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Driving Change Scoring Guide
CRITERIA NON-PERFORMANCE BASIC PROFICIENT
DISTINGUISHED
Describe a
problem and how
it impacts an
organization,
patients, or the
nursing
profession.
Does not describe
a problem and
how it impacts an
organization,
patients, or the
nursing
profession.
Identifies a
problem but does
not describe how it
impacts an
organization,
patients, or the
nursing
profession.
Describes a
problem and how
it impacts an
organization,
patients, or the
nursing
profession.
Analyzes a
problem and how it
impacts an
organization,
patients, or the
nursing profession.
Describe
evidence-based
solutions to a
problem.
Does not describe
evidence-based
solutions to a
problem.
Describes
solutions to a
problem but does
not provide
evidence to
support the
solutions.
Describes
evidence-based
solutions to a
problem.
Describes
evidence-based
solutions to a
problem and
examines the pros
and cons of the
solutions.
Analyze barriers
and resistance to
change from an
organization,
patients, or
colleagues.
Does not analyze
barriers and
resistance to
change from an
organization,
patients, or
colleagues.
Describes barriers
and resistance to
change from an
organization,
patients, or
colleagues.
Analyzes barriers
and resistance to
change from an
organization,
patients, or
colleagues.
Analyzes barriers
and resistance to
change from an
organization,
patients, or
colleagues and
explores the
consequences of
not solving a
problem.
Describe
strategies to
overcome
barriers and
resistance to
change.
Does not describe
strategies to
overcome barriers
and resistance to
change.
Lists strategies to
overcome barriers
and resistance to
change.
Describes
strategies to
overcome barriers
and resistance to
change.
Analyzes
strategies to
overcome barriers
and resistance to
change.
Develop a plan to
implement
evidence-based
solutions to a
problem.
Does not develop
a plan to
implement
evidence-based
solutions to a
problem.
Develops a plan to
implement
solutions to a
problem, but the
solutions are not
supported by
evidence.
Develops a plan
to implement
evidence-based
solutions to a
problem.
Develops a plan to
implement
evidence-based
solutions to a
problem and
includes methods
to evaluate how
well the solutions
are working.
Identify other
health care
professionals to
enlist as
members of an
Does not identify
other health care
professionals to
enlist as members
of an
Identifies other
health care
professionals to
enlist as members
of an
Identifies other
health care
professionals to
enlist as members
of an
Identifies other
health care
professionals to
enlist as members
of an
CRITERIA NON-PERFORMANCE BASIC PROFICIENT
DISTINGUISHED
interprofessional
team to drive
change in an
organization.
interprofessional
team to drive
change in an
organization.
interprofessional
team, but it is not
clear how the
team will drive
change in an
organization.
interprofessional
team to drive
change in an
organization.
interprofessional
team to drive
change in an
organization and
outlines how the
team will drive
change in an
organization.
Write content
clearly and
logically, with
correct use of
grammar,
punctuation, and
mechanics.
Does not write
content clearly,
logically, or with
correct use of
grammar,
punctuation, and
mechanics.
Writes with errors
in clarity, logic,
grammar,
punctuation,
and/or mechanics.
Writes content
clearly and
logically with
correct use of
grammar,
punctuation, and
mechanics.
Writes clearly and
logically with
correct use of
spelling, grammar,
punctuation, and
mechanics; uses
relevant evidence
to support a
central idea.
Correctly format
citations and
references using
current APA
style.
Does not correctly
format citations
and references
using current APA
style.
Uses current APA
to format citations
and references but
with numerous
errors.
Correctly formats
citations and
references using
current APA style
with few errors.
Correctly formats
citations and
references with no
errors.
bodytemp.csvtemperaturegenderrate96.317096.717196.9174971
8097.117397.117597.118297.216497.316997.417097.416897.41
7297.417897.517097.517597.617497.616997.617397.717797.81
5897.817397.816597.817497.917697.9172981789817198174981
67981649817898.117398.116798.216698.216498.217198.21729
8.318698.317298.416898.417098.418298.418498.516898.51719
8.617798.617898.618398.616698.617098.618298.717398.71789
8.817898.818198.817898.918099175991799918199.117199.218
399.316399.417099.517596.426996.726296.827597.226697.226
897.425797.626197.728497.726197.827797.826297.827197.926
897.926997.9279982769828798278982739828998.128198.2273
98.226498.226598.227398.226998.225798.327998.327898.3280
98.427998.428198.427398.427498.428498.528398.628298.6285
98.628698.627798.727298.727998.725998.726498.726598.7282
98.826498.827098.828398.828998.826998.827398.828498.9276
992799928199.128099.127499.227799.226699.326899.427799.9
279100278100.8277
repair.csvXY123229349464474587696697710981199149914510
15410166111621117412180121761417916193171931819518198
20205
Statistical Inference II: J. Lee Assignment 7
Problem 1. An analysis is performed to study the relationship
between a response variable Y and a single
explanatory variable X. The model guiding the analysis is
Y i = β0 + β1Xi + �i,
where the �i’s are independently and identically distributed as
N(0,σ
2) and σ2 is unknown. The data with
a sample size of n = 5 were analyzed using R and produced the
following output.
Observations x y Residual
1 0.0 0.9 0.027
2 4.1 5.9 0.188
3 5.1 6.2 -0.692
4 6.1 8.7 0.628
5 ∗ 9.1 ∗
Fill in the two missing values (denoted by “∗ ”) in the table
above.
Problem 2. In fitting a SLR model, ten of the residuals for the
regression of weight on age for eleven
children are:
0.02,−0.02, 0.01,−0.01,−0.04, 0.03, 0.01, 0.02, 0.01, 0.05
What is the eleventh residual?
Problem 3. Consider the multiple regression model:
Yi = β1Xi1 + β2Xi2 + �i, i = 1. . . . ,n,
where the �i are uncorrelated, with E(�i) = 0 and Var(�i) = σ
2. Let X =
(
X11 X21 . . . Xn1
X12 X22 . . . Xn2
)T
and
XT X is invertible (i.e., full rank).
(a) Write the normal equations using the least square criterion.
(b) What are the least square estimators of β1 and β2?
(c) Let ei denote the residual and Ŷi the fitted value for i = 1, . .
. ,n. Which of the following statements
are true?
(c1)
∑n
i=1 ei = 0 always.
(c2)
∑n
i=1 Ŷi = 0 always.
(c3)
∑n
i=1 Xij = 0 always for j = 1, 2.
(c4)
∑n
i=1 Yi = 0 always.
#
===============================================
==============================
# Service Calls Data
#
===============================================
==============================
# In R, using windows() on a PC, or quartz() on a Mac will
allow you to
# use a new graphics window (so your graphs will not be
overwritten).
# If you are using RStudio, you need not include these
functions.
# I will use windows() only in this file.
repair = read.csv("repair.csv",header=TRUE)
head(repair)
attach(repair)
#Y = Length of Computer Service Calls
#X = Number of Units Repaired
windows() #mac users: quartz()
# Histograms
hist(Y, col="cyan", xlab="Y")
hist(X, col="cyan", xlab="X")
windows()
#Scatterplot of Y versus X
plot(X,Y, main="Scatterplot of Y vs X", ylab="Length of
Service Call (in
Min)",xlab="Number of Repaired Units",pch=1)
# Pearson product-moment correlation of X and Y
cor(X,Y)
cor.test(X,Y)
#
===============================================
==============================
# SLR model of Y on X
#
===============================================
==============================
# Fit an SLR model of Y on X
mod1 = lm(Y~X)
summary(mod1) # coefficients, std errors, df, p,
R^2
anova(mod1) # SS, MS, F test
yhat<-mod1$fitted.values # fitted or predicted values
e <-mod1$residuals # residuals
CIbs<- confint(mod1) # CI for regression
coefficients
windows()
# Scatterplot with fitted line
plot(X,Y, main="Scatterplot with SLR Fit", ylab="Length of
Call", xlab="Number
of Units")
abline(coef(mod1))
windows()
# Plots of Y vs Yhat
plot(Y,yhat)
abline(0,1,col=2)
windows()
par(mfrow=c(2,3))
# Some diagnostic plots of residuals
hist(e, col="cyan", xlab="e")
qqnorm(e, main="Normal Q-Q Plot for Residuals")
qqline(e,col=2)
boxplot(e,ylab="Residuals", col="lightblue", main="Boxplot of
Residuals")
points(1, mean(e),pch="+",col=2,cex=2)
plot(yhat, e, xlab="Fitted Length of Service Call (in Min)",
ylab="Residuals",
main="Residual vs. Fit Plot")
plot(X, e, xlab="Number of Repaired Units", ylab="Residuals",
main="Residual vs. X Plot")
#
===============================================
==============================
# Standardized residuals
#
===============================================
==============================
e <- resid(mod1)
estand <- rstandard(mod1)
head(cbind(e,estand))
#
===============================================
==============================
# CI and PI
#
===============================================
==============================
# CI ("fit") & 95% CI (mean)
CI<-predict(mod1, se.fit=TRUE, interval = c("confidence"))
CI$fit
CI$se.fit # std error mean predict
cbind(Y,CI$fit,CI$se.fit) # binds obs, fit and CIs
head(cbind(Y,CI$fit,CI$se.fit)) # shows first few values
# predicted values ("fit") and 95% PI
PI<-predict(mod1, interval = c("prediction"))
head(PI)
#
===============================================
==============================
# MLR model using X and X^2 as predictors
#
===============================================
==============================
# include X^2:
X2 = X^2
mod2 = lm(Y~X + X2)
anova(mod2)
summary(mod2)
yhat<-mod2$fitted.values # fitted or predicted values
e <-mod2$residuals # residuals
CI<-predict(mod2, se.fit=TRUE, interval = c("confidence"))
CI$fit
CI$se.fit # std error mean predict
cbind(Y,CI$fit,CI$se.fit)
head(cbind(Y,CI$fit,CI$se.fit))
# predicted values ("fit") and 95% PI
PI<-predict(mod2, interval = c("prediction"))
head(PI)
windows()
par(mfrow=c(2,3))
# Some diagnostic plots
hist(e, col="cyan", xlab="e")
qqnorm(e, main="Normal Q-Q Plot for Residuals")
boxplot(e, ylab="Residuals", col="lightblue", main="Boxplot
of Residuals")
points(1, mean(e),pch="+")
plot(yhat, e, xlab="Fitted Length of Service Call (in Min)",
ylab="Residuals",
main="Residual vs. Fit Plot")
# End of Code
#
===============================================
==============================
Statistical Inference II: J. Lee Assignment 8
Problem 1. Good forecasting and control of reconstruction
activities leads to more efficient use of time
and resources in highway construction projects. Data on
construction costs (in $1,000s) and person-hours
of labor required on several projects are presented in the
following table and are taken from the article,
“Forecasting Engineering Manpower Requirements for Highway
Reconstruction Activities” (Persad et al.,
Journal of Management Engineering, 1995). Each value
represents an average of several projects, and two
outliers have been deleted.
Person-Hours (X) Cost (Y )
939 251
5796 4690
289 124
283 294
138 138
2698 1385
663 345
1069 355
6945 5253
4159 1177
1266 802
1481 945
4716 2327
(a) Make a scatterplot (with a regression line) of cost versus
person-hours. Present the least-squares line
for predicting cost (y) from person-hours (x).
(b) Plot the residuals versus the fitted values. Does the model
seem appropriate?
(c) Compute the least-squares line for predicting ln y from ln x,
together with a new set of regression plots.
(d) Plot the residuals versus the fitted values. Does the model
seem appropriate?
(e) Using the more appropriate model, construct a 95%
prediction interval for the cost of a project that
requires 1000 person-hours of labor.
Problem 2. The file “bodytemp.csv” contains normal body
temperature readings (degrees Fahrenheit) and
heart rates (beats per minute) of 65 males (coded by 1) and 65
females (coded by 2).
(a) For both males and females, make scatterplots of heart rate
versus body temperature. Comment on
the relationship or lack thereof.
(b) Does the relationship for males appear to be the same as that
for females? Examine this question
graphically, by making a scatterplot showing both females and
males and identifying females and
males by different plotting symbols.
(c) For the males, fit a linear regression to predict heart rate
from temperature. Plot the residuals versus
temperature and comment on whether the relationship is linear.
Find the estimated slope and its
standard error.
(d) Repeat the above for females.
Problem 3. A company which markets and repairs small
computers needs to forecast the number of
service engineers required over the next few years. This
requires consideration of the length of service calls,
which in turn depends on the number of components that need
to be repaired or replaced. The data given
(“repair.csv”) consists of the number of components repaired
and the length of the service call (in minutes)
for a random sample of 24 calls. We will use a simple
regression model to explain the relationship between
the length of service call (response variable, Y ) and the number
of repaired units (predictor variable, X).
(a) Make a scatterplot (with a regression line) of Y versus X.
Present the least-squares line for predicting
Y from X.
(b) Plot the residuals versus the fitted values. Does the model
seem appropriate?
(c) Now, consider a multiple linear regression model to fit the
data with X and X2 as predictors. Compare
R2’s from SLR and MLR.
(d) Plot the residuals versus the fitted values. Which model
seems more appropriate?
Overview
Develop a 4 page proposal for executive leadership that
addresses changes you would like to see within your
organization that would advance the field of nursing.
Nursing is in the midst of many changes. In this assessment you
will consider how you can be a driving force to bring about
needed change within the field of nursing.
By successfully completing this assessment, you will
demonstrate your proficiency in the following course
competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 1: Explain strategies for effective interprofessional
teamwork and collaboration in health care delivery.
Identify other health care professionals to enlist as members of
an interprofessional team to drive change in an organization.
Competency 2: Analyze the implications of working with
interprofessional teams in multifaceted health care settings.
Describe a problem and how it impacts an organization,
patients, or the nursing profession.
Analyze barriers and resistance to change from an organization,
patients, or colleagues.
Competency 3: Develop evidence-based nursing interventions to
address specific problems and enable systemic change.
Describe evidence-based solutions to a problem.
Describe strategies to overcome barriers and resistance to
change.
Develop a plan to implement evidence-based solutions to a
problem.
Competency 4: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly,
professional, and consistent with expectations of a nursing
professional.
Write content clearly and logically, with correct use of
grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.
Correctly format citations and references using current APA
style.
Context
Collaborative interprofessional groups are at the heart of
resolving contemporary nursing issues. The work of groups and
teams is based on strong decision-making and problem-solving
skills, led by effective and engaged leaders. Nurses leading
collaborative teams are critical for resolving a number of issues
such as errors in medications, accidents involving patients, and
unsafe shortcuts.
Nurses truly are expert problem-solvers. Tucker and Edmondson
(2002) found that nurses utilized problem-solving skills so often
that it had become a routine aspect of a nurse's day. However,
nurses must be able to maximize their problem-solving skills in
order to lead health care teams in addressing challenges,
identifying evidence-based solutions, and implementing those
solutions.
Questions to Consider
To deepen your understanding, you are encouraged to consider
the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a
work associate, an interested friend, or a member of the
business community.
What are the most critical issues nurses in your organization are
facing?
How can you be a force for change?
Suggested Resources
The following optional resources are provided to support you in
completing the assessment or to provide a helpful context.
Library Resources
The following e-books or articles from the Capella University
Library are linked directly in this course:
Negley, K., Ness, S., Fee-Schroeder, K., Kokal, J., & Voll, J.
(2009). Building a collaborative nursing practice to promote
patient education: An inpatient and outpatient partnership.
Oncology Nursing Forum, 36(1),19–23.
Clarke, J. R. (2013). The use of collaboration to implement
evidence-based safe practices. Journal of Public Health
Research, 2(3), 150–153.
McCrae, N. (2012). Whither nursing models? The value of
nursing theory in the context of evidence-based practice and
multidisciplinary health care. Journal of Advanced Nursing,
68(1), 222–229.
Dolan, V. J., & Cornish, N. E. (2013). Urine specimen
collection: How a multidisciplinary team improved patient
outcomes using best practices. Urologic Nursing, 33(5), 249–
256.
Palos, G. R., Tortorella, F. R., Stepen, K., & Rodriguez, M. A.
(2013). A multidisciplinary team approach to improving
psychosocial care in patients with cancer. Clinical Journal of
Oncology Nursing, 17(5), 556–558.
Boehler, M., & Schwind, C. (2012). Power and conflict and the
performance of medical action teams: A commentary. Medical
Education, 46(9), 833–835.
MacCallam, J., & Higgins, L. (2014). Multidisciplinary
meetings as an effective clinical intervention. Nursing Children
and Young People, 26(5), 16–20.
Macphee, M., Wardrop, A., & Campbell, C. (2010).
Transforming work place relationships through shared decision
making. Journal of Nursing Management, 18(8), 1016–1026.
Bookstore Resources
The resources listed below are relevant to the topics and
assessments in this course and are not required.
Levi, D. (2017). Group dynamics for teams (5th ed.). Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Chapters 9 and 11.
Assessment Instructions
Preparation
To prepare for this assessment, you will need to think about
changes you feel are needed to address a problem either within
nursing as a professional field or within the organization where
you work. Narrow down your options by considering which
change would best be undertaken by an interprofessional team.
Some examples for you to consider might include:
The use of mobile and portable technology to support patients.
Using evidence-based practice (EBP) to improve patient care.
Increasing patient safety and quality of care.
The use of medical technology such as genes and stem cells, or
robots in the OR.
Addressing the nursing shortage now and into the future.
Improving the work environment (providing calm, supportive
spaces for nurses; improved dialog between health care
professionals).
Better safety for nurses at work (violence, spreading diseases,
physical injury).
Substance abuse by health care professionals.
Or you can narrow the scope to an issue within your own
organization:
Developing a mobility program for an inpatient unit.
Implementing "smart" technology to assist in patient
monitoring.
Creating a mentoring program to attract and retain nurses.
Implementing protocols for infection control and/or treatment of
an epidemic.
Developing a plan to eliminate physical violence and verbal
abuse in the workplace.
Other.
Once you have selected an issue to address, look for scholarly
and professional articles that focus on the problem, the needed
change, and how interprofessional teams can work together to
drive change.
Requirements
Lately you have noticed the need for changes within your
organization that would advance the field of nursing. You have
decided to develop a proposal and submit it to executive
leadership. Format this assessment as a professional proposal.
You may want to look at how proposals are drafted within your
organization and follow that format. You will still need a
references page; follow APA guidelines for in-text citations and
references.
Address the following in your proposal:
Briefly describe the problem and how it impacts the
organization, patients, and/or the nursing profession.
Describe possible evidence-based interventions for the problem.
Analyze potential barriers and resistance to change that might
come from the organization, patients, and/or colleagues.
Describe strategies to overcome barriers and resistance to
change.
Develop a plan to implement evidence-based interventions.
What steps would you take? What resources might you need?
Identify other health care professionals to enlist as team
members to help drive change in the organization.
Your completed assessment should be 4–6 pages in length, not
including title page and references page. Support your
statements and intervention plan with references to and citations
for at least four scholarly or professional resources.
Additional Requirements
Include a title page and references page.
Reference at least four current scholarly or professional
resources.
Use APA format for citations and references.
Use Times New Roman font, 12 point.
Double space.

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  • 1. Driving Change Scoring Guide CRITERIA NON-PERFORMANCE BASIC PROFICIENT DISTINGUISHED Describe a problem and how it impacts an organization, patients, or the nursing profession. Does not describe a problem and how it impacts an organization, patients, or the nursing profession. Identifies a problem but does not describe how it impacts an organization, patients, or the nursing profession. Describes a problem and how
  • 2. it impacts an organization, patients, or the nursing profession. Analyzes a problem and how it impacts an organization, patients, or the nursing profession. Describe evidence-based solutions to a problem. Does not describe evidence-based solutions to a problem. Describes solutions to a problem but does not provide evidence to support the solutions. Describes evidence-based solutions to a problem.
  • 3. Describes evidence-based solutions to a problem and examines the pros and cons of the solutions. Analyze barriers and resistance to change from an organization, patients, or colleagues. Does not analyze barriers and resistance to change from an organization, patients, or colleagues. Describes barriers and resistance to change from an organization, patients, or colleagues. Analyzes barriers and resistance to change from an organization, patients, or colleagues.
  • 4. Analyzes barriers and resistance to change from an organization, patients, or colleagues and explores the consequences of not solving a problem. Describe strategies to overcome barriers and resistance to change. Does not describe strategies to overcome barriers and resistance to change. Lists strategies to overcome barriers and resistance to change. Describes strategies to overcome barriers and resistance to change.
  • 5. Analyzes strategies to overcome barriers and resistance to change. Develop a plan to implement evidence-based solutions to a problem. Does not develop a plan to implement evidence-based solutions to a problem. Develops a plan to implement solutions to a problem, but the solutions are not supported by evidence. Develops a plan to implement evidence-based solutions to a problem. Develops a plan to implement evidence-based
  • 6. solutions to a problem and includes methods to evaluate how well the solutions are working. Identify other health care professionals to enlist as members of an Does not identify other health care professionals to enlist as members of an Identifies other health care professionals to enlist as members of an Identifies other health care professionals to enlist as members of an Identifies other health care professionals to enlist as members of an
  • 7. CRITERIA NON-PERFORMANCE BASIC PROFICIENT DISTINGUISHED interprofessional team to drive change in an organization. interprofessional team to drive change in an organization. interprofessional team, but it is not clear how the team will drive change in an organization. interprofessional team to drive change in an organization. interprofessional team to drive change in an organization and outlines how the team will drive change in an organization.
  • 8. Write content clearly and logically, with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and mechanics. Does not write content clearly, logically, or with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and mechanics. Writes with errors in clarity, logic, grammar, punctuation, and/or mechanics. Writes content clearly and logically with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and mechanics. Writes clearly and logically with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and
  • 9. mechanics; uses relevant evidence to support a central idea. Correctly format citations and references using current APA style. Does not correctly format citations and references using current APA style. Uses current APA to format citations and references but with numerous errors. Correctly formats citations and references using current APA style with few errors. Correctly formats citations and references with no errors.
  • 10. bodytemp.csvtemperaturegenderrate96.317096.717196.9174971 8097.117397.117597.118297.216497.316997.417097.416897.41 7297.417897.517097.517597.617497.616997.617397.717797.81 5897.817397.816597.817497.917697.9172981789817198174981 67981649817898.117398.116798.216698.216498.217198.21729 8.318698.317298.416898.417098.418298.418498.516898.51719 8.617798.617898.618398.616698.617098.618298.717398.71789 8.817898.818198.817898.918099175991799918199.117199.218 399.316399.417099.517596.426996.726296.827597.226697.226 897.425797.626197.728497.726197.827797.826297.827197.926 897.926997.9279982769828798278982739828998.128198.2273 98.226498.226598.227398.226998.225798.327998.327898.3280 98.427998.428198.427398.427498.428498.528398.628298.6285 98.628698.627798.727298.727998.725998.726498.726598.7282 98.826498.827098.828398.828998.826998.827398.828498.9276 992799928199.128099.127499.227799.226699.326899.427799.9 279100278100.8277 repair.csvXY123229349464474587696697710981199149914510 15410166111621117412180121761417916193171931819518198 20205 Statistical Inference II: J. Lee Assignment 7 Problem 1. An analysis is performed to study the relationship between a response variable Y and a single explanatory variable X. The model guiding the analysis is Y i = β0 + β1Xi + �i, where the �i’s are independently and identically distributed as N(0,σ 2) and σ2 is unknown. The data with
  • 11. a sample size of n = 5 were analyzed using R and produced the following output. Observations x y Residual 1 0.0 0.9 0.027 2 4.1 5.9 0.188 3 5.1 6.2 -0.692 4 6.1 8.7 0.628 5 ∗ 9.1 ∗ Fill in the two missing values (denoted by “∗ ”) in the table above. Problem 2. In fitting a SLR model, ten of the residuals for the regression of weight on age for eleven children are: 0.02,−0.02, 0.01,−0.01,−0.04, 0.03, 0.01, 0.02, 0.01, 0.05 What is the eleventh residual? Problem 3. Consider the multiple regression model: Yi = β1Xi1 + β2Xi2 + �i, i = 1. . . . ,n, where the �i are uncorrelated, with E(�i) = 0 and Var(�i) = σ 2. Let X = ( X11 X21 . . . Xn1 X12 X22 . . . Xn2 )T and XT X is invertible (i.e., full rank).
  • 12. (a) Write the normal equations using the least square criterion. (b) What are the least square estimators of β1 and β2? (c) Let ei denote the residual and Ŷi the fitted value for i = 1, . . . ,n. Which of the following statements are true? (c1) ∑n i=1 ei = 0 always. (c2) ∑n i=1 Ŷi = 0 always. (c3) ∑n i=1 Xij = 0 always for j = 1, 2. (c4) ∑n i=1 Yi = 0 always. # =============================================== ============================== # Service Calls Data
  • 13. # =============================================== ============================== # In R, using windows() on a PC, or quartz() on a Mac will allow you to # use a new graphics window (so your graphs will not be overwritten). # If you are using RStudio, you need not include these functions. # I will use windows() only in this file. repair = read.csv("repair.csv",header=TRUE) head(repair) attach(repair) #Y = Length of Computer Service Calls #X = Number of Units Repaired windows() #mac users: quartz() # Histograms hist(Y, col="cyan", xlab="Y") hist(X, col="cyan", xlab="X") windows() #Scatterplot of Y versus X plot(X,Y, main="Scatterplot of Y vs X", ylab="Length of Service Call (in Min)",xlab="Number of Repaired Units",pch=1) # Pearson product-moment correlation of X and Y cor(X,Y) cor.test(X,Y)
  • 14. # =============================================== ============================== # SLR model of Y on X # =============================================== ============================== # Fit an SLR model of Y on X mod1 = lm(Y~X) summary(mod1) # coefficients, std errors, df, p, R^2 anova(mod1) # SS, MS, F test yhat<-mod1$fitted.values # fitted or predicted values e <-mod1$residuals # residuals CIbs<- confint(mod1) # CI for regression coefficients windows() # Scatterplot with fitted line plot(X,Y, main="Scatterplot with SLR Fit", ylab="Length of Call", xlab="Number of Units") abline(coef(mod1)) windows() # Plots of Y vs Yhat plot(Y,yhat) abline(0,1,col=2) windows() par(mfrow=c(2,3))
  • 15. # Some diagnostic plots of residuals hist(e, col="cyan", xlab="e") qqnorm(e, main="Normal Q-Q Plot for Residuals") qqline(e,col=2) boxplot(e,ylab="Residuals", col="lightblue", main="Boxplot of Residuals") points(1, mean(e),pch="+",col=2,cex=2) plot(yhat, e, xlab="Fitted Length of Service Call (in Min)", ylab="Residuals", main="Residual vs. Fit Plot") plot(X, e, xlab="Number of Repaired Units", ylab="Residuals", main="Residual vs. X Plot") # =============================================== ============================== # Standardized residuals # =============================================== ============================== e <- resid(mod1) estand <- rstandard(mod1) head(cbind(e,estand)) # =============================================== ============================== # CI and PI #
  • 16. =============================================== ============================== # CI ("fit") & 95% CI (mean) CI<-predict(mod1, se.fit=TRUE, interval = c("confidence")) CI$fit CI$se.fit # std error mean predict cbind(Y,CI$fit,CI$se.fit) # binds obs, fit and CIs head(cbind(Y,CI$fit,CI$se.fit)) # shows first few values # predicted values ("fit") and 95% PI PI<-predict(mod1, interval = c("prediction")) head(PI) # =============================================== ============================== # MLR model using X and X^2 as predictors # =============================================== ============================== # include X^2: X2 = X^2 mod2 = lm(Y~X + X2) anova(mod2) summary(mod2) yhat<-mod2$fitted.values # fitted or predicted values e <-mod2$residuals # residuals CI<-predict(mod2, se.fit=TRUE, interval = c("confidence")) CI$fit
  • 17. CI$se.fit # std error mean predict cbind(Y,CI$fit,CI$se.fit) head(cbind(Y,CI$fit,CI$se.fit)) # predicted values ("fit") and 95% PI PI<-predict(mod2, interval = c("prediction")) head(PI) windows() par(mfrow=c(2,3)) # Some diagnostic plots hist(e, col="cyan", xlab="e") qqnorm(e, main="Normal Q-Q Plot for Residuals") boxplot(e, ylab="Residuals", col="lightblue", main="Boxplot of Residuals") points(1, mean(e),pch="+") plot(yhat, e, xlab="Fitted Length of Service Call (in Min)", ylab="Residuals", main="Residual vs. Fit Plot") # End of Code # =============================================== ============================== Statistical Inference II: J. Lee Assignment 8 Problem 1. Good forecasting and control of reconstruction activities leads to more efficient use of time
  • 18. and resources in highway construction projects. Data on construction costs (in $1,000s) and person-hours of labor required on several projects are presented in the following table and are taken from the article, “Forecasting Engineering Manpower Requirements for Highway Reconstruction Activities” (Persad et al., Journal of Management Engineering, 1995). Each value represents an average of several projects, and two outliers have been deleted. Person-Hours (X) Cost (Y ) 939 251 5796 4690 289 124 283 294 138 138 2698 1385 663 345 1069 355 6945 5253 4159 1177 1266 802 1481 945 4716 2327 (a) Make a scatterplot (with a regression line) of cost versus person-hours. Present the least-squares line for predicting cost (y) from person-hours (x). (b) Plot the residuals versus the fitted values. Does the model seem appropriate? (c) Compute the least-squares line for predicting ln y from ln x, together with a new set of regression plots. (d) Plot the residuals versus the fitted values. Does the model
  • 19. seem appropriate? (e) Using the more appropriate model, construct a 95% prediction interval for the cost of a project that requires 1000 person-hours of labor. Problem 2. The file “bodytemp.csv” contains normal body temperature readings (degrees Fahrenheit) and heart rates (beats per minute) of 65 males (coded by 1) and 65 females (coded by 2). (a) For both males and females, make scatterplots of heart rate versus body temperature. Comment on the relationship or lack thereof. (b) Does the relationship for males appear to be the same as that for females? Examine this question graphically, by making a scatterplot showing both females and males and identifying females and males by different plotting symbols. (c) For the males, fit a linear regression to predict heart rate from temperature. Plot the residuals versus temperature and comment on whether the relationship is linear. Find the estimated slope and its standard error. (d) Repeat the above for females. Problem 3. A company which markets and repairs small computers needs to forecast the number of service engineers required over the next few years. This requires consideration of the length of service calls, which in turn depends on the number of components that need
  • 20. to be repaired or replaced. The data given (“repair.csv”) consists of the number of components repaired and the length of the service call (in minutes) for a random sample of 24 calls. We will use a simple regression model to explain the relationship between the length of service call (response variable, Y ) and the number of repaired units (predictor variable, X). (a) Make a scatterplot (with a regression line) of Y versus X. Present the least-squares line for predicting Y from X. (b) Plot the residuals versus the fitted values. Does the model seem appropriate? (c) Now, consider a multiple linear regression model to fit the data with X and X2 as predictors. Compare R2’s from SLR and MLR. (d) Plot the residuals versus the fitted values. Which model seems more appropriate? Overview Develop a 4 page proposal for executive leadership that addresses changes you would like to see within your organization that would advance the field of nursing. Nursing is in the midst of many changes. In this assessment you will consider how you can be a driving force to bring about needed change within the field of nursing. By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria: Competency 1: Explain strategies for effective interprofessional teamwork and collaboration in health care delivery. Identify other health care professionals to enlist as members of
  • 21. an interprofessional team to drive change in an organization. Competency 2: Analyze the implications of working with interprofessional teams in multifaceted health care settings. Describe a problem and how it impacts an organization, patients, or the nursing profession. Analyze barriers and resistance to change from an organization, patients, or colleagues. Competency 3: Develop evidence-based nursing interventions to address specific problems and enable systemic change. Describe evidence-based solutions to a problem. Describe strategies to overcome barriers and resistance to change. Develop a plan to implement evidence-based solutions to a problem. Competency 4: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and consistent with expectations of a nursing professional. Write content clearly and logically, with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and mechanics. Correctly format citations and references using current APA style. Context Collaborative interprofessional groups are at the heart of resolving contemporary nursing issues. The work of groups and teams is based on strong decision-making and problem-solving skills, led by effective and engaged leaders. Nurses leading collaborative teams are critical for resolving a number of issues such as errors in medications, accidents involving patients, and unsafe shortcuts. Nurses truly are expert problem-solvers. Tucker and Edmondson (2002) found that nurses utilized problem-solving skills so often that it had become a routine aspect of a nurse's day. However, nurses must be able to maximize their problem-solving skills in order to lead health care teams in addressing challenges, identifying evidence-based solutions, and implementing those solutions.
  • 22. Questions to Consider To deepen your understanding, you are encouraged to consider the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend, or a member of the business community. What are the most critical issues nurses in your organization are facing? How can you be a force for change? Suggested Resources The following optional resources are provided to support you in completing the assessment or to provide a helpful context. Library Resources The following e-books or articles from the Capella University Library are linked directly in this course: Negley, K., Ness, S., Fee-Schroeder, K., Kokal, J., & Voll, J. (2009). Building a collaborative nursing practice to promote patient education: An inpatient and outpatient partnership. Oncology Nursing Forum, 36(1),19–23. Clarke, J. R. (2013). The use of collaboration to implement evidence-based safe practices. Journal of Public Health Research, 2(3), 150–153. McCrae, N. (2012). Whither nursing models? The value of nursing theory in the context of evidence-based practice and multidisciplinary health care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(1), 222–229. Dolan, V. J., & Cornish, N. E. (2013). Urine specimen collection: How a multidisciplinary team improved patient outcomes using best practices. Urologic Nursing, 33(5), 249– 256. Palos, G. R., Tortorella, F. R., Stepen, K., & Rodriguez, M. A. (2013). A multidisciplinary team approach to improving psychosocial care in patients with cancer. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 17(5), 556–558. Boehler, M., & Schwind, C. (2012). Power and conflict and the performance of medical action teams: A commentary. Medical
  • 23. Education, 46(9), 833–835. MacCallam, J., & Higgins, L. (2014). Multidisciplinary meetings as an effective clinical intervention. Nursing Children and Young People, 26(5), 16–20. Macphee, M., Wardrop, A., & Campbell, C. (2010). Transforming work place relationships through shared decision making. Journal of Nursing Management, 18(8), 1016–1026. Bookstore Resources The resources listed below are relevant to the topics and assessments in this course and are not required. Levi, D. (2017). Group dynamics for teams (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Chapters 9 and 11. Assessment Instructions Preparation To prepare for this assessment, you will need to think about changes you feel are needed to address a problem either within nursing as a professional field or within the organization where you work. Narrow down your options by considering which change would best be undertaken by an interprofessional team. Some examples for you to consider might include: The use of mobile and portable technology to support patients. Using evidence-based practice (EBP) to improve patient care. Increasing patient safety and quality of care. The use of medical technology such as genes and stem cells, or robots in the OR. Addressing the nursing shortage now and into the future. Improving the work environment (providing calm, supportive spaces for nurses; improved dialog between health care professionals). Better safety for nurses at work (violence, spreading diseases, physical injury). Substance abuse by health care professionals. Or you can narrow the scope to an issue within your own organization: Developing a mobility program for an inpatient unit.
  • 24. Implementing "smart" technology to assist in patient monitoring. Creating a mentoring program to attract and retain nurses. Implementing protocols for infection control and/or treatment of an epidemic. Developing a plan to eliminate physical violence and verbal abuse in the workplace. Other. Once you have selected an issue to address, look for scholarly and professional articles that focus on the problem, the needed change, and how interprofessional teams can work together to drive change. Requirements Lately you have noticed the need for changes within your organization that would advance the field of nursing. You have decided to develop a proposal and submit it to executive leadership. Format this assessment as a professional proposal. You may want to look at how proposals are drafted within your organization and follow that format. You will still need a references page; follow APA guidelines for in-text citations and references. Address the following in your proposal: Briefly describe the problem and how it impacts the organization, patients, and/or the nursing profession. Describe possible evidence-based interventions for the problem. Analyze potential barriers and resistance to change that might come from the organization, patients, and/or colleagues. Describe strategies to overcome barriers and resistance to change. Develop a plan to implement evidence-based interventions. What steps would you take? What resources might you need? Identify other health care professionals to enlist as team members to help drive change in the organization. Your completed assessment should be 4–6 pages in length, not including title page and references page. Support your statements and intervention plan with references to and citations
  • 25. for at least four scholarly or professional resources. Additional Requirements Include a title page and references page. Reference at least four current scholarly or professional resources. Use APA format for citations and references. Use Times New Roman font, 12 point. Double space.