Hazards and Prevention of Airborne Exposures and Risks - Dr. Renée Anthony, Great Plains Center for Agricultural Health, from the 2016 Iowa Pork Congress, January 27-28, Des Moines, IA, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-iowa-pork-congress
This document provides an introduction to gas detection, including the principles and hazards of flammable, toxic, and asphyxiant gases. It discusses the properties of gases and vapors, including flash point, ignition temperature, and vapor density. Fixed and portable gas detection systems are described as well as their applications in various industries. Guidelines for selecting, installing, and maintaining gas detection equipment are also provided.
Five men died trying to save each other after inhaling toxic gases in an underground manure pit. Bill Hofer was the first to collapse after inhaling a combination of toxic gases in the pit. The other four men then tried to save Hofer and each other but all died within five minutes from the deadly fumes. Those who died include Bill Hofer, his uncle Carl Theuerkauf Sr., and Carl's two sons and grandson, making it believed to be the worst farm accident in Michigan's history. Investigators determined the men were almost finished emptying the partially covered 12-foot deep concrete manure pit using a pump when it clogged. Hofer descended to clear the block and the others followed in attempts
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1) The EPA establishes National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for six criteria air pollutants to protect public health and the environment.
2) The Air Quality Index (AQI) is used to report daily air quality levels from good to hazardous based on five major air pollutants.
3) The EPA also classifies airborne contaminants like liquids, vapors, aerosols and particulates that may impact environmental monitoring equipment.
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This document discusses environmental measurement and air quality standards set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It provides information on:
1) The EPA establishes National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for six criteria air pollutants to protect public health and the environment.
2) The Air Quality Index (AQI) is used to report daily air quality levels from good to hazardous based on five major air pollutants.
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Air is necessary for life and provides oxygen for respiration. It can become polluted from sources like vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and burning of fuels. Major pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter and more. Air pollution affects health and causes issues like respiratory illnesses. Ventilation systems aim to replace stale indoor air with fresh outdoor air to improve comfort, health and efficiency. Methods include natural ventilation using wind and fans, or mechanical systems like exhaust, plenum and air conditioning. Standards provide guidelines for adequate air changes and ventilation.
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Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is an effective engineering control for improving indoor air quality and reducing healthcare-associated infections. It uses ultraviolet light to destroy biological contaminants like bacteria, viruses, molds, and other pathogens by breaking down their DNA. UVGI has been used successfully in hospitals since the 1930s to significantly reduce surgical site and other infection rates. It is recommended by organizations like ASHRAE and the EPA as a strategy for controlling airborne infectious diseases through duct irradiation, upper room irradiation, and in-room units. Studies show UVGI can reduce worker sickness and healthcare costs while increasing energy efficiency.
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1) Mercury vaporizes from spills and contaminates indoor air, posing health risks especially to children and fetuses. Small spills can cause levels exceeding health guidelines.
2) Common sources of indoor mercury include thermometers, thermostats, fluorescent bulbs, and some religious practices.
3) Studies show that even minor spills can cause prolonged elevated indoor air levels, potentially exceeding occupational health standards and persisting for years. Children playing with mercury can be highly exposed.
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- Construction workers face significant health risks from exposure to silica dust, which can lead to fatal lung diseases like silicosis. Over 500 workers in the UK are estimated to die from silica exposure each year.
- Exposure measurement studies show that workers performing tasks like drilling, demolition, and concrete grinding often experience respirable silica exposures above the UK limit of 0.1 mg/m3. Long-term or high-level exposures increase the risk of developing silicosis.
- Effective dust control measures during tasks that generate silica dust, such as using water sprays or extraction tools, are needed to reduce worker exposures and health risks from silica.
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This document provides an overview of an IAQ (indoor air quality) course. The course covers standards and codes, the respiratory system, HVAC systems, contaminants, how to conduct IAQ investigations, and case studies. Typical IAQ complaints include respiratory irritation, coughing, headaches, and dizziness. Causes can include actual problems like bacteria in HVAC systems or non-verifiable issues like mass psychogenic illness. Standards from organizations like OSHA, ASHRAE, ACGIH, EPA, and HUD are discussed. Maintaining good IAQ is important for productivity, health, and limiting liability.
Safe Chemical Handling & Initial Spill ResponseDavid Horowitz
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This document discusses hazard and risk assessment. It provides an agenda for a presentation on the topic, including introductions to industrial hygiene, hazards, risk assessment tools, case studies, and demonstrations of risk assessment tools. Exposure limits for various chemicals are presented. Risk assessment methodologies like planning, site visits, ranking, and quantitative exposure monitoring are explained. Case studies and examples of risk assessment tools from organizations like HSE and ILO are demonstrated. The importance of comprehensive risk assessment for implementing controls and protecting worker health is emphasized.
This document summarizes a presentation on hazard and risk assessment. It includes an agenda that covers introduction to industrial hygiene, hazards from chemical, physical and biological agents, hazard and risk concepts, exposure limits, risk assessment tools, case studies, and demonstration of risk assessment tools. The presentation discusses industrial hygiene principles of hazard anticipation, recognition, risk evaluation and control. It emphasizes the need for risk assessment to prevent occupational illness and injury while reducing costs and liability. Various exposure limits from organizations like OSHA and ACGIH are also summarized. The document provides an overview of quantitative and qualitative risk assessment methodologies including the use of monitoring and assessment tools.
The document discusses various industrial health hazards and types of personal protective equipment (PPE). It describes five types of hazards workers may face - physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychosocial. Physical hazards include heat, cold, light, noise, vibration, and radiation. The document outlines responsibilities of employers to provide appropriate PPE, train workers, and pay for required equipment. It also lists employee responsibilities to properly wear, clean, and maintain issued PPE.
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This document discusses reducing process risks in the pharmaceutical industry. It outlines several driving forces for reducing risk, including plant existence, harm prevention, regulatory requirements, and public image concerns. Several case studies of accidents at pharmaceutical plants are presented to illustrate hazards like explosions and chemical releases. Common causes of accidents included lack of inherently safer design practices, insufficient safety controls, poor hazard awareness, and deficiencies in procedures and maintenance. Reducing risks requires understanding hazards, implementing proper controls, and focusing on priorities like process safety, ergonomics, and hygiene.
1) Air pollution is defined as the presence of substances in the atmosphere that interfere with human health or comfort. Major sources include automobiles, industries, domestic sources, and tobacco smoke.
2) Air pollutants can have both immediate and delayed health effects, including respiratory illnesses and increased risk of chronic diseases. They also have social and economic impacts.
3) Monitoring of air pollution involves measuring levels of pollutants like sulfur dioxide and particulate matter. Prevention and control methods include containment, replacement, dilution, legislation, and international cooperation.
This document discusses air quality sampling and monitoring. It covers topics such as defining air quality, common air sampling techniques like static and grab sampling, procedures for site selection and equipment calibration. It also discusses various air pollution control equipment options like gravitational chambers, cyclones, and electrostatic precipitators. Finally, it outlines some key aspects of legislation in India for controlling air pollution, including the Air Prevention and Control of Pollution Act of 1981.
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This document provides information about air, air pollution, and ventilation in 3 paragraphs or less:
Air is necessary for life and provides oxygen for respiration. It can become polluted from sources like vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and burning of fuels. Major pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter and more. Air pollution affects health and causes issues like respiratory illnesses. Ventilation systems aim to replace stale indoor air with fresh outdoor air to improve comfort, health and efficiency. Methods include natural ventilation using wind and fans, or mechanical systems like exhaust, plenum and air conditioning. Standards provide guidelines for adequate air changes and ventilation.
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The document provides information on industrial hazards and plant safety. It discusses various types of industrial hazards including fire and explosion, electrical, chemical, gas, mechanical, and dust hazards. For each hazard type, it describes causes and preventive measures. It also provides details on specific hazards like industrial pollution and its effects. The document aims to create awareness about common industrial hazards and safety practices to prevent accidents and protect workers' health.
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2) Common sources of indoor mercury include thermometers, thermostats, fluorescent bulbs, and some religious practices.
3) Studies show that even minor spills can cause prolonged elevated indoor air levels, potentially exceeding occupational health standards and persisting for years. Children playing with mercury can be highly exposed.
This document provides basic engineering information related to infectious disease transmission. It discusses air exchange rates in buildings and how they impact indoor air quality. It also covers the Wells-Riley and Rudnick-Milton equations for calculating infection risk based on quanta emissions and other factors. The document then examines what is known about SARS-CoV-2, including that it can survive on surfaces for days and has a basic reproductive number estimated between 1.5-5.5. Finally, it provides recommendations for reducing transmission risk in buildings, such as increasing ventilation, humidity, filtration and regularly disinfecting surfaces.
- Construction workers face significant health risks from exposure to silica dust, which can lead to fatal lung diseases like silicosis. Over 500 workers in the UK are estimated to die from silica exposure each year.
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This document describes an intelligent pollution monitoring system using wireless sensor networks. The system monitors air pollution using gas sensors, water pollution using pH meters, and detects human movement using PIR sensors. When pollution levels exceed standards, it sends SMS alerts to the industry owner and pollution control board. The system aims to control pollution and protect the environment and human health. It provides continuous, real-time pollution monitoring to ensure standards are met.
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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This document summarizes a presentation on hazard and risk assessment. It includes an agenda that covers introduction to industrial hygiene, hazards from chemical, physical and biological agents, hazard and risk concepts, exposure limits, risk assessment tools, case studies, and demonstration of risk assessment tools. The presentation discusses industrial hygiene principles of hazard anticipation, recognition, risk evaluation and control. It emphasizes the need for risk assessment to prevent occupational illness and injury while reducing costs and liability. Various exposure limits from organizations like OSHA and ACGIH are also summarized. The document provides an overview of quantitative and qualitative risk assessment methodologies including the use of monitoring and assessment tools.
The document discusses various industrial health hazards and types of personal protective equipment (PPE). It describes five types of hazards workers may face - physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychosocial. Physical hazards include heat, cold, light, noise, vibration, and radiation. The document outlines responsibilities of employers to provide appropriate PPE, train workers, and pay for required equipment. It also lists employee responsibilities to properly wear, clean, and maintain issued PPE.
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Low toxicity dusts: new concerns for old stuff. Retired
This document discusses the health risks posed by exposure to low toxicity dusts and argues that current exposure limits are not sufficiently protective of worker health. It notes that even relatively low exposures to dusts can harm the lung and that the surface area of dust particles, rather than just the concentration, is an important factor influencing health effects. The document recommends reducing workplace dust exposures as far below current limits as feasible and suggests aiming to keep respirable dust levels below 1 mg/m3.
This document discusses reducing process risks in the pharmaceutical industry. It outlines several driving forces for reducing risk, including plant existence, harm prevention, regulatory requirements, and public image concerns. Several case studies of accidents at pharmaceutical plants are presented to illustrate hazards like explosions and chemical releases. Common causes of accidents included lack of inherently safer design practices, insufficient safety controls, poor hazard awareness, and deficiencies in procedures and maintenance. Reducing risks requires understanding hazards, implementing proper controls, and focusing on priorities like process safety, ergonomics, and hygiene.
1) Air pollution is defined as the presence of substances in the atmosphere that interfere with human health or comfort. Major sources include automobiles, industries, domestic sources, and tobacco smoke.
2) Air pollutants can have both immediate and delayed health effects, including respiratory illnesses and increased risk of chronic diseases. They also have social and economic impacts.
3) Monitoring of air pollution involves measuring levels of pollutants like sulfur dioxide and particulate matter. Prevention and control methods include containment, replacement, dilution, legislation, and international cooperation.
The document discusses three key factors - invisible particles, irritant gases, and infectious microbes (the "3 I's") - that can affect indoor environmental quality in classrooms and impact student attendance. It provides examples of specific contaminants that fall under each factor and their potential health effects. It also discusses strategies for improving classroom air quality, such as filtration systems, ventilation standards, and cleaning procedures.
This document discusses air pollution and methods for sampling air quality. It defines air pollution as undesirable atmospheric substances including gases and particulate matter from sources like industries, vehicles and waste. There are two main sampling methods - continuous and time-averaged. Samples are then analyzed using physical, chemical and biological methods to determine concentration levels over time. Sampling locations and equipment depend on the study objectives. Regular monitoring measures substances like sulfur dioxide weekly to assess national ambient air quality.
MOS 6301, Advanced Industrial Hygiene 1 Course Learni.docxaryan532920
MOS 6301, Advanced Industrial Hygiene 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
5. Explain key industrial hygiene concepts such as routes of entry and hierarchy of controls.
5.1 Describe how chemical properties affect the different routes of exposure.
5.2 Describe how chemicals can enter the body through the dermal route.
6. Examine different types of industrial hazards commonly addressed by the industrial hygienist.
6.1 Identify chemical and biological hazards in occupational settings.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 6:
Gases and Vapors, pp. 113–119
Chapter 7:
Aerosols, pp. 137–144
Chapter 10:
Dermal Hazards, pp. 213–225
Chapter 15:
Biological Hazards, pp. 349–361
Click here to view a PowerPoint presentation to learn more information regarding chemical and biological
hazards.
Click here to access the PDF version of the PowerPoint presentation.
Unit Lesson
An important part of the industrial hygienist’s job is to recognize hazards in the workplace. Occupational
hazards can be divided into three basic categories: chemical, biological, and physical. We will be studying
chemical and biological hazards during this unit. Recognizing chemical hazards requires the industrial
hygienist to have at least a basic understanding of chemistry and biology, including the sub-science
of microbiology.
Chemical hazards are typically divided into two categories based on their chemical state. The two categories
are vapors/gases and aerosols. In the occupational setting, it is more common that the terms particle or
particulate are used. It is fairly easy to understand the differences between gases/vapors and aerosols. What
may be more difficult is to understand the difference between a gas and a vapor.
The difference between a gas and a vapor depends on the state of the chemical at normal (sometimes called
standard) temperature and pressure (NTP or STP). A gas is in the gaseous state at NTP, while a vapor is in
the liquid state at NTP with some vapors being produced. The concentration of the vapors being produced
depends on the vapor pressure of the chemical. Gases have vapor pressures that are high enough that they
do not exist as a liquid at NTP. The higher the vapor pressure is for a chemical, the more likely a vapor will be
produced. One important thing to remember is that vapor pressure is temperature dependent. As the
temperature increases, the vapor pressure of a chemical will also increase, increasing the volatility of the
compound. This can be very important for an industrial hygienist in recognizing chemical hazards. Thus, if the
UNIT IV STUDY GUIDE
Recognition of Chemical and Biological Hazards
Commonly Present in Industrial Settings
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MOS/MOS6301/16G/UnitIV_PowerPoint_Presentation.ppsx
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergen ...
Fire and explosions pose serious hazards in industrial settings. Three key elements are required for combustion - a fuel source, oxygen, and an ignition source. Major industrial accidents over recent decades involving fires, explosions, and chemical releases have caused numerous deaths and injuries as well as economic and environmental damage. Effective safety management including hazard identification, worker training, equipment inspections, and emergency response planning can help reduce risks. Prevention strategies include eliminating ignition sources, proper chemical storage, ventilation, and use of fire suppression systems.
1) The document presents a case study analyzing indoor air pollution and sick building syndrome (SBS) in the underground Chandi Chowk metro station in New Delhi, India.
2) It identifies various air pollutants like particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, bioaerosols, and carbon dioxide that could be contributing to SBS. Questionnaires were used to assess SBS symptoms in station workers.
3) Exposure to the pollutants was assessed by measuring their concentrations over time, identifying sources, inhalation pathways, and establishing dose-response relationships between pollutant levels and SBS symptoms. More data is needed to better understand these relationships.
Indoor air pollution comes from numerous sources and has various health effects. People spend most of their time indoors where pollutant levels can be 2 to 50 times higher than outdoor levels. Main indoor air pollutants include gases like carbon monoxide and formaldehyde, particulate matter like smoke and pet dander, radon, and biological organisms like mold and dust mites. Indoor pollutants react through complex chemical processes involving oxidizers, free radicals, and surfaces. Improving indoor air requires controlling sources, increasing ventilation, and using air cleaners, while indoor pollution poses widespread health and other impacts especially for sensitive groups like children.
The document discusses air-based hazards and fire protection. It describes various sources of air pollution like combustion of fuels, industrial processes, and natural sources. Specific pollutants from these sources like carbon monoxide, heavy metals, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter are discussed. The effects of air hazards like smog, soot, greenhouse gases, and pollen are also summarized. The document then covers air circulation maintenance in sterile and non-sterile areas, preliminary hazard analysis procedures, and classifications of fire.
This document discusses the health risks posed by exposure to low toxicity dust, even at relatively low levels. It notes that current exposure limits may not be sufficiently protective and do not consider the surface area of dust particles, which is an important factor in the biological response. Based on studies of inflammation and impaired lung function, the document recommends that employers aim to keep exposures to respirable dust below 1 mg/m3, rather than relying on the current limits of 4-10 mg/m3. Low-level exposure to dust over long periods may increase the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in genetically susceptible individuals.
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Dr. Renée Anthony - Hazards and Prevention of Airborne Exposures and Risks
1. T. Renée Anthony, PhD, CIH, CSP
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health
The University of Iowa
renee-anthony@uiowa.edu
Pit Foam & Producer Safety:
Hazards and Prevention of Airborne
Exposures and Risks
Iowa Pork Congress
January 27, 2016 | 10:45 – 12:00
Hy-Vee Hall, Lower Level, Rooms 107 & 108
2. Seminar Objective
Dr. Renée Anthony
Identify chronic and acute health and safety hazards associated with
chemicals in swine production buildings
Discuss identification and prevention alternatives
Leon Sheets
Share producer experiences of barn fire
Dr. Dan Andersen
Update state of knowledge of foaming manure
Discuss prevention strategies
3. Objectives
Provide Motivation and Rationale
Identify chronic health hazards in swine production buildings
Common contaminants
Health risks: current state of knowledge
Prevention options
Discuss acutely hazardous gases: H2S and CH4
Sources
Risk factors
Prevention considerations
4. Acknowledgements
Great Plains Center for Agricultural Health
CDC/NIOSH U54 OH007548
Iowa Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE)
CDC/NIOSH 2U60OH008460-10
Subcontract with the Iowa Department of Public Health (IDPH)
5. I: Chronic Health Hazards
Air contaminants in swine CAFO
Ammonia (NH3) – manure pits, urine
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) – manure pits
Dust (respirable, inhalable) – food, animal dander, manure
Endotoxin (on dust) – animal dander, manure
Carbon monoxide (CO) – heaters
Carbon dioxide (CO2) – heaters, swine respiration
Workers in swine CAFO exhibit adverse health outcomes
Declines in lung function (FEV1 dose-dependent)
Increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms
(chronic cough, phlegm)
Increased prevalence and amount of inflammation
(bronchial lavage)
Clear need to reduce exposures to these workers
6. Risk Factors
Clear need to reduce exposures to these workers
Winter exposures are highest
7. Risk Factors
Clear need to reduce exposures to these workers
Winter exposures are highest
O'Shaughnessy et al. (2010) A Task-specific assessment of swine worker exposure to airborne dust.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 7(1):7-13
Inhalable Dust Endotoxin
8. Risk Factors
Clear need to reduce exposures to these workers
Winter exposures are highest
Duchaine et al. (2000) Influence of building maintenance, environmental factors, and seasons on airborne
contaminants of swine confinement buildings. AIHAJ 61(1):56-63
“Total” Dust Endotoxin Ammonia
Dust and ammonia significantly higher in winter.
(Endotoxins analyzed by different methods: not comparable between seasons)
9. Risk Factors
Clear need to reduce exposures to these workers
Winter exposures are highest
Jacobson et al. (2005) Spatial, diurnal, and seasonal variations in temperature, ammonia, and hydrogen
sulfide concentrations in two tunnel ventilated sow gestation buildings in MN. Livestock Environment VII,
Proceeding of 7th International Symposium 18-20 May 2005, ASAE Publication 701P0205, 198-206
Hydrogen Sulfide (Gestation) Ammonia
(Breeding)
Significant increases in winter: 100 to 1000 ppb H2S, 2-25 ppm NH3
10. Risk Factors
Clear need to reduce exposures to these workers
Winter exposures are highest
Concentrations increase over the winter
11. Risk Factors
Clear need to reduce exposures to these workers
Winter exposures are highest
Concentrations increase over the winter
12. Risk Factors
Clear need to reduce exposures to these workers
Winter exposures are highest
Concentrations increase over the winter
Exposure recommendations:
Single component – OSHA, ACGIH, other… not consider combined
effect to compounds associated with health outcomes
Multiple component – Literature recommendations to prevent
declines in lung function and inflammation
13. Recommended Exposure Limits
Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) ACGIH TLVs –
Single component limits, which do not account for mixtures
Threshold
Large Dust,
mg/m3
Small
(Respirable)
Dust, mg/m3 NH3, ppm CO, ppm
CO2,
ppm
OEL 10 3 25 25 5000
50% OEL 5 1.5 12.5 12.5 2500
10% OEL 1 0.3 2.5 2.5 500
Literature recommendations:
Donham et al. 1989,
1995
2.8 (T)
(<10% decrease
in FEV1)
0.23
7
(3% decline
in FEV1)
-
1540
(FEV50,
FEF50)
Vogelzang et al. 2000 2.6 (I) 7.2
Increased bronchial
hyperresponsiveness
14. Methods to Reduce Exposures
Focus on dust/endotoxin exposure reduction
Respiratory Protection: N95 Respirators
Low Adoption: 26% of MN farmers “sometimes” used
(Odu et al. 2015)
Iowa Outreach: Community college education
activities (fit testing, hands-on demonstrations) –
Sheridan, Rudolphi
Engineering Controls
Oil mist – Zhang et al. 1996; Senthilselvan et al. 1997;
Rule et al. 2005
Recirculating ventilation with dust removal (winter) –
Park et al. 2013; Anthony et al. 2014, 2015; Peters et
al. 2015
15. Methods to Reduce Exposures
Recirculating Ventilation Findings
1000 cfm (5.4 air exchanges/hour)
No increased room concentrations of gases from
operation (NH3, H2S, CO, CO2)
Two air control units tested in farrowing barn
Filtration (SDC) reduced particles by:
33% for large (inhalable)
41% for small (respirable)
Cyclone reduced particles by:
44% for large (inhalable)
18% for small (respirable) Filtration (SDC) Cyclone
16. Methods to Reduce Exposures
Recirculating Ventilation Findings
Also identified high CO2 generated by
common LPG heaters
Unvented heater (Yr 1)
Mean: 2480 ppm (330 ppm SD)
Exceeded 1540 ppm all days
Mean approached ½ single gas OELs
Vented heater (Yr 2)
Mean: 1401 ppm (330 ppm SD)
Exceeded 1540 ppm on 5 of 19 days
800 ppm drop due to heater
Between years, outdoor temperatures
and sow/piglet counts also varied
17. Additional Information
Detailed results of heater and ventilation studies available
http://www.public-health.uiowa.edu/gpcah/center-
projects/intervention-to-reduce-exposures-in-cafos/
Ventilation Study:
18. II: Acute Effects - Manure Gases
High concentrations for short periods of time result in serious
health and safety hazards
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) – In manure pit
50 – 100 ppm: altered breathing
100-300 ppm: pulmonary edema
500-700 ppm: collapse in 5 min, death 30-60 min
1000 ppm: nearly instant death
“Heavier than air”
Methane (CH4) – In foaming manure
Simple asphyxiant: every 4% increase in methane, 1% decrease
of oxygen
Flammable at 5 to 15% (50,000 to 150,000 ppm)
Foam: 50-70% Methane (too high to be flammable)
When foam breaks: concentration dilutes and becomes explosive
“Lighter than air”
Fact Sheets:
19. H2S Fatalities (2015)
“Quick” attempt to retrieve equipment from
pit resulted in two father-son fatalities in
summer 2015
Iowa FACE report 2005 IA 024/025
20. Preventing Manure Gas Fatalities
Educate/warn: post signs
Prevent accidental entries
Don’t enter during / just after agitation
Ventilate spaces prior to entry
Enter only with adequate equipment
Retrieval system (harness, mechanical lift)
Standby-by person
SCBA
21. Foaming Manure
Methane (CH4) is trapped in the foam but is
released when foam breaks
Sources of breaking foam:
Dropped feed
Manure agitation
Pressure washing
Methane dilutes to flammable concentrations
Sources of combustion:
Electric motors (e.g., pressure washers, feed systems)
Pilot lights
Welding/cutting
Faulty/damaged wiring
Smoking
Critical to eliminate combustion sources during activities when
foam might break
22. Preventing Manure Gas Fatalities:
Monitors
At-Risk decisions
“I don’t have an SCBA, but I only need to go in for a second.”
“I can hold my breath”
“I have had the fan on long enough…”
“I pumped days ago…”
How can we tell if hazardous gases are at dangerous
concentrations?
Monitors can provide risk information to producer in real time
Prices are extremely low (single gas H2S ~$100)
These units are commonly used in other industries
in high-hazard environments
23. Preventing Manure Gas Fatalities:
How to Select Monitors
Currently:
• No information on how long these
last when stored in AG
environments
• Selections based on purchase
cost and warranty
• Store in clean environment
• No “industry recommendations” for
calibration and sensor (“bump”)
check
• Bump check before every use
• Calibrate at least monthly and
immediately before planned
entries
24. Preventing Manure Gas Fatalities:
Operating Monitors
Prepare to Sample Air for Manure Gases
• Ventilate space
• Allow sufficient warm-up time
• Understand how long it takes your sensor to respond
– May take up to 90 seconds
• Obtain tools to measure at a distance:
– 4 feet in front of you in the direction of travel
– Mount monitor securely on stick or use probe with extension hose
• Confirm monitor is working:
– Bump-test with gas to make sure it alarms
– Calibrate per manufacturer’s instructions
• Identify alarm settings:
– Be clear what you need to do if monitors alarm
25. Preventing Manure Gas Fatalities:
Operating Monitors
Testing Order and Key Decisions:
1. Oxygen
%LEL won’t give reliable
numbers if insufficient O2
Need 21% O2
If lower, may have high
methane:
Get out!
2. %LEL
(flammable methane)
Need <1% LEL
10% LEL or more:
Get out!
3. H2S
>10 ppm: Chronic
health effects
100 ppm:
Get out!
The LEL of methane = 5% = 50,000 ppm
A reading of “1%LEL” 500 ppm methane
26. Preventing Manure Gas Fatalities:
Operating Monitors
To Test Prior to Entering Manure Pit
Test manure pit while
outside of it first
Do not enter!
Ventilate space then retest from outside
Safe
?
Test at entry location and every 4 feet
(in front, to side, above, below)
No
Yes
Notes:
• Monitors take time to get true concentrations (60 -90 sec).
• We set alarms lower than what can cause death.
• Concentrations can go up quickly, so react to low concentrations as
indication of inadequate ventilation.
27. Preventing Manure Gas Fatalities:
Operating Monitors
To Test for Methane Gas in Barn
Washing Barn
1. Prohibit entry
2. Prepare ventilation equipment and monitor
3. Implement shut-down for electricity and gas
4. Put monitor on worker during activity:
EVACUATE if %LEL Changes from 0%
5. If evacuate
– Continue ventilating room
– Return with a monitor, testing in 4 foot
increments, including ceiling level;
back out if concentrations still high
– Return to task only when %LEL = 0
6. When work is completed/foam not at risk of
breaking, continue ventilating until confirm no
methane
Hot Work
Changes to
feed system
1. Prohibit hot work
in barn with
foaming manure
2. If work must be
done, prevent
activities breaking
foam
3. Follow all
procedures to the
left
Pumping
Manure Pit
1. Prohibit agitation when less
than 2 feet between foam and
slats
2. Ensure pit fans are operating
3. Follow all procedures to the left
4. If anyone enters barn, O2,
H2S and %LEL monitors
should be used
5. Continue ventilating barn after
pumping back to background:
21% O2,
<1 ppm H2S,
0% LEL
28. Summary
Multiple compounds in the barn are associated with long-term
adverse health effects
Respirators or improved ventilation, particularly during winter, can
reduce health risks
Acute hazards from manure gases still pose dangers
Procedures via ASABE and Extension recommend ventilation duration
and safety protocols
Available inexpensive technology can ensure concentrations
throughout the room are safe for activities
• Working with monitors to recommend maintenance and lifetime to
recommend specifics
• Developing training
Booth 1210 contains specifics
Sign-up sheet for those interested in
classes on using monitors
29. Questions?
Example monitors on display at Booth 1210
renee-anthony@uiowa.edu
www.gpcah.org
Fact Sheets: Ventilation Study:
31. Chronic Health Outcomes
Authors
Declines in Lung
Function
Increased Respiratory
Symptoms
Increased Airway
Inflammation
Zuskin (1992) –
Netherlands (N=59)
Cross-shift (FVC, FEV1,
FEF50, FEF25)
Lower pre-shift capacity vs
controls
Chronic cough, dyspnea, chest
tightness, chronic bronchitis (not
♂, N=41)
Cormier (1991) –
Quebec (N=102)
Obstruction (FEV1/FVC,
MMFR)
Choudat (1994) –
France (N=102)
Lower but insignificant
difference (MEF, FEF50,
FEF25)
Cough (morning, diurnal,
workplace), Work-related
sneezing
Pedersen (1996) –
Denmark (N=27)
Normal FEV1 More bronchial reactivity: (via
bronchoscopy and BAL --
increased lymphocytes,
neutrophils, increased
macrophage activity)
Larsson (1994) –
Sweden (N=14, non-
farmers)
BAL changes 1 day post
exposure
32. Chronic Health Outcomes
Authors
Declines in Lung
Function
Increased Respiratory
Symptoms
Increased Airway
Inflammation
Iverson (1990) –
Denmark (N=124
pig, 57 dairy)
No difference in dairy vs pig
farmer: FEV1 decrease 12
mL/year of farming
More wheezing, shortness of
breath, dry cough compared to
dairy farmer
Age, years in pig farming, and
smoking all associated with
bronchial hyperreactivity (PC20
histamine values)
Iversen (2000) –
Denmark (7-yr follow
up, N=135)
FEV1 declined more with pig
farmer: 53 mL/yr pig
(significant) vs 36 mL/yr dairy
(not significant)
No difference in FVC
Same as previous Small decrease in bronchial
hyperreactivity between pig and
dairy, only once correcting with
FEV1
Vogelzang (2000) –
Netherlands
(N=171)
Mean FEV1: 73 mL/yr,
FVC 55 mL/yr
n/a Increased bronchial
responsiveness (associated
with NH3, automated dry
feeding, wood shavings as
bedding)