morphological characteristics of the plants, Crop adaptation and mitigation to drought
Drought is a period of below-average precipitation that results in prolonged water shortages. There are four main types of drought: meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, and socioeconomic. Causes of drought include low amounts of atmospheric water vapor, shifting air masses, human activities like deforestation and overfarming, and global warming. India has a drought management system that involves reporting from local gram panchayats up through state and national authorities. Over the past 200 years India has experienced many reported drought events.
Watershed management aims to enable sustainable production and minimize hazards to natural resources like soil and water. A watershed is a geographical area that drains to a common water body. Key components of watershed management programs include soil and water conservation measures, water harvesting, and crop management and alternate land use systems suited to land capability. The overall objectives are improved livelihoods through increased incomes while protecting watershed resources.
Drought and drought management strategiesO.P PARIHAR
This document discusses drought and drought management strategies. It defines drought as a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall that results in severe water shortage. It classifies drought based on duration, users affected, time of occurrence, and descriptive terms. Agricultural drought is caused by inadequate rainfall, erratic distribution, long dry spells, and lack of soil and crop management. The effects of drought on crops include reduced water status, photosynthesis, respiration, growth, and development. Strategies to manage drought include adjusting plant populations, mid-season corrections like thinning and spraying, mulching, weed control, and water harvesting for life-saving irrigation during dry spells.
Drought is defined as a period with less than average water supply, whether surface or underground. It can last months or years and is caused by consistently low precipitation. There are four types of drought: meteorological based on dryness compared to normal; agricultural linking dryness to farm impacts; hydrological associated with low streamflow and reservoirs; and socioeconomic when people are affected by water shortages. Drought damages include direct losses like income and indirect losses like reduced revenues. Causes are natural like less rain or human-made like overuse of water.
Drought is defined as a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall leading to water shortages. Drought can be caused by natural factors like weather and global warming, as well as human factors such as overpopulation, overcultivation, and deforestation. Long-term strategies to mitigate drought include rainwater harvesting, watershed management, increasing forest cover, adopting drought-resistant crops, and promoting livelihoods besides water-intensive agriculture and animal husbandry. Additional strategies involve conserving soil moisture through practices like mulching, controlling weeds, and adjusting plant populations, as well as managing water resources through conjunctive use of surface and groundwater and artificial groundwater recharge. Water conservation is important not just
This document discusses drought, including its types, causes, history, and effects. It defines drought as a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall that results in water shortage. There are three main types of drought: meteorological, relating to low rainfall; hydrological, regarding low water levels in supplies; and agricultural, when not enough water is available for crops. Common causes include deficiencies in rain, soil erosion, global warming, deforestation. India experiences frequent droughts affecting over 70% of its cultivated land. Specific regions that are prone to drought are identified.
This document provides an introduction to drought indices, which are quantitative measures used to characterize drought levels by combining data from indicators like precipitation and evapotranspiration. It discusses the types and characteristics of drought, as well as several major drought indices commonly used for monitoring and planning, including the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). The document also covers taxonomy of drought indices and case studies of drought in India characterized using indices.
wind erosion and its control measures, factor affecting wind erosion, mechanics of wind erosion, types of soil transportation, suspension, saltation and surface creep, windbreak, shelterbelt, sand duns
Meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological drought are the three main types of drought. Several indices are used to measure drought severity, including the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), Surface Water Supply Index (SWSI), Moisture Adequacy Index (MAI), and Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI). The SPI quantifies precipitation deficit for different time scales, while the PDSI incorporates temperature and soil moisture data to calculate drought. The SWSI integrates snowpack, rainfall, streamflow, and reservoir levels. The MAI assesses agricultural drought based on actual and potential evapotranspiration. The CWSI provides a daily measure of
This document provides information about dryland farming and drought management strategies. It defines dryland farming as crop cultivation under rainfed conditions with annual rainfall less than 750 mm. It notes that about 70% of India's rural population lives in dryland farming areas. The document discusses various climatic and soil constraints to crop production in dryland regions such as variable rainfall, high temperatures, and low soil moisture and fertility. It also describes different types of drought based on duration and impact. The document concludes by outlining some strategies for drought management, including adjusting plant populations, mulching, water harvesting, and adopting alternate land use systems.
Drought mitigation strategies in agriculture
The document discusses various drought mitigation strategies in agriculture, including crop management practices and soil/water conservation techniques. It begins with introducing the concepts of drought and its classification. Key mitigation strategies through crop management include selecting drought tolerant crops/varieties, seed hardening, and proper sowing times. Soil/water conservation techniques involve in-situ moisture conservation, water harvesting structures, mulching, anti-transpirants, and modern irrigation methods. The document concludes by discussing some long-term strategies to mitigate drought such as contingency crop planning and long-range weather forecasting.
The document discusses drought in several contexts:
1) It defines drought and describes three main types: meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural.
2) It outlines the consequences of drought including environmental, economic, and social impacts such as famine, habitat damage, and conflict over resources.
3) Several examples of historical droughts are provided, including those that affected ancient Egypt, the Maya civilization, the 1930s Dust Bowl in the US, and droughts in China and the Northern Great Plains in the 1980s-90s.
This document discusses various in-situ soil moisture conservation techniques. It introduces the topic and explains that these techniques are recommended in addition to large-scale watershed management structures to increase moisture availability for crops. The techniques aim to increase infiltration and temporarily store water at the soil surface. The document then describes several specific techniques in detail, including deep tillage, mulching, basin listing, broad-based beds and furrows, ridges and furrows, and compartmental bunding. It explains the principles and benefits of each technique for conserving soil moisture.
Soil water conservation methods in agricultureVaishali Sharma
This document discusses methods of soil and water conservation in agriculture. It outlines various physical, agronomic, and vegetative methods to control soil erosion and conserve water resources. Some key methods mentioned include contour bunding, terracing, strip cropping, mulching, and planting grass barriers or trees. The objectives of these conservation practices are to promote proper land use, prevent soil erosion and degradation, maintain soil fertility, and regulate water resources and availability.
The document discusses watersheds and the watershed approach. It defines a watershed as a topographic area that drains runoff water to a common point. The objectives of watershed management are outlined, including controlling runoff, soil erosion, and flooding. The document notes that the watershed approach involves stakeholders collecting and analyzing data to develop and implement strategies to maintain water quality standards. Specific steps of the watershed approach include planning, data collection, assessment, strategy development, and implementation.
Drought is an extended period of dry weather leading to extreme dryness and a shortfall in water supply. It develops slowly as a creeping hazard and is characterized by moisture levels below normal for the affected area. Drought can be defined in three main ways: meteorological drought related to rainfall amounts, hydrological drought determined by water levels, and agricultural drought related to water availability for crops. The impacts of drought are exacerbated by factors like overuse of land and rapid population growth, and it can cause secondary hazards such as wildfires, disease, and famine.
This document discusses various methods for irrigation scheduling to maximize crop yields. It defines irrigation scheduling as determining the frequency and timing of water applications based on crop needs and soil conditions. Direct approaches determine optimal schedules through field trials of different watering intervals and depths, while indirect approaches use indicators like soil moisture levels or sensitive plant species to determine crop water needs. More accurate mathematical approaches estimate needs based on climate data, soil type, and crop water requirements. The document also discusses practical considerations like soil properties, irrigation methods, and minimizing excess water that can damage crops. Overall, the goal of irrigation scheduling is to meet crop water demands and maximize production using water resources efficiently.
Drought is an extended period of deficient water supply caused by significantly below average precipitation. It can impact ecosystems, agriculture, and local economies. Some plant species have adaptations like reduced leaves or waxy coatings to tolerate drought. Past droughts in India have led to major famines and tens of millions of deaths in the 18th-20th centuries. Indian agriculture depends heavily on the summer monsoon, and monsoon failures can result in water shortages and below average crop yields in drought-prone regions.
Watershed management Programs and Policies in IndiaGeeva Chandana
The document discusses watershed management programmes and policies in India. It provides details of several key watershed development programmes implemented since the 1970s, including the Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP), Integrated Wasteland Development Programme (IWDP), National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA), and the Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP). It also describes the Common Guidelines for Watershed Development (Neeranchal) and the role of the National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA). Current and future policies discussed include the Neeranchal Watershed Program and the Prime Minister Krishi Sinchayee Yojna. A case study on the Integrated Watershed Management
Effective rainfall refers to the portion of total rainfall that is useful for crop production. It is influenced by factors like rainfall amount and intensity, land characteristics like slope and soil type, soil water holding capacity, groundwater levels, and crop water needs. Management practices like bunding and mulching can increase effective rainfall by reducing runoff and improving infiltration. Proper irrigation scheduling allows farmers to apply optimal amounts of water at the right times, maximizing yields while minimizing costs, water use, and damage to soil properties. Common irrigation methods include border, furrow, basin, flood, sprinkler, subsurface, and drip irrigation.
This document discusses drought, its causes, effects, and suggestions for prevention. It defines drought as a period of below average precipitation resulting in water shortages. The causes of drought include deforestation, global warming, excess water use, and lack of precipitation. The economic, environmental and social impacts of drought are outlined, such as losses to agriculture, wildlife habitat destruction, and health problems. Suggestions to prevent drought include stopping deforestation, xeriscaping, reducing pollution, saving water through conservation methods, using drought resistant crops, and advanced irrigation systems. Artificial glaciers created using pipes and cold temperatures are also mentioned as a method used in India to harvest water.
Irrigation engineering involves planning and designing water supply systems for crop irrigation. Key factors that necessitate irrigation include insufficient or uneven rainfall, requirements of perennial crops, and converting desert areas. Benefits of irrigation include increased crop yields, elimination of mixed cropping, prosperity of farmers, and sources of revenue from water taxes. Factors affecting the water requirements of crops include climate, soil type, irrigation method, and ground slope. Important terms include gross command area, culturable command area, crop rotation, base period, delta, and duty. The relationship between duty, base period, and delta is defined. Methods to improve duty involve efficient irrigation methods, reducing canal seepage and evaporation losses, and farmer training.
Impact of climatic change on agricultureShashi Singh
Climate change is caused by both natural and human factors such as greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel burning. It is leading to rises in global temperature, changes in precipitation patterns, more extreme weather events. These changes are negatively impacting agriculture through reduced crop yields, shifts in suitable farming areas, and increased pest and disease pressures. While some factors like carbon dioxide fertilization may slightly increase yields, the overall impacts of climate change on global agriculture are expected to be severely damaging to food production and security.
Conservation agriculture & what is the role in drylandshaikh wasim
- Conservation agriculture aims to conserve soil and water resources through minimal soil disturbance, maintaining soil cover through crop residues, and implementing crop rotations. It can help improve yields and resource use efficiency for smallholder farmers in dryland regions.
- Dryland agriculture relies on moisture conservation practices due to limited and variable rainfall. Conservation agriculture helps trap more rainfall in the soil by reducing erosion and evaporation.
- The key principles of conservation agriculture for drylands are minimum soil disturbance through no-till planting, maintaining soil cover through crop residues, and crop rotations including legumes. This conserves soil moisture while improving soil health. Research shows conservation agriculture can increase yields, profits, and land use efficiency compared to conventional tillage systems in dry
This document discusses various erosion control measures for soil and water conservation. It describes agronomic measures like contour cropping, strip cropping, and mulching which control erosion by reducing rain drop impact and increasing infiltration. Mechanical measures like bunding and terracing are also discussed. Bunds are embankments constructed across slopes to slow water flow, while terraces convert steep slopes into level platforms separated by retaining walls to control runoff. Different types of bunding, terracing and their applications are explained in detail.
Splash erosion is caused by the impact of raindrops and is determined by climate, soil properties, topography, and plant cover. Sheet erosion involves the uniform removal of a thin layer of soil by splash erosion and the transportation of detached particles by surface runoff. Rill erosion occurs when sheet erosion advances to form shallow channels, and gully erosion is the most advanced stage where channels cannot be smoothed out by cultivation and are formed through water and channel erosion processes. Gullies are classified based on their shape, activity level, and dimensions, and progress through formation, development, healing, and stabilization stages over time.
Drought can be classified in several ways, including by duration (permanent, seasonal, contingent, invisible), relevance to users (meteorological, atmospheric, hydrological, agricultural), and time of occurrence (early, mid, late season). Drought affects crop production through impacts on water relations, photosynthesis, respiration, growth, development, reproduction, and yield. Crops can adapt to drought through escaping drought via short lifecycles, or through drought resistance via mechanisms like reduced stomatal conductance, extensive root systems, and decreased leaf area. Morphological features providing drought resistance include earliness, reduced tillering, leaf rolling and shedding, and reduced leaf area.
Drought refers to a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water. A drought can last for several months or years. Sometimes, droughts are declared for a full district for a few years.
It can have a substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region and harm to the local life and economy. This module highlights the basics of climatic drought.
This document provides an introduction to drought indices, which are quantitative measures used to characterize drought levels by combining data from indicators like precipitation and evapotranspiration. It discusses the types and characteristics of drought, as well as several major drought indices commonly used for monitoring and planning, including the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). The document also covers taxonomy of drought indices and case studies of drought in India characterized using indices.
wind erosion and its control measures, factor affecting wind erosion, mechanics of wind erosion, types of soil transportation, suspension, saltation and surface creep, windbreak, shelterbelt, sand duns
Meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological drought are the three main types of drought. Several indices are used to measure drought severity, including the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), Surface Water Supply Index (SWSI), Moisture Adequacy Index (MAI), and Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI). The SPI quantifies precipitation deficit for different time scales, while the PDSI incorporates temperature and soil moisture data to calculate drought. The SWSI integrates snowpack, rainfall, streamflow, and reservoir levels. The MAI assesses agricultural drought based on actual and potential evapotranspiration. The CWSI provides a daily measure of
This document provides information about dryland farming and drought management strategies. It defines dryland farming as crop cultivation under rainfed conditions with annual rainfall less than 750 mm. It notes that about 70% of India's rural population lives in dryland farming areas. The document discusses various climatic and soil constraints to crop production in dryland regions such as variable rainfall, high temperatures, and low soil moisture and fertility. It also describes different types of drought based on duration and impact. The document concludes by outlining some strategies for drought management, including adjusting plant populations, mulching, water harvesting, and adopting alternate land use systems.
Drought mitigation strategies in agriculture
The document discusses various drought mitigation strategies in agriculture, including crop management practices and soil/water conservation techniques. It begins with introducing the concepts of drought and its classification. Key mitigation strategies through crop management include selecting drought tolerant crops/varieties, seed hardening, and proper sowing times. Soil/water conservation techniques involve in-situ moisture conservation, water harvesting structures, mulching, anti-transpirants, and modern irrigation methods. The document concludes by discussing some long-term strategies to mitigate drought such as contingency crop planning and long-range weather forecasting.
The document discusses drought in several contexts:
1) It defines drought and describes three main types: meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural.
2) It outlines the consequences of drought including environmental, economic, and social impacts such as famine, habitat damage, and conflict over resources.
3) Several examples of historical droughts are provided, including those that affected ancient Egypt, the Maya civilization, the 1930s Dust Bowl in the US, and droughts in China and the Northern Great Plains in the 1980s-90s.
This document discusses various in-situ soil moisture conservation techniques. It introduces the topic and explains that these techniques are recommended in addition to large-scale watershed management structures to increase moisture availability for crops. The techniques aim to increase infiltration and temporarily store water at the soil surface. The document then describes several specific techniques in detail, including deep tillage, mulching, basin listing, broad-based beds and furrows, ridges and furrows, and compartmental bunding. It explains the principles and benefits of each technique for conserving soil moisture.
Soil water conservation methods in agricultureVaishali Sharma
This document discusses methods of soil and water conservation in agriculture. It outlines various physical, agronomic, and vegetative methods to control soil erosion and conserve water resources. Some key methods mentioned include contour bunding, terracing, strip cropping, mulching, and planting grass barriers or trees. The objectives of these conservation practices are to promote proper land use, prevent soil erosion and degradation, maintain soil fertility, and regulate water resources and availability.
The document discusses watersheds and the watershed approach. It defines a watershed as a topographic area that drains runoff water to a common point. The objectives of watershed management are outlined, including controlling runoff, soil erosion, and flooding. The document notes that the watershed approach involves stakeholders collecting and analyzing data to develop and implement strategies to maintain water quality standards. Specific steps of the watershed approach include planning, data collection, assessment, strategy development, and implementation.
Drought is an extended period of dry weather leading to extreme dryness and a shortfall in water supply. It develops slowly as a creeping hazard and is characterized by moisture levels below normal for the affected area. Drought can be defined in three main ways: meteorological drought related to rainfall amounts, hydrological drought determined by water levels, and agricultural drought related to water availability for crops. The impacts of drought are exacerbated by factors like overuse of land and rapid population growth, and it can cause secondary hazards such as wildfires, disease, and famine.
This document discusses various methods for irrigation scheduling to maximize crop yields. It defines irrigation scheduling as determining the frequency and timing of water applications based on crop needs and soil conditions. Direct approaches determine optimal schedules through field trials of different watering intervals and depths, while indirect approaches use indicators like soil moisture levels or sensitive plant species to determine crop water needs. More accurate mathematical approaches estimate needs based on climate data, soil type, and crop water requirements. The document also discusses practical considerations like soil properties, irrigation methods, and minimizing excess water that can damage crops. Overall, the goal of irrigation scheduling is to meet crop water demands and maximize production using water resources efficiently.
Drought is an extended period of deficient water supply caused by significantly below average precipitation. It can impact ecosystems, agriculture, and local economies. Some plant species have adaptations like reduced leaves or waxy coatings to tolerate drought. Past droughts in India have led to major famines and tens of millions of deaths in the 18th-20th centuries. Indian agriculture depends heavily on the summer monsoon, and monsoon failures can result in water shortages and below average crop yields in drought-prone regions.
Watershed management Programs and Policies in IndiaGeeva Chandana
The document discusses watershed management programmes and policies in India. It provides details of several key watershed development programmes implemented since the 1970s, including the Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP), Integrated Wasteland Development Programme (IWDP), National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA), and the Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP). It also describes the Common Guidelines for Watershed Development (Neeranchal) and the role of the National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA). Current and future policies discussed include the Neeranchal Watershed Program and the Prime Minister Krishi Sinchayee Yojna. A case study on the Integrated Watershed Management
Effective rainfall refers to the portion of total rainfall that is useful for crop production. It is influenced by factors like rainfall amount and intensity, land characteristics like slope and soil type, soil water holding capacity, groundwater levels, and crop water needs. Management practices like bunding and mulching can increase effective rainfall by reducing runoff and improving infiltration. Proper irrigation scheduling allows farmers to apply optimal amounts of water at the right times, maximizing yields while minimizing costs, water use, and damage to soil properties. Common irrigation methods include border, furrow, basin, flood, sprinkler, subsurface, and drip irrigation.
This document discusses drought, its causes, effects, and suggestions for prevention. It defines drought as a period of below average precipitation resulting in water shortages. The causes of drought include deforestation, global warming, excess water use, and lack of precipitation. The economic, environmental and social impacts of drought are outlined, such as losses to agriculture, wildlife habitat destruction, and health problems. Suggestions to prevent drought include stopping deforestation, xeriscaping, reducing pollution, saving water through conservation methods, using drought resistant crops, and advanced irrigation systems. Artificial glaciers created using pipes and cold temperatures are also mentioned as a method used in India to harvest water.
Irrigation engineering involves planning and designing water supply systems for crop irrigation. Key factors that necessitate irrigation include insufficient or uneven rainfall, requirements of perennial crops, and converting desert areas. Benefits of irrigation include increased crop yields, elimination of mixed cropping, prosperity of farmers, and sources of revenue from water taxes. Factors affecting the water requirements of crops include climate, soil type, irrigation method, and ground slope. Important terms include gross command area, culturable command area, crop rotation, base period, delta, and duty. The relationship between duty, base period, and delta is defined. Methods to improve duty involve efficient irrigation methods, reducing canal seepage and evaporation losses, and farmer training.
Impact of climatic change on agricultureShashi Singh
Climate change is caused by both natural and human factors such as greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel burning. It is leading to rises in global temperature, changes in precipitation patterns, more extreme weather events. These changes are negatively impacting agriculture through reduced crop yields, shifts in suitable farming areas, and increased pest and disease pressures. While some factors like carbon dioxide fertilization may slightly increase yields, the overall impacts of climate change on global agriculture are expected to be severely damaging to food production and security.
Conservation agriculture & what is the role in drylandshaikh wasim
- Conservation agriculture aims to conserve soil and water resources through minimal soil disturbance, maintaining soil cover through crop residues, and implementing crop rotations. It can help improve yields and resource use efficiency for smallholder farmers in dryland regions.
- Dryland agriculture relies on moisture conservation practices due to limited and variable rainfall. Conservation agriculture helps trap more rainfall in the soil by reducing erosion and evaporation.
- The key principles of conservation agriculture for drylands are minimum soil disturbance through no-till planting, maintaining soil cover through crop residues, and crop rotations including legumes. This conserves soil moisture while improving soil health. Research shows conservation agriculture can increase yields, profits, and land use efficiency compared to conventional tillage systems in dry
This document discusses various erosion control measures for soil and water conservation. It describes agronomic measures like contour cropping, strip cropping, and mulching which control erosion by reducing rain drop impact and increasing infiltration. Mechanical measures like bunding and terracing are also discussed. Bunds are embankments constructed across slopes to slow water flow, while terraces convert steep slopes into level platforms separated by retaining walls to control runoff. Different types of bunding, terracing and their applications are explained in detail.
Splash erosion is caused by the impact of raindrops and is determined by climate, soil properties, topography, and plant cover. Sheet erosion involves the uniform removal of a thin layer of soil by splash erosion and the transportation of detached particles by surface runoff. Rill erosion occurs when sheet erosion advances to form shallow channels, and gully erosion is the most advanced stage where channels cannot be smoothed out by cultivation and are formed through water and channel erosion processes. Gullies are classified based on their shape, activity level, and dimensions, and progress through formation, development, healing, and stabilization stages over time.
Drought can be classified in several ways, including by duration (permanent, seasonal, contingent, invisible), relevance to users (meteorological, atmospheric, hydrological, agricultural), and time of occurrence (early, mid, late season). Drought affects crop production through impacts on water relations, photosynthesis, respiration, growth, development, reproduction, and yield. Crops can adapt to drought through escaping drought via short lifecycles, or through drought resistance via mechanisms like reduced stomatal conductance, extensive root systems, and decreased leaf area. Morphological features providing drought resistance include earliness, reduced tillering, leaf rolling and shedding, and reduced leaf area.
Drought refers to a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water. A drought can last for several months or years. Sometimes, droughts are declared for a full district for a few years.
It can have a substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region and harm to the local life and economy. This module highlights the basics of climatic drought.
This document provides an overview of dryland farming and drought management strategies. It defines dryland farming as crop cultivation relying entirely on rainfall in areas receiving less than 750 mm of annual rainfall. It notes that about 70% of India's rural population lives in dryland farming areas. The document discusses various climatic and soil-related constraints to crop production in dryland regions. It also outlines several strategies for drought management, including adjusting plant populations, mulching, water harvesting, and adopting crops suited to moisture stress conditions. The document emphasizes the importance of practices like intercropping, conservation tillage, and contour cultivation to conserve soil moisture in dryland areas.
This document discusses drought, including its causes, types, regions affected, and methods of protection and relief. A drought is defined as an extended period of deficient water supply, either from surface or underground sources. It can last months or years and is caused by consistently low precipitation. Droughts can have significant environmental, economic, social and health impacts. Types of drought include meteorological, hydrological and agricultural droughts. Regions commonly affected include parts of India and Brazil. Protection and relief efforts include dams, cloud seeding, desalination, land use practices, water restrictions, rainwater harvesting and water recycling.
This document discusses drought, including its types and classifications and effects on plant physiology and morphology. It defines drought as a long period with no rain, especially during the planting season. Drought is classified based on duration, such as permanent, seasonal, contingent, or invisible drought. It is also classified based on relevance to users, such as meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, socioeconomic, or atmospheric drought. The key difference between drought and aridity is that drought is temporary while aridity is a permanent climatic feature.
Drought is defined as a prolonged period with less than normal rainfall that can cause crop failure and water shortage. The document discusses various types of drought and their effects on plants. It then outlines several mitigation techniques to reduce drought impacts, including adopting drought-resistant crop varieties, soil and water conservation methods, and long-term strategies like integrated water basin planning and long-range rainfall forecasting. Key mitigation practices involve crop management, water harvesting, mulching, drip irrigation, and in-situ soil moisture conservation.
This document discusses drought, including its definition, causes, classification, effects, and government policies to combat it. Drought is defined as an extended period of deficient precipitation that causes water shortage for people and crops. Common causes of drought include low rainfall, high air pressure, lack of monsoon winds, depletion of forests and groundwater, and global warming. Droughts are classified as meteorological, agricultural, or hydrological based on their physical aspects and impacts. Effects of drought include economic losses, food shortages, environmental damage, and social impacts like conflicts and migration. The document provides a case study of the severe 2002 drought in Rajasthan, India and outlines various government programs to address drought like rural employment schemes and waters
The document discusses aridity, drought, and drought classification. It provides definitions of aridity as a long-term lack of water or moisture caused by wind systems, rain patterns, and temperature. There are three arid zones delineated based on an index: hyper-arid, arid, and semi-arid zones. The arid zone has little farming without irrigation due to lack of available water. The hyper-arid zone has few scattered shrubs and very low rainfall. The semi-arid zone can support rain-fed agriculture. Drought is defined as a prolonged dry period resulting from lack of precipitation. There are three types of drought: hydrological, meteorological, and agricultural droughts which
Drought & Desertification measures of mitigation ,Types of drought SANDEEP PATRE
Drought & Desertification measures of mitigation ,Types of drought ,Drought Causes, Effects of Drought .
Types of deserts and the global distribution of deserts, Factors for desert formation, Mitigation:
Climate, Soil, Deserts types, Topography and Biomes (1).pptxssuserc6ce55
This document discusses definitions and characteristics of deserts. It defines deserts based on climatic criteria like temperature and moisture levels, with specific subdivisions based on average annual rainfall. Deserts are defined as having an aridity index below 0.5. The document also discusses desert ecology, focusing on the pulse-reserve paradigm for understanding plant and animal responses to intermittent water availability. It covers characteristics of desert soils like pH, texture, and nutrients. Desert climates are described as hot and dry, with seasonal rainfall patterns influencing vegetation. Spatial factors like topography also impact rainfall distribution.
Drought is defined as a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall that negatively impacts living conditions and agriculture. It is difficult to determine the exact onset and end of a drought. Drought can be caused by improper rainfall distribution over time and space, as well as an imbalance between precipitation and water usage. There are different types of drought including meteorological, hydrological, agricultural, and socio-economic droughts that have increasingly severe impacts on weather, water resources, crop yields, and the economy. While drought is a natural phenomenon, its effects are exacerbated in developing countries by issues like overpopulation, deforestation, and unsustainable water usage.
Drought is a period of below-average precipitation that results in water shortages. It can last for months or years and significantly impact ecosystems, agriculture, and local economies. Drought is caused by factors like low precipitation, dry seasons, climate change, and human activities like overfarming and deforestation. Some areas that are particularly prone to drought include Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia in the Horn of Africa. Common consequences of drought are reduced crop yields, dust storms, famine, wildlife migration, and conflicts over scarce resources. Drought preparedness plans focus on prediction, monitoring, impact assessment, and response.
This document provides an overview of rainfed agriculture in India. It defines different types of rainfed agriculture based on annual rainfall amounts, including dry farming (<750 mm), dryland farming (750-1150 mm), and rainfed farming (>1150 mm). Around 67% of India's cultivated area, or 108 million hectares, falls under rainfed conditions. Though productivity has increased, large yield gaps still exist for major rainfed crops compared to potential yields. Closing these gaps through improved cultivars, nutrient management, and water harvesting techniques will be critical to meet India's growing food demand on a shrinking land base under climate change.
This document discusses drought hazards in the Sahel region of Africa. It defines key concepts like drought, hazards, aridity, and desertification. It describes the different types of drought as meteorological, hydrological, agricultural, and famine. The main causes of drought in the Sahel are a lack of rainfall due to climate factors as well as human activities like overgrazing, deforestation, and poor water management. Drought has major consequences, including a lack of drinking water, loss of vegetation and farmland, reduced livestock and electricity production, and loss of human life. Measures to adapt to and mitigate drought involve household responses like selling assets, as well as community and political responses such as drought-resistant crops
This document discusses drought, including its definition, types, causes, history in India, and effects. It notes that drought is a condition of acute water scarcity caused by significantly lower than average rainfall over an extended period. There are three main types of drought: meteorological, based on rainfall amounts; hydrological, based on water levels in supplies; and agricultural, referring to insufficient water for crop growth. Key causes discussed include low rainfall, soil erosion, global warming, and deforestation. The document outlines some of the most drought prone areas in India and provides a table showing drought years from 1801-2010.
Drought occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation over an extended period, resulting in water shortages. Drought can have substantial impacts on agriculture and regional economies. In India, drought has historically led to tens of millions of deaths from famines in the 18th-19th centuries. Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on the summer monsoon, and failure of the monsoons can result in below average crop yields, impacting parts of India like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Haryana, Gujarat, and Rajasthan. The document then discusses various physical and climatic factors that can cause drought, as well as human impacts like overuse of water resources and depletion of forests.
Drought occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation over an extended period, resulting in water shortages. Drought can have substantial impacts on agriculture and regional economies. In India, drought has historically led to tens of millions of deaths from famines in the 18th-19th centuries. Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on the summer monsoon, and failure of the monsoons can result in below average crop yields, impacting parts of India like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Haryana, Gujarat, and Rajasthan. The document then discusses various physical and climatic factors that can cause drought, as well as human impacts like overuse of water resources and depletion of forests.
This is presented by Taslima Nasrin, student of Begum Rokeya University,Rangpur.It's about drought in Bangladesh and different model for drought analysis.
climatic and soil factors in dryland farming in indian region, you will understand the different variations regarding the dryland farming and you can understand about the dryland techniques.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Community pharmacy- Social and preventive pharmacy UNIT 5
Drought and its management
1. Drought and its
management
Welcome to the department of agronomy
Submitted to :
Mounika madam
Departement of agronomy
Ageicultural college , NAIRA
Agricultural college , NAIRA
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Introduction
Low rainfall or failure of monsoon rain is a recurring feature in India. This has been responsible for droughts
and famines. The word drought generally denotes scarcity of water in a region. Though, aridity and drought
are due to insufficient water, aridity is a permanent climatic feature and is the culmination of a number of
long term processes. However, drought is a temporary condition that occurs for a short period due to
deficient precipitation for vegetation, river flow, water supply and human consumption. Drought is due to
anomaly in atmospheric circulation.
AridityVs. Drought
Particulars Aridity Drought
Duration Permanent feature Temporary condition of
scarcity of varying duration
Factors Culmination of many long term
processes , considers all climatic
features
Caused by deficient rainfall
Aspect described Description of Climate Description ofWater
availability
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Definition of drought
There is no universally accepted definition for drought.
a) Early workers defined drought as prolonged period without rainfall.
b) According to Ramdas (1960) drought is a situation when the actual seasonal rainfall is deficient by more
than twice the mean deviation.
c) American Meteorological Society defined drought as a period of abnormally dry weather sufficiently
prolonged for lack of water to cause a severe hydrological imbalance in the area affected.
d) Prolonged deficiencies of soil moisture adversely affect crop growth indicating incidence of agricultural
drought. It is the result of imbalance between soil moisture and evapo-transpiration needs of an area over a
fairly long period so as to cause damage to standing crops and to reduce the yields.
e)The irrigation commission of India defines drought as a situation occurring in any
area where the annual rainfall is less than 75% of normal rainfall.
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Classification of drought
Drought can be classified based on duration, nature of users, time of occurrence and using some specific
terms.
Based on duration
a.Permanent drought:This is characteristic of the desert climate where sparse vegetation growing
is adapted to drought and agriculture is possible only by irrigation during entire crop season.
b. Seasonal drought: This is found in climates with well defined rainy and dry seasons. Most of the arid and
semiarid zones fall in this category. Duration of the crop varieties and planting dates should be such that
the growing season should fall within rainy season.
c. Contingent drought: This involves an abnormal failure of rainfall. It may occur almost anywhere
especially in most parts of humid or sub humid climates. It is usually brief, irregular and generally affects
only a small area.
d. Invisible drought: This can occur even when there is frequent rain in an area. When rainfall is inadequate
to meet the evapo-transpiration losses, the result is borderline water deficiency in soil resulting in less than
optimum yield.This occurs usually in humid regions.
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Based on relevance to the users (National Commission on Agriculture, 1976)
a) Meteorological drought: It is defined as a condition, where the annual precipitation is less than the normal over an
area for prolonged period (month, season or year).
b) Atmospheric drought: It is due to low air humidity, frequently accompanied by hot dry winds. It may occur even under
conditions of adequate available soil moisture. It refers to a condition when plants show wilting symptoms during the hot
part of the day when transpiration exceeds absorption temporarily for a short period. When absorption keeps pace with
transpiration the plants revive. (Mid day wilt).
c) Hydrological drought: Meteorological drought, when prolonged results in hydrological drought with depletion of
surface water and consequent drying of reservoirs, tanks etc. It results in deficiency of water for all sectors using water.
This is based on water balance and how it affects irrigation as a whole for bringing crops to maturity.
d) Agricultural drought (soil drought): It is the result of soil moisture stress due to imbalance between available soil
moisture and evapotranspiration of a crop. It is usually gradual and progressive. Plants can therefore, adjust at least
partly, to the increased soil moisture stress. This situation arises as a consequence of scanty precipitation or its uneven
distribution both in space and time. Relevant definition of agricultural drought appears to be a period of dryness during
the crop season, sufficiently prolonged to adversely affect the yield. The extent of yield loss depends on the crop growth
stage and the degree of stress. It does not begin when the rain ceases, but actually commences only when the plant
roots are not able to obtain the soil moisture rapidly enough to replace evapotranspiration losses.
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Based on time of occurrence
a) Early season drought: It occurs due to delay in onset of monsoon or due to long dry spells after early
sowing.
b) Mid season drought: Occurs due to long gaps between two successive rains and stored moisture
becoming insufficient during the long dry spell.
c) Late season drought: Occurs due to early cessation of rainfall and crop water stress at maturity stage.
Other terms to describe drought
a) Relative drought: The drought for one crop may not be a drought situation for another crop. This is due
to mismatch between soil moisture condition and crop selection. For Eg. A condition may be a drought
situation for growing rice, but the same situation may not be a drought for growing groundnut.
b) Physiological drought: Refers to a condition where crops are unable to absorb water from soil even
when water is available, due to the high osmotic pressure of soil solution due to increased soil
concentration, as in saline and alkaline soils. It is not due to deficit of water supply.
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Important causes for agricultural drought are
• Inadequate precipitation
• Erratic distribution
• Long dry spells in the monsoon
• Late onset of monsoon
• Early withdrawal of monsoon
• Lack of proper soil and crop management
Periodicity of drought : The Indian Meteorological Department examined the incidence of drought for the period from
1871 to 1967, utilizing the monthly rainfall of 306 stations in the country. It was seen that during 1877, 1899, 1918 and
1972 more than 40 per cent of the total area experienced drought. General observation on the periodicity of drought
in respect of different meteorological sub divisions of India is given below.
Meteorological sub divisions Period of recurrence of drought
Assam
Assam Very rare, once in 15 years
West Bengal, MP, Konkan, Coastal AP, Kerala, Bihar, Orissa Once in 5 years
South interior Karnataka, Eastern UP, Gujarat, Vidharbha, Rajasthan,
Western UP,TN, Kashmir, Rayalaseema andTelangana
Once in 3 years
Western Rajasthan Once in 2.5 years
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Effect of drought on crop production
a)Water relations: Alters the water status by its influence on absorption, translocation and transpiration.
The lag in absorption behind transpiration results in loss of turgor as a result of increase in the
atmospheric dryness.
b) Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis is reduced by moisture stress due to reduction in Photosynthetic rate,
chlorophyll content, leaf area and increase in assimilates saturation in leaves (due to lack of translocation).
c) Respiration: Increase with mild drought but more serve drought lowers water content and respiration.
d) Anatomical changes: Decrease in size of the cells and inter cellular spaces, thicker cell wall , greater
development of mechanical tissue. Stomata per unit leaf tend to increase.
e) Metabolic reaction: All most all metabolic reactions are affected by water deficits.
f) Hormonal Relationships: The activity of growth promoting hormones like cytokinin, gibberlic acid and
indole acetic acid decreases and growth regulating hormone like abscisic acid, ethylene, etc., increases.
g) Nutrition: The fixation, uptake and assimilation of nitrogen is affected. Since dry matter production is
considerably reduced the uptake of NPK is reduced.
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h) Growth and Development: Decrease in growth of leaves, stems and fruits. Maturity is delayed if drought
occursbefore flowering while it advances if drought occurs after flowering.
i) Reproduction and grain growth: Drought at flowering and grain development determines the number of fruits and
individual grain weight, respectively. Panicle initiation in cereals is critical while drought at anthesis may lead to
drying of pollen. Drought at grain development reduces yield while vegetative and grain filling stages are less
sensitive to moisture stress.
j) Yield: The effect on yield depends hugely on what proportion of the total dry matter is considered as useful material
to be harvested. If it is aerial and underground parts, effect of drought is as sensitive as total growth.When the yield
consists of seeds as in cereals, moisture stress at flowering is detrimental. When the yield is fibre or chemicals where
economic product is a small fraction of total dry matter moderate stress on growth does not have adverse effect on
yields.
Crop Adaptations
The ability of crop to grow satisfactorily under water stress is called drought adaptation. Adaptation is structural or
functional modification in plants to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. Crops survive and grow under
moisture stress conditions mainly by two ways:
(i) escaping drought and
(ii) drought resistance
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Escaping Drought
Evading the period of drought is the simplest means of adaptation of plants to dry conditions. Many desert
plants, the so called ephemerals, germinate at the beginning of the rainy season and have an extremely
short life period (5 to 6 weeks) which is confined to the rainy period. These plants have no mechanism for
overcoming moisture stress and are, therefore, not drought resistant.
Germination inhibitors serve as safety mechanism. In cultivated
crops, the ability of a cultivar to mature before the soil dries is the main adaptation to growth in dry regions.
However, only very few crops have such a short growing season to be called as ephemerals. Certain
varieties of pearl millet mature within 60 days after sowing.
Short duration pulses like cowpea, greengram, blackgram can be
included in this category. In addition to earliness, they need drought resistance because there may be dry
spells within the crop period of 60 Adaptations to moisture stress Escaping drought Drought Resistance
Drought avoidance Drought tolerance Mitigating Stress Conserving water High tolerance (Water savers)
Improving water uptake (Water Spenders) days. The disadvantage about breeding early varieties is that
yield is reduced with reduction in duration.
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Drought Resistance : Plants can adopt to drought either by avoiding stress or by tolerating stress due to different
mechanisms.These mechanisms provide drought resistance.
Avoiding Stress : Stress avoidance is the ability to maintain a favourable water balance, and turgidity even when
exposed to drought conditions, thereby avoiding stress and its consequences. A favourable water balance under
drought conditions can be achieved either by:
(i) conserving water by restricting transpiration before or as soon as stress is experienced; or
(ii) accelerating water uptake sufficiently so as to replenish the lost water.
Strategies for drought management :
The different strategies for drought management are discussed under the following heads.
Adjusting the plant population: The plant population should be lesser in dryland conditions than under irrigated
conditions. The rectangular type of planting pattern should always be followed under dryland conditions. Under dryland
conditions whenever moisture stress occurs due to prolonged dry spells, under limited moisture supply the adjustment
of plant population can be done by
a) Increasing the inter row distance: By adjusting more number of plants within the row and increasing the distance
between the rows reduces the competition during any part of the growing period of the crop. Hence it is more suitable
for limited moisture supply conditions.
b) Increasing the intra row distance: Here the distance between plants is increased by which plants grow luxuriantly
from the beginning.There will be competition for moisture during the reproductive period of the crop. Hence it is less
advantageous as compared to above under limited moisture supply.
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Mid season corrections: The contingent management practices done in the standing crop to overcome the
unfavourable soil moisture conditions due to prolonged dry spells are known as mid season conditions.
a) Thinning: This ca be done by removing every alternate row or every third row which will save the crop from failure by
reducing the competition.
b) Spraying: In crops like groundnut, castor, redgram, etc., during prolonged dry spells the crop can saved by spraying
water at weekly intervals or 2 per cent urea at week to 10 days interval.
c) Ratooning: In crops like sorghum and bajra, ratooning can practiced as mid
season correction measure after break of dry spell.
Mulching: It is a practice of spreading any covering material on soil surface to reduce evaporation losses. The mulches
will prolong the moisture availability in the soil and save the crop during drought conditions.
Weed control: Weeds compete with crop for different growth resources ore seriously under dryland conditions. The
water requirement of most of the weeds is more than the crop plants. Hence they compete more for soil moisture.
Therefore the weed control especially during early stages of crop growth reduce the impact of dry spell by soil moisture
conservation.
Water harvesting and life saving irrigation: The collection of run off water during peak periods of rainfall and storing
in different structures is known as water harvesting. The stored water can be used for giving the life saving irrigation
during prolonged dry spells.
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Impact of Droughts in India: Physical; Agriculture and Economic Impact :
Droughts have a wide range of effects on the masses in a developing country
like India. The impact of droughts is specifically conspicuous in view of the tropical monsoon character
of the country. Rainfall by the south-west monsoon is notorious for its vagaries.
(i) Physical Impact:
Meteorological drought adversely affects the recharge of soil moisture,
surface runoff and ground water table. Soils dry up, surface runoff is reduced and ground water level is
lowered. Rivers, lakes, ponds and reservoirs tend to dry up wells and tube-wells are rendered
unserviceable due to lowering of the ground water table.
(ii) Impact on Agriculture:
Indian agriculture still largely depends upon monsoon rainfall where about
two-thirds of the arable land lack irrigation facilities and is termed as rainfed. The effect is manifested in
the shortfalls of agricultural production in drought years. History is replete with examples of serious
shortfall in cultivated areas and drop in agricultural productivity.
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Severe shortage of food-grains had been felt and the country had to resort to import of food-grains to save
the poor people from hunger and starvation. However, India has been able to build a buffer stock of food–
grains and threat from droughts is not as serious as it used to be before the Green Revolution.
It is worth mentioning here that the shortfall in agricultural
production may be the direct impact of meteorological droughts but the succeeding hydrological and
agricultural droughts have a long range and far reaching impact on agriculture. This impact may be in the
form of changes in the cropping patterns and impoverishment in cattle.
(iii) Social and Economic Impact:
Social and economic impact of a drought is more severe than the
physical and agricultural impacts. A drought is almost invariably associated with famine which has its own
social and economic consequences.
The impact of drought manifests itself in the following sequence:
1. Decline in cultivated area and fall in agricultural production (including crops and milk).
2. Fall in employment in agricultural sector.
3. Fall in purchasing power.
4. Scarcity of drinking water, food-grains and fodder.
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5. Rise in inflation rate.
6. Distress sale of cattle and loss of cattle life.
7. Low intake of food and widespread malnutrition.
8. Ill health and spread of diseases like diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera and opthalmia caused by
malnutrition, hunger and starvation.
9. Distress sale and mortgage of land, jewellery and personal property.
10. Migration of people from drought hit areas to other areas in search of livelihood and food.
11. Death due to malnutrition/starvation/diseases
12. Slowing down of secondary and tertiary activities due to fall in agricultural production and decline in
purchasing power.
13. Low morale of the people.
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14. Social stress and tension, disruption of social institutions and increase in social crime.
15. Growth of fatalism and belief in supernatural powers and superstitions.
The greatest impact of a drought is seen on the weaker sections of society. These include landless labourers, small
marginal farmers and artisans like weavers. Such people live in hand to mouth economy and do not have enough stock
to sustain in the event of a drought.
Whatever little stock they have, it is quickly exhausted and they are compelled to go in for distress sale or mortgage
their belongings to rich landlords. Thus whereas a drought situation brings miseries and sufferings for the poor people,
the rich people take undue advantage of the situation and exploit the poor people.
Often the poor becomes poorer and the rich becomes richer in a drought situation. A series of bad harvest plunges
the small and marginal farmers in a vicious circle of poverty making them landless and penniless.
The money-lender charges high rate of interest and the inability of the farmer to repay the loan compells them to
forfeit their mortgaged property. In extreme cases, the farmers tend to commit suicide. Cases of suicide by farmers in
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa, Maharashtra and even in agriculturally rich states of Punjab and Haryana have
been reported from time to time.
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DROUGHT STATISTICS IN INDIA :
About 42% of India’s land area is facing drought, with 6% exceptionally dry--four times the spatial
extent of drought last year, according to data for the week ending March 26, 2019, from the Drought
EarlyWarning System (DEWS), a real-time drought monitoring platform.
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Maharashtra, parts of the North-East,
Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Telangana are the worst hit. These states are home to 500 million people,
almost 40% of the country’s population.
While the central government has not declared drought anywhere so far, the state governments of
Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha and Rajasthan have declared many of their
districts as drought-hit.
“Before monsoon, which is still far away, the next two or three months are going to be difficult in many
of these regions,” Vimal Mishra, associate professor at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT),
Gandhinagar, and the developer of DEWS, told IndiaSpend.
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Failed monsoon rains are the primary reason for the current situation. The North-East monsoon, also known as
‘post-monsoon rainfall’ (October-December) that provides 10-20% of India’s rainfall, was deficient by 44% in 2018
from the long-term normal of 127.2 mm, as per data from the India Meteorological Department (IMD). This
compounded the rainfall deficit in the South-West (SW) monsoon (June-September) that provides 80% of India’s
rainfall, which fell short by 9.4% in 2018--close to the 10% deficit range when the IMD declares a drought.
India has experienced widespread drought every year since 2015, Mishra said, with the exception of 2017. As the El
Nino--the unusual warming of the equatorial Pacific Ocean that makes Indian summers warmer and reduces rainfall--
looms over the 2019 SW monsoon, pre-monsoon showers (March-May) this year have also been deficient. India has
received 36% less rainfall than the long-term average between March 1 and March 28, 2019, as per IMD data. The
southern peninsular region recorded the lowest, a deficit greater than 60%.
Lower rainfall has reduced water levels in reservoirs across the country. The amount of water available in the
country’s 91 major reservoirs has gone down 32 percentage points over five months to March 22, 2019. In 31
reservoirs of southern states, water level has gone down by 36 percentage points over five months.
The drought could further worsen farm distress, exacerbate groundwater extraction, increase migration from rural
to urban areas, and further inflame water conflicts between states and between farms, cities and industries.
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Drought-Prone Districts Of India
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Drought in india ( 1876 to 1990 )
Year Geographical Area Affected by Drought Intensity of Drought Ranking (on The basis of
Column (3)
(1) Million Hectares
(2)
% to total Area
(3)
(4) (5)
1876
1877
1883
1884
1885
1891
1896
1899
1901
1902
1904
1905
1907
1911
1913
1915
1918
1920
1925
1928
1936
1941
1951
1952
49
203
103
70
48
115
68
199
89
54
98
109
85
97
70
63
216
122
80
67
86
101
104
81
15.8
64.7
32.8
22.2
15.4
36.7
21.7
63.4
28.5
17.1
33.1
34.7
27.2
30.8
22.3
20.2
68.7
38.6
25.5
21.4
27.6
12.3
31.6
24.6
Moderate
Calamitous
Near severe
Moderate
Moderate
Near severe
Moderate
Calamitous
Near severe
Moderate
Near severe
Slight
Near severe
Moderate
Moderate
Calamitous
Near severe
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Near severe
Near severe
Moderate
Moderate
33
2
11
25
34
9
27
3
19
32
15
10
22
16
26
29
1
7
23
28
21
12
13
24
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(1) Million Hectares
(2)
% to total Area
(3)
(4) (5)
1965
1966
1968
1969
1971
1972
1974
1979
1982
1985
1986
1987
135
101
45
62
42
139
92
124
104
95
60
155
41.1
30.7
13.7
18.9
12.8
42.3
28.0
37.7
31.6
28.9
18.3
47.2
Severe
Near Severe
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Severe
Near severe
Near severe
Near severe
Near severe
Moderate
Severe
6
17
35
30
36
5
20
8
14
18
31
4
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Drought statistics in Andhrapradesh :
•Droughts are a fact of life in Rayalaseema, the arid western region of Andhra Pradesh comprising the
four districts of Kurnool, Anantapur, YSR Kadapa and Chittoor. Between 2000 and 2018, the region has
seen 15 drought years, the last nine consecutive, according to data from the office of the
Commissioner for Disaster Management published in the Agriculture Statistics Report 2017-’18.
•Coming after consecutive drought years, 2018 brought the worst drought in 20 years. The state
government declared 347 mandals, or blocks, drought-affected in nine of 13 districts. Further, the
entire state received 32% deficient rainfall between June 2018 and April 2019, affecting the main kharif
and rabi crops.
•Today, agriculture holds no hope for small or big farmers in western Andhra Pradesh. Recurring
droughts and the absence of alternative employment have forced lakhs of small, marginal and landless
farmers, mostly from the Scheduled Castes, ScheduledTribes and Backward Castes, to migrate in the
post-kharif period, around Dussehra in October every year.They go in search of daily wage jobs in
agriculture or construction, both within and outside the state.
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•In 2018, about 7,00,000 farmers migrated from Anantapur and Kurnool districts Drought has
impacted close to 3.2 million farmers since 2014, resulting in losses of up to Rs 3,216 crore – money
that could have been used to irrigate well over 40,192 hectares of land – The Hindu reported.
Drought damaged 5,50,000 hectares of farmland and affected 1.6 million small and marginal
farmers between 2018 and 2019, according to a press release from the Chief Minister’s Office.
•The cost of digging borewells and high pesticide prices are also pushing farmers into debt: 77% of
Andhra’s rural agricultural households are in debt, the second highest in the country after
Telangana (79%), and higher than the national average of 52.5%, according to the latest data
published by National Bank ofAgriculture and Rural Development.
•Successive droughts have also brought drinking water shortage, hunger, child labour and sex
trafficking of migrant workers.
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A land of contrasts:
•The Rayalaseema region Pradesh is a study in contrasts, with uneven irrigation and water facilities
even within the same district. For instance, 37.35% of the total area is irrigated by canals in Kurnool
district. However, canal irrigation is concentrated in the eastern region while the western regions are
parched and have few irrigation facilities.
•In Kadapa, the southern region of Rayachoti and Rajampeta are similarly devoid of water while
other regions are irrigated. Similarly, 27.43% of the farmland in Prakasam district is irrigated by
canals, which are concentrated in the eastern region, leaving the western part dependent on rainfed
agriculture.
No sowing in Anantapur
•Prakasam, the worst-affected district, received 58% deficient rainfall between June 2018 and April
2019. For the sixth consecutive year, all 63 mandals in Anantapur district, where 64.4% of land area is
desertified, have been declared drought-hit. The state government sought Rs 1,401 crore from the
Centre, of which Rs 900 crore was released for drought mitigation in January 2019.
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•Rainfall has been increasingly erratic across Andhra over a prolonged period, with increasing dry
spells (seven consecutive days without rain), according to a hydrogeologist in Prakasam who did not
wish to be named. Anantapur has witnessed dry spells lasting 10-45 days in the last 25 years, severely
affecting the yield of groundnut, the district’s main cash crop. Most of Andhra, except the canal-
irrigated districts of Krishna, Guntur, East Godavari and West Godavari, depends on rainfed
agriculture.
•For the first time in 140 years, a large majority of farmers did not sow anything at all last year in
Anantapur,” said YV Mallareddy, director of Accion Fraterna Ecology Center, an NGO based in
Anantapur. He has been studying drought patterns in the Rayalaseema region.
•Dry spells are not the only problem, rains when they arrive are more intense now –up to 40 mm a day
– eroding the soil.
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The state’s drought response has evolved over the years – from employment generation during
droughts through the Food forWork programme in the 1960s to watershed programmes in the 1990s
that involved building assets for water conservation and groundwater recharge through the Drought
ProneAreas Programme.
An evaluation of the Andhra Pradesh Drought Adaptation Initiative, a collaborative pilot project
between the World Bank and the state government, carried out in two districts of undivided Andhra
Pradesh in 2006, found that new thinking and a participatory approach were needed to build long-
term climate resilience.This would include income diversification, establishment of buffers of food
grain, and participatory management of groundwater.
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Thank you
Presented by :
1)G.Dhananjay NA-2017-013
2)CH.Eshwar prasad NA-2017-014
3)R.Gayathri NA-2017-015