The document defines and classifies different types of dravyas or substances according to Indian philosophy. It defines dravya as that which has invariable qualities (gunas) and effects (karmas). It then classifies dravyas based on whether they are causal (karana) or caused (karya), perceivable (pratyaksha) or imperceptible (apratyaksha), living (cetana) or non-living (acetana), natural (prakrita) or artificial (kritrima), and more. Dravyas include the basic elements, sense organs, mind, soul, time and more. The classifications are discussed in detail across 17 sections.
3. Definition (Characteristic feature), eitiology
✤ 'Dravati' means Gachhati. If 'yat' pratyaya is added to the Dhatu-Dru,
Dravya Sabda is derived.
✤ In which the Guna and Karma are existed with invariable concommitance
and which is the ultimate cause for Karya is called as Dravya.
✤ Dravya is the base for Guna and Karma. Mainly this is the characteristic
feature of Karana Dravya.
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata
4. ✤ In Ayurveda, Dravya means both Karaṇa Dravya and Karya Dravya. But in
Darśanas only Kärana Dravya is considered as Dravya.
✤ By observing the above statement of Caraka it can be concluded that
Dravya is mainly having three qualities
✤ Guna
✤ kriya
✤ samvaya
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata
5. ✤ It is not called as Dravya, if any of the Lakṣanās do not exist.
✤ It is not called as Dravya because of the defaults or demerits of the
following,
✤ Avyäpti
✤ Ativyāpti
✤ Asambhava.
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata
6. ✤ As it is combination of the Aṇus (Atoms) of the four Bhūtas, like, Pṛthvi, Ap,
Tejo, Vayu, the Pithivyadi four Bhūtas are in state of Mahat Pariņāma.
✤ When destruction takes place, then the Aṇus are divided into their old state.
✤ This change is of two types (1) Samyogatmak Pariṇāma (2) Viyogātmaka
Pariṇāma.
✤ Hence it is called as Dravya. Akaša, Kala, Dik and Atma, even though they
are Vibhu, they intermingle with the Caturbhutas and change into other
Dravyas.
✤ Mana is always having movement to get the knowledge of Sukha and
Duḥkha. Hence these are also called as Dravyas.
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata
7. Number and other Classification of Dravya
(1) Karana Dravya and (2) Karya dravya.
✤ As the nine Dravyas are the cause for the creation of oth er Dravyas, they
are called as Karana Dravyas.
✤ All the other Dravyas are Karya Dravyas. Karana Dravyas are permanent
whereas Karya Dravyas are temporary.
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata
11. Number and other Classification of Dravya
✤ Based on perception, Pratyakṣa (which are perceivable through
Jñanendriyas) and Apratyakṣa (which are not perceivable through
Jñänendriyas). These are other wise called as Paramāņus.
✤ Based on movements: Cetana Dravya and Acetana Dravya. The Dravyas,
which are having cetanatwa or movement is called cetana Dravya and
which are not having movement is called Acetana Dravya Acetanatwa or
non movement, Cetanatwa or movement is expressed through Indriyas
only. Hence the cetana Dravyas are called Se-indriya Dravyas and Acetana
Dravyas are called Nir-indriya Dravyas or Jada Dravyas.
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata
12. Number and other Classification of Dravya
✤ Cetana Dravyas are again classified into two types
✤ (1) Bahirantah cetana: The Dravyas which are having movements both internally and externally are called
Bahirantah cetana Dravyas, which are classified again into four types, such as, Jarayuja, Andaja, Swedaja, Udbhija.
✤ Jarayuja-Which are born out of placenta or Jarayu are called Jarayuja. Example- Human beings, Animals, etc.
✤ Andaja-Which are born out of eggs. Example- Birds, snakes, etc.
✤ Swedaja-Which are born out of sweat or sweda. Example- Yuka (Head lice) and other small creatures.
✤ Udbhija-Which are born out of soil after breaking out the soil. Example- Frogs, Indragopa krimi, etc.
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata
13. Number and other Classification of Dravya
✤ Cetana Dravyas are again classified into two types
✤ (2) Antaḥ Cetana: The Dravyas which have internal movement only are known as Antah cetana
Dravyas. They are again classified into four types, viz, vanaspati, vänaspati, virudha, Ausadha.
✤ Vanaspati-One having only fruits (without flowers).Example Banyan tree, etc.
✤ Vanaspatya-One having both flowers and fruits. Example Coconut tree, etc.
✤ Virudha-Creepers which spread with the support are called as virudha. Example-Guduci, etc.
✤ Auṣadha-Those which die, when their fruits are matured, or immediately after maturation of
fruits. Example-Banana tree, one year crops like, wheat, etc..
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata
14. Number and other Classification of Dravya
✤ Acetana Dravyas are further classified into Präkṛta and kṛtri
✤ Prakrta are other wise known as 'Bhouma'; those are minerals like gold,
silver, etc.
✤ Krtrima Dravyas (or) Artificial Dravyas are innumerable as they are
artificial.
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata
15. Number and other Classification of Dravya
✤ Caraka classified the Dravyas into
✤ three types viz, Jangama (those of animal origin), Audhbhida (those of
plant origin), Parthiva (Metals).
✤ three types, viz, Dosa prasamaṇa, Dhatu praduṣaṇa, Swastha vṛttamata.
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata
16. Number and other Classification of Dravya
✤ In Ayurveda the Dravyas are further classified as (1) Auşad ha Dravyas, (2)
Ahara Dravyas.
✤ Ausadha Dravyas are of importance in virya or potency.
✤ Though they are consumed in smaller doses, they are capable of
reducing the diseases.
✤ They can't be used in larger quantities.
✤ Ahara Dravyas are of importance in Rasa and when they are consumed,
they act as nutrients and can be consumed in large quantities.
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DrSakshi_Bhardwaj NIA,Jaipur Dept:Maulik Siddhanata
