This document provides an overview of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and its application to natural resource management and extractive industries. It defines CBA as a framework that allows decision-makers to consider the trade-offs between alternative development options and determine if a community is better or worse off. The document outlines key aspects of conducting a CBA, including identifying and quantifying costs and benefits, assigning monetary values, accounting for timeframes and risks/uncertainties, and preparing a CBA report. The overall aim of CBA is to determine if the total benefits of a project or policy outweigh the total costs from an aggregate social welfare perspective.
An economic technique applied to public decision−making that attempts to quantify the advantages (benefits) and disadvantages (costs) associated with a particular project or policy.
Declaration: The materials incorporated in this document have come from variety of sources and compiler bears no responsibilities for any information contained herein. The compiler acknowledges all the sources although references have not been explicitly cited for all the contents in this document.
This report focuses on the Cost-Benefit Analysis which is effective tool and a rational technique for economic valuation where market information is either non-existent or deficient is.
An economic technique applied to public decision−making that attempts to quantify the advantages (benefits) and disadvantages (costs) associated with a particular project or policy.
Declaration: The materials incorporated in this document have come from variety of sources and compiler bears no responsibilities for any information contained herein. The compiler acknowledges all the sources although references have not been explicitly cited for all the contents in this document.
This report focuses on the Cost-Benefit Analysis which is effective tool and a rational technique for economic valuation where market information is either non-existent or deficient is.
ost-benefit analysis provides an organizational framework for identifying, quantifying, and comparing the costs and benefits (measured in dollars) of a proposed policy action. The final decision is informed (though not necessarily determined) by a comparison of the total costs and benefits.
ReSAKSS-AfricaLead Workshop on Strengthening Capacity for Strategic Agricultural Policy and Investment Planning and Implementation in Africa Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, June 25th‐ 26th 2012
ost-benefit analysis provides an organizational framework for identifying, quantifying, and comparing the costs and benefits (measured in dollars) of a proposed policy action. The final decision is informed (though not necessarily determined) by a comparison of the total costs and benefits.
ReSAKSS-AfricaLead Workshop on Strengthening Capacity for Strategic Agricultural Policy and Investment Planning and Implementation in Africa Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, June 25th‐ 26th 2012
Cost Benefit Analysis is a type of economic evaluation method where the costs of the program or intervention are compared to the benefits of the intervention. It is widely used tool for making decisions in health care. Cost Benefit analysis is typically used at the executive level of government when considering regulatory proposals that would be costly to implement but that would have potentially large economic benefits to society. Ask questions such as Are benefits greater than costs? E.g. policy makers need to decide if it would be more beneficial to tackle indoor air pollution in the district or to implement HIV screening program?
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
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A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
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"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
2. Definition
A CBA framework is a widely used tool for deciding between alternative
development options. It allows decision-makers to consider trade-offs and
decide whether the community as a whole is better or worse off as a result
of the proposal.
3. Definition of Extractives
Any processes that involve the extraction of raw materials from the earth to
be used by consumers. The extractive industry consists of any operations
that remove metals, mineral and aggregates from the earth. Examples of
extractive processes include oil and gas extraction, mining, dredging and
quarrying.
QUESTION: Are Minerals including Oil a source of wealth or curse in
Africa????
4. Cost Benefit Analysis
A CBA framework is focused on the aggregate social welfare of the
community. It should take account of the full range of potential benefits and
costs of particular actions, including environmental, health and other social
impacts as well as economic impacts of particular proposals.
Only when benefits exceed costs, is there a net public benefit.
5. …Conti..
Cost benefit analysis is a comprehensive form of evaluation. It assesses the
economic, social and environmental impacts based on well-developed,
objective and democratic principles of valuation, and provides transparent
and testable results that are open to empirical validation.
6. KEY FEATURES OF CBA
Scope – A CBA should include all first round (primary) impacts both direct
and indirect but not secondary impacts.
Estimating costs and benefits – A net public benefit or cost of a project can
be calculated through the net benefit of a project less any associated public
expenditure and any negative social, health or environmental impacts.
Discount rate - A discount rate of 7 per cent per annum with sensitivity
testing at 4 per cent and 10 per cent per annum.
7. KEY FEATURES OF CBA
Timeframe - A term that reflects the time horizon of the impacts of a
proposal. Long term projects should use a 50 year timeframe and a residual
value where applicable, but this does not preclude a longer time-frame if
impacts are predictable.
Risk and Uncertainty - A ‘risk neutral’ approach to expected costs and
benefits.
Unquantified factors - Decisions based on the quantified expected net
benefits in conjunction with information on any impacts that cannot be
valued.
8. Basic Principles of CBA
There Must Be a Common Unit of Measurement
CBA Valuations Should Represent Consumers or Producers
Valuations As Revealed by Their Actual Behavior
Benefits Are Usually Measured by Market Choices
Gross Benefits of an Increase in Consumption is an Area Under the Demand Curve
Some Measurements of Benefits Require the Valuation of Human Life
The Analysis of a Project Should Involve a With Versus Without Comparison
Cost Benefit Analysis Involves a Particular Study Area
Double Counting of Benefits or Costs Must be Avoided
Decision Criteria for Projects
9. How to undertake a CBA
CBA estimates and compares the total benefits and costs of a project or
policy to the members of a specified community. In order to do this, a CBA:
Lists all groups in the community affected by a policy or project and values
the effects on their welfare in monetary terms as the effects would be valued
by the parties themselves.
Aggregates these benefits and costs over the whole community and
estimates the net social benefit or cost (the total benefit less total cost) to the
community.
10. Benefit Transfer Benefit transfer
Benefit transfer Benefit transfer is a method to collect data to a CBA that is
time and resource saving (Desvousges et al., 1999). By taking advantage of
previous CBA studies, data on social and environmental costs and benefits
can be applied to the project of interest.
Most commonly a study of the same kind of project but in a different
location is used for the benefit transfer.
11. The steps in undertaking a CBA are:
1. Identify the Base Case
2. Define project / develop options
3. Estimate impacts of project over the relevant life relative to the Base Case
4. Estimate the monetary values of these impacts if possible (costs and
benefits)
5. Estimate the overall net value of the project
6. Test for uncertainty and risks
7. Prepare report including CBA results and qualitative effects
12. Scope of a CBA
All first round (primary) impacts - both direct and indirect. The direct effects are the
impacts on the land use in question, for example, additional revenue that can be derived
from the site in its new use. The indirect impacts are impacts on third parties, including
all the environmental, social and health costs and benefits, and impacts in related markets.
For example, impacts on aquifers or air pollution are considered indirect impacts. All first
round primary impacts are included in a CBA, regardless of whether they are the prime
aim of the proposal or a third party effect.
Secondary effects are flow-on impacts from first-round impacts, such as the spending
associated with income gains. These effects are not usually included in a CBA.
13. ESTIMATING COSTS AND BENEFITS
The net public benefit or cost of a project or policy can be calculated through the net
benefit of mining or coal seam gas (CSG) compared with the other land uses, less any
associated public expenditure (not paid for by the mining company) and any negative
social, health or environmental impacts. There may also be other economic impacts on
local business that may be positive or negative.
Net Public Benefit/Cost= Net Benefit or Cost from project -Net Public Infrastructure costs- Net Social
& Environmental Costs+ Net Other Economic Impacts
14. Estimating Environmental Impacts
Involves three stages:
1. estimating the physical impacts, for example, impacts on water quality,
2. 2. estimating the effects of these impacts on business (for example, on agricultural
productivity) and on households (for example, on health) and
3. 3. valuing these impacts.
15. TIMEFRAME FOR CBA
The costs and benefits should be estimated over the timescale of the impacts of a
project. Where a project has environmental impacts (positive or negative), the impacts
may continue well after the productive life of the project under consideration.
It is recommended that long-term projects should use a 50 year time-frame and where
applicable a residual value for impacts beyond that time-period. However, where
predictable and material, a longer time-frame can be adopted.
16. RISK AND UNCERTAINTY
Most forecasts of costs and benefits are somewhat uncertain. Sometimes, some
impacts cannot be reliably forecast or valued with confidence. The evaluation must then
assess whether to attempt to quantify these factors very approximately or to treat them
as unquantified items.
Most CBA studies have some unquantified items. These should be described and an
indication given of their likely relative significance.
17. LIMITATIONS OF CBA
Cost benefit analysis should incorporate all relevant economic, social (including health)
and environmental impacts. It is not appropriate to examine only some types of
impacts in isolation.
The commonly argued limitations of CBA are data availability, uncertainty, valuing
unpriced assets, timing and the value of waiting, and distribution and social equity.
These limitations are also relevant for all other evaluation approaches. One of the
strengths of CBA over other approaches is its systematic approach to quantifying and
valuing impacts. This is particularly important in the context of evaluating land use
decisions given the potential for double-counting of impacts without a systematic
framework.
18. UNQUANTIFIED FACTORS
As has been stressed, some impacts may not be quantified. For example it may be very
hard to quantify the amenity effects of a change in land use from a traditional rural use
to a mining one. Unquantified impacts should be discussed in the CBA report.
However it should be stressed that these impacts should be viewed in the context of
the quantified net public benefit or cost.
If there is an estimated net public benefit, do these factors offset this benefit? It would
be inappropriate to set up an arbitrary point scoring system as an alternative measure of
the net public benefit or cost.
19. Preparation of a CBA Report
The preparation of a CBA report should be explicit regarding assumptions and include
discussion of any qualitative impacts.
20. An outline of a CBA Report
Regardless of what kind of project that is explored using a CBA, the following nine
steps should be used, in order to ensure that all aspects and possible impacts are taken
into account in a systematic way.
Below follows an overview, of the general steps that forms the basis of an successful
CBA, divided into four different categories (Boardman et al., 2005).
Identification 1. Specify alternative projects 2. Decide whose benefits and costs count
(standing) 3. Identify all impacts Quantification 4. Predict all impacts quantitatively over
the life of the project Valuation 5. Monetize all impacts 6. Discount to obtain present
values Assessment 7. Compute the net present value of each alternative 8. Perform
sensitivity analysis 9. Make a recommendation
21. An outline of a CBA Report
Identification
1. Specify alternative projects
2. Decide whose benefits and costs count (standing)
3. Identify all impacts
Quantification
4. Predict all impacts quantitatively over the life of the project
Valuation
5. Monetize all impacts
6. Discount to obtain present values
Assessment
7. Compute the net present value of each alternative
8. Perform sensitivity analysis
9. Make a recommendation