Padartha Vijnana means the science which deals with the substances in the universe, its relationship with the living being in terms of their properties, functions; methods of understanding them etc. Generally the subject Padartha Vigyan is considered as tough in the field of Ayurveda. But, it is the most useful subject than any other in Ayurveda. The topics dealt in it are the fundamental concepts of Ayurveda on which entire chikitsa stands. Understanding the elements in the universe is mandatory before studying the body. In this book, the subject matter is discussed with the help of different darśana and other shastras which are correlated with Ayurveda System. Hence this will be a good guide for the BAMS students; as it includes all the subject matters in according to the revised syllabus prescribed by NCISM, 2021. FOR MORE CONTACT THROUGH TELEGRAM CHANNEL @ayurvedonline " https://t.me/ayurvedonline ", Dr Saskhi Bhardwaj,BAMS,NDDY,MD(AYU.SAMHITA AND MAULIK SIDDHANTA,NIA,JAIPUR)

1. Date
Dravya Vijñāna
DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata
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2. Panchabhuta:
(theories of Taittiriyopanishad, Nyaya-Vaisheshika, Sankhya-Yoga, Sankaracharya, Charaka and Sushruta),
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata

3. Lakshana and qualities
✤ Prthivi-The Dravya which has Gandha Guna with in variable relation is
called as Pṛthvi.
✤ It is born out of Jala bhuta.
✤ Prthvi has Ropa, Rasa, Gandha,Sparsa as qualities (attributes).
✤ Gandha Guna exists with Samavaya relation, that Dravya is known as
Pṛthvi. Even though Gandha Guna is existed in Jala, etc, it is with
temporary samyoga relation.
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata

4. Lakshana and qualities
✤ Prthvi is classified as two types, viz, Nitya, Anitya, in Tarka Sangraha.
✤ The paramaņus of Nitya Pṛthvi are very minute and they are in Karana Rūpa.
✤ Anitya Pṛthvi is a gross element and it is born out of the combination of the Pṛthvi
paramaņus. Hence it is Karya Rūpa.
✤ This Anitya Rūpa Sthula Prthvi is present in Ghata (pot), Pata (cloth), etc. This
Prthvi is divided again into Dvyanu ka Rúpa and Mahan Rüpa.
✤ The Anitya Ropa Prthvi is further classified into 3 types, (1) Sarira sanjñaka (2)
Indriya Sanjñaka (3) Viṣaya sanjñaka.
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata

5. ✤ Sarira Sanjñaka-The body of human beings, animals, birds. and other
creatures come under this category. These are formed through Pṛthvi Tatwa,
hence it is known as Sarira sanjñaka or Parthiva Sarira. As it is temporary or
Anitya, this body is called as 'Naswara'. Atma experiences the Sukha and
duḥkha through the medium of this body only. Hence this body is called as
Bhogaya tana to Atma.
✤ Indriya Sanjñaka-The sense organ through which the at tribute or Guna of
Prthvi is perceived is known as Indriya sanjña ka. The Ghränendriya which
exists in Näsantarabhāga and perceives the Gandha Jñana is called as
Indriya Sanjñaka.
✤ Vişaya sanjñaka-Earthen materials, such as soil, stones, etc are known as
Visaya sanjñaka.
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata

6. Lakshana and qualities
✤ Jalam-The general quality of Jala bhūta is cold touch,which means the
Dravya which has cold touchwith Samavaya relation.
✤ The following fourteen Gunas are present in Jala. (1) Ropa(2) Rasa (3)
Sparsa (4) Dravatwa (5) Sneha (6) Sankhyā (7) Parimāņa (8) Prithaktwa (9)
Samyoga (10) Vibhaga (11) Paratwa (12)Aparatwa (13) Gurutwa (14)
Samskāra.
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata

7. ✤ Like Prthvi, Jala is also of three types, viz, Sarira sanjñaka, Indriya sanjñaka
and Viṣaya sanjñaka.
✤ Sarira sanjñaka: The live bodies which are residing in Var una Loka are
called as Sarira sanjñaka. These are also called for the experience of Sukha
and Duḥkha to Atma. Hence these are also known as Bhogayatana of Atma.
As Pṛthvi tatwa is more ex isted in parthiva Sarira, the Jaliya tatwa is more
in content in Jaliya Sarira. Varuna loka is the main habitat for Jala.
✤ Indriya sanjñaka: The Rasanendriya which exists on the Jihwägra bhāga,
and perceives the Rasa Jñana of Madhura, etc Rasa is called Indriya
Sanjñaka.
✤ Viṣaya sanjñaka: The water which is present in the seas,rivers, lakes, etc is
called as Vişaya sanjñaka.
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata

8. ✤ There are four stages for water, viz, Ambha, marici, mara and Ap.
(1) Ambha-The water which is present above the sky is ambha.
(2) Marici-The water which exists between the Suryamandala and Pṛthvi is
Marici. It is influenced by the sun rays.
(3) Mara-The water on the surface of the earth like sea wa ter, river water, lake
water, etc. is Mara.
(4) Ap-The water under the earth is Ap. It is also called as ground water, like
well water, etc.
The Jala of Paramesti Mandala in Soma roopa is called Ambha or Amṛta. This
water is the foremost and minute stage of water.
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata

9. Lakshana and qualities
✤ Tejas-Agni bhūta was also given specific importance with Vayu and other Bhutas in Vedas
and Upanisads.
✤ Agni is one of the most important Dravya in the universe. The changes and transformation in
each and every object in the universe are due to application of heat only.
✤ Because of Agni bhuta only, the stages of transformation take place in every object. Agnitatwa
has pivotal role in the nature as well as in human beings also.
✤ In Ayurveda, especially in treatment due importance is given to Agni. The person who is of
Uşna in nature can be treated with sitala auṣadhas. Basing on the Uṣṇa Prakṛti the nature of
human being can be decided. All the usmas in the universe are influenced by Usna tatwa only.
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata

10. Lakshana and qualities
✤ The attributes Rupa and Sparsa are present in Agni bhūta. Its Sparsa is
Usna and its Rupa is Bhaswara sukla.
✤ Sparsa Tanmätra is needed for the formation of Agni bhūta.
Ø As motion is present in Vayu bhüta, friction takes place when Vayu is in
motion. That friction gradually transforms into tejas. In the upaniṣads
also it is stated that 'when obstruction occurs in the movement of Vayu,
agni or tapa born out."
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata

11. ✤ Like Pṛthvi and Jala bhūta, tejo bhuta is also classified as Nitya and Anitya.
✤ Nitya is in paramāņu Rupa.
✤ The Anitya Rūpa Teja is again classified as (1) Sarira-sanjñaka (2) Indriya
sanjñaka (3) Viṣaya sanjñaka.
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata

12. ✤ Särira sanjñaka: The Taijasa bodies are ayonija. The glit tering grahas (planets), Nakṣatras (stars), etc in the surya
mandala are all the Taijasa śārīras.
✤ Indriya sanjñaka: The which has the seat of netra and which perceives the knowledge of the attribute of Teja,
i.e..Rupa is called as Indriya sanjñaka.
✤ Viṣaya sanjñaka: This is sub classified into four viz, Divya, Audarya, Bhouma and Akaraja.
✤ Divya: The electricity etc. which are born out of Akäsa andwater are divya tejas.
✤ Audarya : Agni which persists in stomach and digests the food is Audarya Teja which is also called Jatharagni.
✤ Bhouma: Agni which is on earth is Bhouma agni. Bhouma Teja blown out with the help of the fuel or Indhana. It
is also known as Bhoutikāgni.
✤ Akaraja Teja: The lusture or brightness of swarna, rajata and other minerals which are born out of mines are
known as Akaraja.
Ø DIVYA ~ SUPERNATURAL PHENOMENON
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata

13. Lakshana and qualities
✤ Vayu-Vayu bhūta is the causative factor for all movements in all the living
beings. Hence Ayurveda describes it as Iswara.
✤ Vata is the soul of all the drvyas in the universe.As All the motions are
arrested or stopped in the absence of Vata. It is minute and alpervasive
(Vibhu).
✤ Vata creates movement in all the objects from Anu to Sürya and other
planets.All the objects of this universe have movement. The meaning of
movement is Sarisärana.
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata

14. The Importance of Vata in Ayurveda
✤ Vata is one of the Tridosas. It is most important among all the other Bhutas
of the body.
✤ The Pitta, kapha and malas, Dhatus excreta of the body are lame until all
the activities of the above are initiated by Väta, like the movement of megha
is due to outward Vayu. Respiration is also due to Vata. Hence Caraka,
Suśruta and sages describe Vāta with the adjectives like sarvātma,
viswakarma, viswarupa, etc.
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata

15. ✤ Vayu bhüta has Anuşņa šita Sparsa.
✤ Dravya which has Sparśa without Rūpa is Vayu.
✤ Suśruta states that, 'väyu is abundant of Rajo guna'.
✤ Vayu is also mainly divided as (1) Nitya (2) Anitya. The Anitya Rūpa Vayu
is further classified into 3 types, viz, (1) Säreera sanjñaka, (2) Indriya
sanjñaka (3) Viṣaya sanjñaka.
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata

16. ✤ Sarira sanjñaka: The bodies which are invisible and bornout of Vayu bhuta
and ayonija are called as Sarira sanjñaka or vayaviya Sarira.
✤ Indriya sanjñaka: The Sparsanendriya which exists in theskin and perceives
the knowledge of Sparśa is known as Indriya sanjñaka. Viṣaya sanjñaka: All
varieties of Vayu in the atmosphere and präna, apana, vyäna, samäna,
Udâna vätas of the body are called as Viṣaya sanjñaka.
✤ Attributes of Vayu: Vayu bhūta has nine attributes, viz, Sparsa, Sankhyā,
Parimana, pṛthaktwa, Samyoga, Vibhaga, parā, apară, vega.
✤ Here Sparśa means Anuşņa seeta Sparsa.
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata

17. Lakshana and qualities
✤ Akäsa-The Dravya which has Sabda Guna with intimate (invariable
concommitance) relation is called as Akāśa.
✤ Akaša means, Avakasa bhāga or hollow place. Hence it is alpervasive
✤ Vaisesika Daršana states that the attributes of other Bhūtas are not present
in Akāśa.
✤ It is one and one only. It is Nitya and Vibhu (alpervasive).
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata

18. ✤ The Indian philosophers describe Akasa as Bhävätmaka and minute tatwa.
As the waves are produced in clear water naturally, the sound waves in
Akasa are also produced naturally. The sound waves spread in four
directions, as Akāśa has no Sparsa Tanmātra, as a result of it no obstruction
will be there.
✤ Attributes of Akāśa
✤ Akāśa has six attributes, viz, Sabda, Sankhyä, Parimana,prthaktwa,
Samyoga, Vibhaga.
✤ As the knowledge of Sabda is perceived by Srotrendriya,Srotrendriya is
called as Indriya sanjñaka, and all the types of sounds are known as
Viṣaya sanjñaka.
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata

19. Charasterestic Features and Attributes of Mahābhūtas
✤ Akaša, Vayu, agni, Jala and Pṛthvi are known as five Bhūtas and they are
unmanifested.
✤ The attributes Sabda, Sparsa, rūpa, Rasa, Gandha exist in Akāśa, Vayu, agni, Jala,
Pṛthvi respectively.
✤ Basing on these attributes the knowledge of the Bhutas can be understood.
✤ These attributes are available in these Bhütas only.
✤ They are not available in any other place.
✤ Hence they are known as Naisargika gunas.
✤ Caraka describes that the attributes of former Bhutas intermingle with the latter
Bhutas. This is called Ekottara Parivṛddhi.
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20. “THANK YOU”
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata