This document provides guidance on operating and maintaining rainfall measurement stations equipped with standard rain gauges (SRG), autographic rain gauges (ARG), and tipping bucket rain gauges (TBR). It describes the standard measurement practices and routine maintenance procedures for each type of gauge. For SRGs and ARGs, daily rainfall is measured and recorded in millimeters. TBRs automatically record rainfall amounts and intensities digitally over time. Proper maintenance, such as cleaning debris from collectors and checking for leaks, is important to ensure accurate rainfall data.
This document provides guidance on operating and maintaining standard rain gauge (SRG) stations. It describes:
1) How rainfall is measured using the standard SRG, which collects rainfall in a funnel that deposits water into a bottle inside the base unit.
2) The standard measurement practice of measuring the collected rainfall daily at 08:30 hrs using a measure glass and recording the reading in mm.
3) Routine maintenance procedures to ensure accurate records, including cleaning the funnel, checking for leaks, ensuring proper assembly, and keeping the gauge enclosure locked and clean. Timely repairs and replacements should be made if issues arise.
This document provides guidance on operating and maintaining standard rain gauges (SRG), autographic rain gauges (ARG), and tipping bucket rain gauges (TBR) used to measure rainfall.
For SRGs, daily rainfall is measured manually at 08:30 by emptying the receiver bottle into a measure glass. Routine maintenance includes cleaning the funnel and checking for leaks. ARGs provide a continuous chart record of hourly rainfall. Charts are changed daily and rainfall values are tabulated from the removed chart. Routine ARG maintenance includes refilling the ink pen and winding the clock. TBRs electronically record rainfall in set intervals as the bucket tips. Routine TBR maintenance checks the tipping mechanism and
This document provides an overview of key concepts and measurement techniques in hydrometry. It defines relevant variables and units used to measure hydrological quantities. The document discusses network design, site selection, measurement frequency, and techniques for measuring stage, streamflow, and other hydrometric variables. A variety of equipment and methods are described, including staff gauges, data loggers, current meters, and acoustic Doppler current profilers. Guidelines are provided for equipment specifications, station design, construction, and installation.
This document provides guidance on standard rainfall measurement procedures using a Standard Rain Gauge (SRG) and routine maintenance of the SRG. It discusses:
1. Measurement of rainfall using the SRG involves collecting rainfall in a bottle, pouring it into a measure glass, and recording the reading in mm to one decimal place daily at 0830 hrs.
2. Routine maintenance of the SRG includes inspecting and clearing any blockages in the funnel, checking for and repairing any leaks, ensuring the collector is securely locked to the base, keeping the gauge and enclosure locked and clean.
3. Daily rainfall observations are recorded on a field data form and sent daily to the controlling office, with 0.
This document provides guidance on standard measurement practices and routine maintenance for instruments used in a full climatic station. It describes procedures for measuring wind speed and direction using an anemometer and wind vane. It outlines rainfall measurement using standard rain gauges, autographic rain gauges, and tipping bucket rain gauges. Temperature, humidity, evaporation, solar radiation, and atmospheric pressure measurement are also discussed. Routine maintenance procedures aim to ensure accurate climatic records by keeping instruments clean, clear of debris, and properly calibrated.
This document provides guidance on standard operating procedures for taking measurements and routine maintenance of instruments at a Full Climatic Station. It describes the procedures for measuring variables such as wind speed and direction using an anemometer and wind vane, rainfall using standard rain gauges, autographic rain gauges and tipping bucket rain gauges, temperature using thermometers and therographs, humidity using wet and dry bulb thermometers and hygrographs, evaporation using an open pan evaporimeter, solar radiation using a sunshine recorder, and atmospheric pressure using a barograph. The document stresses the importance of following standard procedures to obtain high quality hydro-meteorological data and maintaining instruments regularly.
This document provides guidance on field inspections and audits of hydrometric stations. It recommends that inspections be conducted regularly, with higher frequency for key stations, to ensure quality data collection. Inspections check equipment, observation procedures, station logs, and involve independent measurements. Station logs should record all data, actions, and observations at manned and unmanned sites. They provide an important quality control record. The document provides an example log sheet format to standardize collection of key station information like instrument details, gauge readings, and inspection notes.
Meteorological instruments are used to measure various atmospheric conditions. Key instruments include thermometers for temperature (degrees Celsius/Fahrenheit), barometers for pressure (hPa, mb), anemometers for wind speed (m/s, km/h), rain gauges for precipitation (mm), and hygrometers for humidity (percent relative humidity). Other instruments such as ceilometers, disdrometers, and weather balloons equipped with radiosondes are used to observe clouds, raindrops, and wind/temperature/pressure profiles at different altitudes. Measurements from these instruments provide critical data for weather forecasts and climate studies.
This document provides guidance on operating and maintaining standard rain gauge (SRG) stations. It describes:
1) How rainfall is measured using the standard SRG, which collects rainfall in a funnel that deposits water into a bottle inside the base unit.
2) The standard measurement practice of measuring the collected rainfall daily at 08:30 hrs using a measure glass and recording the reading in mm.
3) Routine maintenance procedures to ensure accurate records, including cleaning the funnel, checking for leaks, ensuring proper assembly, and keeping the gauge enclosure locked and clean. Timely repairs and replacements should be made if issues arise.
This document provides guidance on operating and maintaining standard rain gauges (SRG), autographic rain gauges (ARG), and tipping bucket rain gauges (TBR) used to measure rainfall.
For SRGs, daily rainfall is measured manually at 08:30 by emptying the receiver bottle into a measure glass. Routine maintenance includes cleaning the funnel and checking for leaks. ARGs provide a continuous chart record of hourly rainfall. Charts are changed daily and rainfall values are tabulated from the removed chart. Routine ARG maintenance includes refilling the ink pen and winding the clock. TBRs electronically record rainfall in set intervals as the bucket tips. Routine TBR maintenance checks the tipping mechanism and
This document provides an overview of key concepts and measurement techniques in hydrometry. It defines relevant variables and units used to measure hydrological quantities. The document discusses network design, site selection, measurement frequency, and techniques for measuring stage, streamflow, and other hydrometric variables. A variety of equipment and methods are described, including staff gauges, data loggers, current meters, and acoustic Doppler current profilers. Guidelines are provided for equipment specifications, station design, construction, and installation.
This document provides guidance on standard rainfall measurement procedures using a Standard Rain Gauge (SRG) and routine maintenance of the SRG. It discusses:
1. Measurement of rainfall using the SRG involves collecting rainfall in a bottle, pouring it into a measure glass, and recording the reading in mm to one decimal place daily at 0830 hrs.
2. Routine maintenance of the SRG includes inspecting and clearing any blockages in the funnel, checking for and repairing any leaks, ensuring the collector is securely locked to the base, keeping the gauge and enclosure locked and clean.
3. Daily rainfall observations are recorded on a field data form and sent daily to the controlling office, with 0.
This document provides guidance on standard measurement practices and routine maintenance for instruments used in a full climatic station. It describes procedures for measuring wind speed and direction using an anemometer and wind vane. It outlines rainfall measurement using standard rain gauges, autographic rain gauges, and tipping bucket rain gauges. Temperature, humidity, evaporation, solar radiation, and atmospheric pressure measurement are also discussed. Routine maintenance procedures aim to ensure accurate climatic records by keeping instruments clean, clear of debris, and properly calibrated.
This document provides guidance on standard operating procedures for taking measurements and routine maintenance of instruments at a Full Climatic Station. It describes the procedures for measuring variables such as wind speed and direction using an anemometer and wind vane, rainfall using standard rain gauges, autographic rain gauges and tipping bucket rain gauges, temperature using thermometers and therographs, humidity using wet and dry bulb thermometers and hygrographs, evaporation using an open pan evaporimeter, solar radiation using a sunshine recorder, and atmospheric pressure using a barograph. The document stresses the importance of following standard procedures to obtain high quality hydro-meteorological data and maintaining instruments regularly.
This document provides guidance on field inspections and audits of hydrometric stations. It recommends that inspections be conducted regularly, with higher frequency for key stations, to ensure quality data collection. Inspections check equipment, observation procedures, station logs, and involve independent measurements. Station logs should record all data, actions, and observations at manned and unmanned sites. They provide an important quality control record. The document provides an example log sheet format to standardize collection of key station information like instrument details, gauge readings, and inspection notes.
Meteorological instruments are used to measure various atmospheric conditions. Key instruments include thermometers for temperature (degrees Celsius/Fahrenheit), barometers for pressure (hPa, mb), anemometers for wind speed (m/s, km/h), rain gauges for precipitation (mm), and hygrometers for humidity (percent relative humidity). Other instruments such as ceilometers, disdrometers, and weather balloons equipped with radiosondes are used to observe clouds, raindrops, and wind/temperature/pressure profiles at different altitudes. Measurements from these instruments provide critical data for weather forecasts and climate studies.
This document lists and describes various meteorological instruments used to measure different weather phenomena. It discusses instruments that measure temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, precipitation, humidity, solar radiation, cloud height and more. The instruments are used by meteorologists to collect weather data and make observations about current and changing weather conditions.
This document discusses precipitation measurement and estimation. It begins by defining precipitation and its different types. It then discusses various methods for measuring precipitation, including manual and automatic rain gauges. It emphasizes the importance of establishing a raingauge network according to WMO recommendations to spatially average precipitation measurements over a region. The document concludes by outlining different methods that can be used to estimate missing precipitation data, including station averaging, normal ratio, inverse distance weighting, and regression techniques.
It is he best project to give an idea for the school project on meteorological Instruments. it gives info of few commonly used instruments which play a great role in day to day life and much more......
This document discusses meteorological instrumentation used to measure various weather conditions. It begins with a brief history of early weather measurement devices like the rain gauge, anemometer, and hygrometer developed in the 15th century. It then describes common instruments used today like the thermometer, barometer, anemometer, and hygrometer. The document also covers remote sensing tools like weather radars and satellites. It provides details on various types of specific instruments and concludes with information about weather stations and surface weather observations.
This document discusses different methods for measuring and averaging rainfall over an area:
- Rainfall is measured using rain gauges and expressed as depth over an area.
- The arithmetic mean, Thiessen polygon, and isohyet methods are used to calculate average rainfall values from point measurements at rain gauge stations.
- The Thiessen polygon method assigns influence areas to each station based on the location of stations, and weights each measurement by its influence area.
- The isohyet method involves drawing lines of equal rainfall and calculating a weighted average based on the rainfall amounts and sizes of the areas between the lines.
This document provides an overview of a hydrometry course covering measurement of various components of the hydrological cycle including precipitation, evaporation, soil moisture, and streamflow. It discusses different types of instruments used to measure these variables such as raingauges, evaporation pans, neutron probes, tensiometers, and current meters. Measurement methods include manual observation as well as automated data recording using devices like data loggers. The goal is to introduce concepts and terminology for quantifying water in the hydrological cycle.
The document outlines the annual English program for 7th grade students at LEMATANG LESTARI Junior High School for the 2013/2014 academic year. The program covers 6 competencies in listening, speaking, reading and writing and includes 12 basic competencies, time allotments and marks. The competencies focus on understanding and expressing meanings in simple transactional conversations, short functional texts, descriptive and procedural texts related to the students' environment.
This weekly newsletter from Mrs. Teitsma's class provides information about the week of September 4-7. The class had a class store where students could buy coupons for $5, visited Letterland and met characters, and learned each other's names - there are 24 students total, with 11 boys and 13 girls. They also learned proper hallway behavior and how to sort objects by different attributes. Upcoming snacks are listed and the teacher requests $6 for t-shirts and family photos.
Modern video games are defined as electronic games played via a controller connected to a device like a computer, arcade machine, video game console, or mobile phone. The top 5 best selling video games are Journey, Dishonored, Halo 4, Darksiders II, and Max Payne 3. Journey is a game that proves video games can convey beautiful feelings and not just provide entertainment.
Mercury is a heavy, silvery metal that is liquid at room temperature. It has a high density and is a good conductor of electricity, though not a strong conductor of heat. Mercury easily forms alloys with other metals like gold and silver but not iron. While insoluble in water, it is soluble in nitric acid. Exposure through inhalation, ingestion, or contact can be harmful as mercury irritates skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.
Santiago provides audio readings about a topic. The audio discusses a "Monstruo" or monster. The audio aims to inform listeners about this monster character.
Este documento describe la tecnología HSPA+ (High Speed Packet Access Plus), una evolución de HSPA que mejora las velocidades de subida y bajada en redes móviles de banda ancha. HSPA+ puede ofrecer velocidades de hasta 56 Mbps de bajada y 22 Mbps de subida. El documento también discute las características, ventajas y futuros desarrollos de HSPA+, incluido el uso de doble portadora y MIMO para aumentar aún más las velocidades.
evaluacion de los aprendizajes realizado por hilda morochohildishoth
El documento presenta diferentes técnicas y instrumentos de evaluación. Describe técnicas informales como la observación y preguntas exploratorias. También describe técnicas semiformales como ejercicios y tareas. Finalmente, describe técnicas formales como pruebas escritas, exámenes y proyectos. Explica diferentes instrumentos como listas de cotejo, escalas y registros anecdóticos que pueden usarse con las diferentes técnicas.
This weekly kindergarten class newsletter provides updates on activities from the past week, including field trips to a strawberry patch and participating in music performances, as well as upcoming events like Teacher Appreciation Week and a holiday with no school. It also includes reminders about collecting cans for a food drive, signing reading logs, and an upcoming snack schedule.
This document lists four sports that are interests of the author: football, basketball, lacrosse, and wrestling. Football, basketball, lacrosse, and wrestling are listed as the author's favorite interests. The document provides a short list of four sports that the author enjoys.
This document discusses a lesson on personality types and classifying vocabulary words related to personalities. It includes a list of personality type words like "a brain", "a pain in the neck", and "a people person" and asks students to relate each word's meaning to a personality. It then provides a second list of words like "annoying", "easygoing", "friendly", and "funny" for students to classify as having a positive, negative or both type of meaning when describing people's personalities. The goal is to help students practice listening, reading, identifying vocabulary and classifying words according to their meaning.
Este documento describe las becas disponibles para programas de inmersión lingüística en inglés durante las vacaciones de verano de 2015, incluyendo los requisitos, plazos, y proceso de solicitud. Las becas están disponibles para estudiantes de 1o y 2o de ESO con buen rendimiento académico en inglés y asignaturas clave. Los solicitantes serán seleccionados basados en sus calificaciones y circunstancias familiares, con el objetivo de ofrecer esta oportunidad a los estudiantes más capacit
This document lists and describes various meteorological instruments used to measure different weather phenomena. It discusses instruments that measure temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, precipitation, humidity, solar radiation, cloud height and more. The instruments are used by meteorologists to collect weather data and make observations about current and changing weather conditions.
This document discusses precipitation measurement and estimation. It begins by defining precipitation and its different types. It then discusses various methods for measuring precipitation, including manual and automatic rain gauges. It emphasizes the importance of establishing a raingauge network according to WMO recommendations to spatially average precipitation measurements over a region. The document concludes by outlining different methods that can be used to estimate missing precipitation data, including station averaging, normal ratio, inverse distance weighting, and regression techniques.
It is he best project to give an idea for the school project on meteorological Instruments. it gives info of few commonly used instruments which play a great role in day to day life and much more......
This document discusses meteorological instrumentation used to measure various weather conditions. It begins with a brief history of early weather measurement devices like the rain gauge, anemometer, and hygrometer developed in the 15th century. It then describes common instruments used today like the thermometer, barometer, anemometer, and hygrometer. The document also covers remote sensing tools like weather radars and satellites. It provides details on various types of specific instruments and concludes with information about weather stations and surface weather observations.
This document discusses different methods for measuring and averaging rainfall over an area:
- Rainfall is measured using rain gauges and expressed as depth over an area.
- The arithmetic mean, Thiessen polygon, and isohyet methods are used to calculate average rainfall values from point measurements at rain gauge stations.
- The Thiessen polygon method assigns influence areas to each station based on the location of stations, and weights each measurement by its influence area.
- The isohyet method involves drawing lines of equal rainfall and calculating a weighted average based on the rainfall amounts and sizes of the areas between the lines.
This document provides an overview of a hydrometry course covering measurement of various components of the hydrological cycle including precipitation, evaporation, soil moisture, and streamflow. It discusses different types of instruments used to measure these variables such as raingauges, evaporation pans, neutron probes, tensiometers, and current meters. Measurement methods include manual observation as well as automated data recording using devices like data loggers. The goal is to introduce concepts and terminology for quantifying water in the hydrological cycle.
The document outlines the annual English program for 7th grade students at LEMATANG LESTARI Junior High School for the 2013/2014 academic year. The program covers 6 competencies in listening, speaking, reading and writing and includes 12 basic competencies, time allotments and marks. The competencies focus on understanding and expressing meanings in simple transactional conversations, short functional texts, descriptive and procedural texts related to the students' environment.
This weekly newsletter from Mrs. Teitsma's class provides information about the week of September 4-7. The class had a class store where students could buy coupons for $5, visited Letterland and met characters, and learned each other's names - there are 24 students total, with 11 boys and 13 girls. They also learned proper hallway behavior and how to sort objects by different attributes. Upcoming snacks are listed and the teacher requests $6 for t-shirts and family photos.
Modern video games are defined as electronic games played via a controller connected to a device like a computer, arcade machine, video game console, or mobile phone. The top 5 best selling video games are Journey, Dishonored, Halo 4, Darksiders II, and Max Payne 3. Journey is a game that proves video games can convey beautiful feelings and not just provide entertainment.
Mercury is a heavy, silvery metal that is liquid at room temperature. It has a high density and is a good conductor of electricity, though not a strong conductor of heat. Mercury easily forms alloys with other metals like gold and silver but not iron. While insoluble in water, it is soluble in nitric acid. Exposure through inhalation, ingestion, or contact can be harmful as mercury irritates skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.
Santiago provides audio readings about a topic. The audio discusses a "Monstruo" or monster. The audio aims to inform listeners about this monster character.
Este documento describe la tecnología HSPA+ (High Speed Packet Access Plus), una evolución de HSPA que mejora las velocidades de subida y bajada en redes móviles de banda ancha. HSPA+ puede ofrecer velocidades de hasta 56 Mbps de bajada y 22 Mbps de subida. El documento también discute las características, ventajas y futuros desarrollos de HSPA+, incluido el uso de doble portadora y MIMO para aumentar aún más las velocidades.
evaluacion de los aprendizajes realizado por hilda morochohildishoth
El documento presenta diferentes técnicas y instrumentos de evaluación. Describe técnicas informales como la observación y preguntas exploratorias. También describe técnicas semiformales como ejercicios y tareas. Finalmente, describe técnicas formales como pruebas escritas, exámenes y proyectos. Explica diferentes instrumentos como listas de cotejo, escalas y registros anecdóticos que pueden usarse con las diferentes técnicas.
This weekly kindergarten class newsletter provides updates on activities from the past week, including field trips to a strawberry patch and participating in music performances, as well as upcoming events like Teacher Appreciation Week and a holiday with no school. It also includes reminders about collecting cans for a food drive, signing reading logs, and an upcoming snack schedule.
This document lists four sports that are interests of the author: football, basketball, lacrosse, and wrestling. Football, basketball, lacrosse, and wrestling are listed as the author's favorite interests. The document provides a short list of four sports that the author enjoys.
This document discusses a lesson on personality types and classifying vocabulary words related to personalities. It includes a list of personality type words like "a brain", "a pain in the neck", and "a people person" and asks students to relate each word's meaning to a personality. It then provides a second list of words like "annoying", "easygoing", "friendly", and "funny" for students to classify as having a positive, negative or both type of meaning when describing people's personalities. The goal is to help students practice listening, reading, identifying vocabulary and classifying words according to their meaning.
Este documento describe las becas disponibles para programas de inmersión lingüística en inglés durante las vacaciones de verano de 2015, incluyendo los requisitos, plazos, y proceso de solicitud. Las becas están disponibles para estudiantes de 1o y 2o de ESO con buen rendimiento académico en inglés y asignaturas clave. Los solicitantes serán seleccionados basados en sus calificaciones y circunstancias familiares, con el objetivo de ofrecer esta oportunidad a los estudiantes más capacit
Youth Devotional - Florence Chadwick: Focused on the GoalKen Sapp
The 4th of July was not Florence Chadwick's day of her greatest triumph. It wasn't her most glorious moment. It was the time of her greatest defeat. It was also the time she decided never to give up ever again. As we celebrate Independence Day, let us also remember our independence from a life of sin and to never lose sight of Jesus, the author and perfecter of our faith.
This weekly classroom newsletter from Mrs. Teitsma's room 313 provides information about the past and upcoming week. It notes that the class has been in school for 142 days, discussed their spring breaks, and learned calming techniques. Nicholas was named star of the week. The class made flower paintings using soda bottles and practiced language arts skills. Upcoming events include an awards ceremony, field trip, and fundraisers for cancer research and charity chairs.
Short sound A refers to a short vowel sound, while Long sound A refers to a long vowel sound. When a vowel is pronounced as its actual name, such as the a in "ate" sounding like the a in "aye", this is called a long sound.
The document lists various behaviors that could result in sanctions moving up a behavior triangle. It begins with minor issues like uniform violations, lateness, or gum chewing that may result in detentions. More serious or persistent issues such as violence, weapons, or discrimination may lead to fixed term exclusions or consequence days. Repeated poor behavior could ultimately result in permanent exclusion from the school.
The document provides guidance on standard measurement practices and routine maintenance for three types of rain gauges:
1. Standard rain gauge (SRG): Rainfall is measured daily at 08:30 hrs by pouring rainwater from the receiver into a measure glass. Routine maintenance includes cleaning the collector and checking for leaks.
2. Autographic rain gauge (ARG): Rainfall is recorded continuously on a chart that is changed daily. Hourly rainfall values are tabulated from the chart. Routine maintenance includes cleaning parts and checking for proper siphoning.
3. Tipping bucket rain gauge (TBR): Rainfall amounts are automatically recorded by a data logger that is read out monthly. Routine maintenance follows
The document provides guidance on standard measurement practices and routine maintenance for three types of rain gauges:
1. Standard rain gauge (SRG): Rainfall is measured daily at 08:30 hrs by pouring rainwater from the receiver into a measure glass. Routine maintenance includes cleaning the collector and checking for leaks.
2. Autographic rain gauge (ARG): Rainfall is recorded continuously on a chart that is changed daily. Hourly rainfall values are tabulated from the chart. Routine maintenance includes cleaning parts and checking for proper siphoning.
3. Tipping bucket rain gauge (TBR): Rainfall amounts are automatically recorded by a data logger that is read out monthly. Routine maintenance follows
This document provides guidance on standard rainfall measurement procedures using a Standard Rain Gauge (SRG) and routine maintenance of the SRG. It discusses:
1. Measurement of rainfall using the SRG involves collecting rainfall in a bottle, pouring it into a measure glass, and recording the reading in mm to one decimal place daily at 0830 hrs.
2. Routine maintenance of the SRG includes inspecting and clearing any blockages in the funnel, checking for and repairing any leaks, ensuring the collector is securely locked to the base, keeping the gauge and enclosure locked and clean.
3. Daily rainfall observations are recorded on a field data form and sent daily to the controlling office, with 0.
This document provides guidance on standard operating procedures for taking measurements of various climatic variables at a Full Climatic Station. It details procedures for measuring wind speed and direction using an anemometer and wind vane, rainfall using standard rain gauges, autographic rain gauges and tipping bucket rain gauges, temperature using thermometers and thermographs, humidity using wet and dry bulb thermometers and hygrographs, evaporation using a class A pan, solar radiation using a sunshine recorder, and atmospheric pressure using a barograph. The document emphasizes following standard measurement practices and routine maintenance of instruments to ensure high quality hydro-meteorological data.
This document provides guidance on field inspections, maintenance, and calibration for hydro-meteorological stations. It describes procedures for inspecting rain gauges, full climatic stations, and checking instrument exposure and observer training. Routine maintenance tasks are outlined for rain gauges, wind instruments, thermometers, evaporimeters, and other equipment. Spare part requirements are listed. Proper maintenance is important to ensure high quality comparable data from the field stations.
This document provides guidance on standard operating procedures for taking meteorological and climatological observations at a Full Climatic Station (FCS). It describes the measurement of various climatic variables including wind speed and direction, rainfall, temperature, humidity, evaporation, solar radiation, and atmospheric pressure. For each variable, it outlines the standard measurement practices and routine maintenance procedures to ensure accurate data collection. The document aims to create uniformity in field operations and data quality by having field staff closely follow the prescribed methodology.
This document provides guidance on river stage observation for staff gauges, autographic chart recorders, and digital water level recorders. It outlines procedures for taking manual staff gauge readings hourly or multiple times per day, checking and maintaining chart recorders daily, and routinely downloading and checking digital recorders against staff gauges. The goal is to ensure uniform and high-quality hydrological data collection through consistent field procedures.
Estimation of Rainfall by using “SSV’s Rotating Pan Rain Gauge” ModelIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and operation of the "SSV's Rotating Pan Rain Gauge" model for estimating rainfall. It consists of a water collector funnel that directs water to rotating pans attached to a wheel. As the pans fill, they rotate down to empty into a lower collection tank while making marks on a rotating drum chart to indicate rainfall intensity over time. Observations of the tank water level every 6 hours over 24 hours provided measurements of total rainfall depth and an intensity calculation of 0.54cm/hour based on the recorded depth. The design aims to provide accurate rainfall readings during intense periods by rapidly replacing full pans with empty ones.
This document discusses methods for measuring rainfall and runoff. It describes various types of rain gauges used to measure rainfall manually and remotely, including standard, weighing, optical, and tipping bucket rain gauges. Factors around the number and distribution of rain gauges are also covered. The document then shifts to discussing methods for measuring runoff, including using mathematical models, the runoff curve number method, and equipment for simulating and measuring surface runoff and erosion from natural and extreme precipitation events in catchment areas.
Estimation of Average Rainfall Depth using “SSV’s Depth Leveling Method”IRJET Journal
This document presents a method called SSV's Depth Leveling Method for estimating average rainfall depth over an area using rain gauge and ranging rod readings. The key steps are: (1) dividing the area into equal subdivisions and placing rain gauges and ranging rods, (2) taking water depth readings, (3) calculating average depth using a formula that weights readings by subdivision area. The study applies this method, finds the average rainfall depth to be 17.463 cm, and concludes that the method provides an accurate way to measure rainfall in uneven terrain areas.
This document provides a design manual for hydro-meteorology networks in India. It discusses the physics of rainfall and evaporation processes and the design of rainfall and climate observation networks. Key sections include network design and optimization, site selection criteria, measurement frequencies, and measurement techniques for rainfall and climatic variables. Guidelines are also provided on station design, construction, and equipment installation. The overall aim is to establish standard procedures for India's Hydrological Information System to accurately measure hydro-meteorological quantities needed for water resources assessment and management.
This document provides a design manual for hydro-meteorology networks. It discusses definitions and units used in hydro-meteorology. It also covers the design and optimization of rainfall and climate observation networks, including determining minimum network densities based on measurement objectives and spatial variability. Site selection criteria, measurement frequencies, and measurement techniques for rainfall and climatic variables are also examined. Guidelines are provided on station design, equipment installation, and specifications. The overall aim is to establish standard procedures for hydro-meteorological data collection across India.
This document discusses watersheds and rainfall measurement techniques. It provides details on:
1. The definition and key components of a watershed, including boundaries, stream networks, soils, and land use.
2. Guidelines for installing and siting rain gauges properly based on terrain and other factors.
3. Methods for determining the number of rain gauges needed based on watershed area and characteristics.
4. Common techniques for calculating rainfall averages over an area and addressing missing rainfall data, such as arithmetic mean and normal ratio methods.
This document provides guidelines for the routine maintenance of stage and streamflow measurement equipment and installations. It discusses maintenance procedures for staff gauges, autographic water level recorders, digital water level recorders, current meters, and supporting equipment. Key recommendations include regularly cleaning and inspecting equipment for damage, checking instrument readings against references, downloading digital data frequently, and calibrating equipment on a set schedule or when major repairs are done. The document aims to ensure the continued collection of good quality hydrometric data through proper equipment upkeep.
Rooftop rainwater harvesting (rrwh) at spsv campus, visnagar gujarat a case...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document outlines maintenance norms and estimated costs for various types of surface water monitoring stations and laboratories in India. It discusses maintenance procedures and estimated annual costs for standard rain gauge stations (~Rs. 5,750), autographic rain gauge stations (~Rs. 8,200), full climate meteorological stations, gauge discharge stations of different types, and water quality analysis laboratories of levels I, II, and II+. Key cost components include maintenance of civil works and equipment, consumables, staff payments, and miscellaneous expenses. Adherence to the prescribed maintenance norms and costs will help sustain effective long-term surface water monitoring in India.
This document outlines surface water monitoring procedures and maintenance norms for various types of stations and laboratories in India. It provides maintenance cost estimates for:
1. Standard and Autographic Rain Gauge stations, including costs for civil works, consumables, and staffing. The estimated annual cost is Rs. 5,750 for SRG stations and Rs. 8,200 for ARG stations.
2. Full Climate stations, including costs for civil works, equipment maintenance, consumables, and staffing. The estimated annual cost is Rs. 56,000.
3. GD (Gauge Discharge) stations of various types, including wading, bridge/cableway, and boat outfit stations. Annual maintenance costs are
Probabilistic Analysis of a Desalination Plant with Major and Minor Failures ...Waqas Tariq
In many desalination plants, multi stage flash desalination process is normally used for sea water purification. The probabilistic analysis and profitability of such a complex system with standby support mechanism is of great importance to avoid huge loses. Thus, the aim of this paper is to present a probabilistic analysis of evaporators of a desalination plant with major and minor failure categories and estimating various reliability indicators. The desalination plant operates round the clock and during the normal operation; six of the seven evaporators are in operation for water production while one evaporator is always under scheduled maintenance and used as standby. The complete plant is shut down for about one month during winter season for annual maintenance. The water supply during shutdown period is maintained through ground water and storage system. Any major failure or annual maintenance brings the evaporator/plant to a complete halt and appropriate repair or maintenance is undertaken. Measures of plant effectiveness such as mean time to system failure, availability, expected busy period for maintenance, expected busy period for repair, expected busy period during shutdown & expected number of repairs are obtained by using semi-Markov processes and regenerative point techniques. Profit incurred to the system is also evaluated. Seven years real data from a desalination plant are used in this analysis.
Measurement of rainfall is done using rain gauges, which collect precipitation and allow the amount to be measured. Non-recording rain gauges, like the commonly used Symons gauge in India, collect rainfall in a vessel that is read daily to determine the amount of precipitation. Recording rain gauges produce a continuous plot of rainfall over time through mechanisms like tipping buckets, weighing the collected water, or tracking a float level. Proper placement and regular maintenance of rain gauges is important for accurate measurement of precipitation.
Similar to Download-manuals-ground water-manual-gw-volume3fieldmanualhydro-meteorologypartiii (20)
This document provides guidance on working with map layers and network layers in HYMOS, a hydrological modeling software. It describes how to obtain map layers from digitized topographic maps and remotely sensed data. It also explains how to create network layers by manually adding observation stations or importing them from another database. The document outlines how to manage and set properties for map layers and network layers within HYMOS to control visibility, styling, and other display options.
This document contains information about receiving hydrological data at different levels in India, including:
1. Data is transferred from field stations to subdivisional offices, then to divisional offices and state/regional data processing centers in stages. Target dates are set for receipt and transmission at each level to ensure smooth processing.
2. Records of receipt are maintained at each office to track data and identify delays, with feedback provided if data is not received by targets.
3. Original paper records are filed by station for easy retrieval, while digital copies are stored for long-term archiving.
The document describes a training module on understanding different types and forms of data in hydrological information systems (HIS). It was developed with funding from the World Bank and Government of the Netherlands. The module provides an overview of the session plan and covers various types of data in HIS, including space-oriented data like catchment maps, time-oriented data such as meteorological observations, and relation-oriented data like stage-discharge relationships. The goal is for participants to learn about all the different types and forms of data managed in HIS.
The document provides details on a surface water data processing plan for India. It discusses distributing data processing activities across three levels - sub-divisional, divisional, and state data processing centers. It outlines the activities, computing facilities, staffing, and time schedules needed at each level to efficiently manage the large volume of hydrological data. The plan aims to ensure data is properly validated and processed within time limits while not overwhelming staff.
This document outlines the stages of surface water data processing under the Hydrological Information System (HIS) in India. It discusses: 1) Receipt of data from field stations and storage of raw records; 2) Data entry at sub-divisional offices; 3) Validation of data through primary, secondary, and hydrological checks; 4) Completion and correction of missing or erroneous data; 5) Compilation, analysis, and reporting of validated data; 6) Transfer of data between processing levels from sub-division to division to state centers. The overall goal is to process field data in a systematic series of steps to produce quality-controlled hydrological information.
This document provides information on a training module for understanding hydrological information system (HIS) concepts and setup. It includes an introduction to HIS, why they are needed, how they are set up under the Hydrology Project. It also discusses who the key users of hydrological data are and how computers are used in hydrological data processing. The training module contains session plans, presentations, handouts, and text to educate participants on HIS objectives, components, and how they provide reliable hydrological data to various end users.
This document provides guidance on reporting climatic data in India. It discusses the purpose and contents of annual reports on climatic data, including evaporation data. Key points covered include:
- Annual reports summarize evaporation data for the reporting year and compare to long-term statistics.
- Reports include details on the observational network, basic evaporation statistics, data validation processes.
- Network maps and station listings provide details of monitoring locations. Statistics include monthly and annual evaporation amounts for the current year and historical averages.
- Reports aim to inform water resource planning, acknowledge data collection efforts, and provide access to climatic data records.
This document provides information and guidance on analyzing climatic data to estimate evaporation and evapotranspiration rates. It discusses the use of evaporation pans and appropriate pan coefficients to estimate open water evaporation from lakes and reservoirs. It also describes the Penman method for estimating potential evapotranspiration using standard climatological measurements. The Penman method combines the energy budget and mass transfer approaches and provides formulas for calculating evapotranspiration based on climatic variables like temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation. Substitutions are suggested when some climatic variables are not directly measured.
This document provides guidance on how to carry out secondary validation of climatic data. It describes various methods for validating data spatially using multiple station comparisons, including comparison plots, balance series, regression analysis, and double mass curves. It also describes single station validation tests for homogeneity, including mass curves and tests of differences in means. The document is part of a training module on secondary validation of climatic data funded by the World Bank and Government of the Netherlands. It provides context for the training and outlines the session plan, materials, and main validation methods to be covered.
This document provides guidance on how to carry out primary validation of climatic data. It discusses validating temperature, humidity, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, sunshine duration, and pan evaporation data. For each variable, it describes typical variations and measurement methods, potential errors, and approaches to error detection such as setting maximum/minimum limits. The goal of primary validation is to check for errors by comparing individual observations to physical limits and sequential observations for unacceptable changes.
This document provides guidance on entering climatic data into a hydrological data processing software called SWDES. It describes the various types of climatic data that can be entered, including daily, twice daily, hourly, and sunshine duration data. Instructions are provided on inspecting paper records, setting up data entry screens, entering values, and performing basic data validation checks. The overall aim is to make climatic data available electronically using SWDES in order to facilitate validation, processing, and reporting of the data.
This document provides guidance on how to report rainfall data in yearly and periodic reports. It outlines the typical contents and structure of annual reports including descriptive summaries of rainfall patterns, comparisons to long-term averages, basic statistics, and descriptions of major storms. Periodic reports produced every 10 years would include long-term statistics updated over the previous decade as well as frequency analysis of rainfall data. The reports aim to inform stakeholders of rainfall patterns and data availability as well as validate and improve the quality of data collection.
The document describes a training module on analyzing rainfall data. It includes sessions on checking data homogeneity, computing basic statistics, fitting frequency distributions, and deriving frequency-duration and intensity-duration-frequency curves. Exercises are provided for trainees to practice analyzing monthly and daily rainfall series, fitting distributions, and deriving curves for different durations and return periods. Case studies from India are referenced as examples throughout the training material.
This document provides guidance on compiling rainfall data from various time intervals into longer standardized durations. It discusses aggregating hourly data into daily totals, daily data into weekly, ten-daily, monthly, and yearly totals. Methods are presented for arithmetic averaging and Thiessen polygons to estimate areal rainfall from point measurements. Guidance is also given on transforming non-equidistant time series into equidistant series and compiling extreme rainfall statistics. Examples demonstrate compiling hourly rainfall from an autographic rain gauge into daily totals and further aggregating daily point rainfall into areal averages and statistics for various durations.
This document provides guidance on correcting and completing rainfall data. It discusses using autographic rain gauge (ARG) and standard rain gauge (SRG) data to correct errors. When the SRG is faulty but ARG is available, the SRG can be corrected to match the ARG totals. When the ARG is faulty but SRG is available, hourly distributions from neighboring stations can be used to estimate hourly totals for the station based on its daily SRG total. The document also discusses correcting time shifts, apportioning partial daily accumulations, adjusting for systematic shifts using double mass analysis, and using spatial interpolation methods to estimate missing values. Examples are provided to demonstrate each technique.
This document describes a training module on how to carry out secondary validation of rainfall data. It includes the following key points:
1. Secondary validation involves comparing rainfall data to neighboring stations to identify suspect values, taking into account spatial correlation which depends on duration, distance, precipitation type, and physiography.
2. Validation methods described include screening data against limits, scrutinizing multiple time series graphs and tabulations, checking against data limits for longer durations, spatial homogeneity testing, and double mass analysis.
3. Examples demonstrate how spatial correlation varies with duration and distance, and how physiography affects correlation. Screening listings with basic statistics are used to flag suspect data values.
This document provides guidance on how to carry out primary validation of rainfall data. It discusses comparing daily rainfall measurements from a standard raingauge to those from an autographic or digital raingauge. Differences greater than 5% between the two measurements would be further investigated. Likely sources of error are outlined for each type of raingauge. The validation can be done graphically or tabularly by aggregating hourly rainfall data to daily totals and comparing. Actions are suggested based on the patterns of discrepancies found.
This document provides guidance on entering rainfall data into a dedicated hydrological data processing software (SWDES). It discusses entering daily rainfall data, twice daily rainfall data, and hourly rainfall data from manual records or digital loggers. The key steps are:
1. Manually inspecting field records for completeness and errors before data entry.
2. Entering data into customized SWDES forms that match field observation sheets. This allows direct data transfer with minimal risk of errors.
3. Performing automated checks of the entered data against limits and computed totals to ensure accuracy. Any errors are flagged for further inspection.
4. Graphing the entered time series data during the entry process as an additional validation check.
The document provides guidance on sampling surface waters for water quality analysis. It discusses selecting sampling sites that are representative of the waterbody and safely accessible. It describes three types of samples - grab samples, composite samples, and integrated samples - and when each would be used. It also outlines appropriate sampling devices and containers for different analyses, as well as procedures for sample handling, preservation, and identification. The overall aim is to collect samples that accurately represent water quality without significant changes prior to analysis.
The document describes methods for hydrological observations including rainfall, water level, discharge, and inspection of observation stations. It contains sections on ordinary and recording rainfall observation, ordinary and recording water level observation, observation of discharge using current meters and floats, and inspection of rainfall and water level observation stations. The document was produced by the Ministry of Construction in Japan.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
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The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
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GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
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In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
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1. Government of India & Government of The Netherlands
DHV CONSULTANTS &
DELFT HYDRAULICS with
HALCROW, TAHAL, CES,
ORG & JPS
VOLUME 3
HYDRO-METEOROLOGY
FIELD MANUAL - PART III
AUTOMATIC RAINGAUGE STATION
(ARG or TBR and SRG)
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
2. Field Manual – Hydro-meteorology (GW) Volume 3 – Part III
Hydro-meteorology March 2003 Page i
Table of Contents
GENERAL 1
1 RAINFALL MEASUREMENT BY STANDARD RAIN GAUGE 1-1
1.1 STANDARD RAINGAUGE (SRG) 1-1
1.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE SRG 1-1
1.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE SRG 1-2
2 RAINFALL MEASUREMENT BY AUTOGRAPHIC RAINGAUGE (ARG) 2-1
2.1 AUTOGRAPHIC RAINGAUGE (ARG) 2-1
2.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE ARG 2-1
2.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE ARG 2-3
3 RAINFALL MEASUREMENT BY TIPPING BUCKET RAINGAUGE (TBR) 3-1
3.1 TIPPING BUCKET RAINGAUGE (TBR) 3-1
3.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE TBR 3-1
3.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE TBR 3-1
Annexure – I Layout of field data from SRG
Annexure – II Field data from ARG
3. Field Manual – Hydro-meteorology (GW) Volume 3 – Part III
Hydro-meteorology March 2003 Page 1
GENERAL
The Field Manual for Hydro-meteorology, comprises the procedures to be carried out to ensure proper
execution of rainfall and climatological network design, operation and maintenance. The operational
procedures are tuned to the task descriptions prepared for each Hydrological Information System
(HIS) function. The task description for each HIS-function is presented in, Volume 1, Field Manual,
Hydrological Information System.
It is essential, that the procedures, described in the Manual, are closely followed to create uniformity
in the field operations, which is the first step to arrive at comparable hydro-meteorological data of high
quality. Further, reference is made to the other volumes of the manual where hydrometry, sediment
transport measurements and water quality sampling and analysis is described. It is stressed that
hydro-meteorology cannot be seen in isolation; in the HIS integration of networks and of activities is a
must.
This Volume of the Field Manual consists of 5 parts:
• Part I deals with the steps to be taken for network design and optimisation are presented. The
procedures refer to network design/review based on measures of effectiveness for estimating
areal values of rainfall and potential evapotranspiration, and interpolation. Furthermore, site
selection procedures are included.
• Part II comprises operation and routine maintenance of rainfall stations with SRG (non-recording
rain gauge)
• Part III comprises operation and routine maintenance of rainfall stations with ARG or TBR
(recording rain gauge) and SRG (non-recording rain gauge)
• Part IV comprises operation and routine maintenance of full climatic station (FCS).
• Part V covers the field inspections and audits as well as maintenance and calibration.
In the Parts II to IV for each of the stations the day to day activities are spelled out, with reference to a
HIS-function. The procedures as listed out in this manual are in concurrence with the procedures
adopted by IMD to operate its network, who in turn follow closely the WMO-recommended
procedures.
Part III of the manual on observations practice is primarily designed for staff (Job Category M–1)
working at rainfall stations equipped with an ARG or a TBR and an SRG. It provides guidance on
recommended practices namely: what to do, how to do and when to do. It is the responsibility of the
observer to make regular and careful observations punctually at the prescribed hours of observations
and make entries immediately in the prescribed forms and the Register.
4. Field Manual – Hydro-meteorology (GW) Volume 3 – Part III
Hydro-meteorology March 2003 Page 1-1
1 RAINFALL MEASUREMENT BY STANDARD RAIN GAUGE
1.1 STANDARD RAINGAUGE (SRG)
The amount of rainfall at a station in a specified period is measured as the depth to which it would
cover a flat surface. The measurement of this is made by a standard rain gauge, which in India is
made of Fibre Glass Reinforced Polyester (FRP) and shown in Fig. 1.1.
Figure 1.1:
Standard rain-gauge
1.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE SRG
The rain falling into the funnel collects in the bottle kept inside the base and is measured by a
measure glass. The measurement is made daily at 0830 hrs IST in the morning. The following
procedure is used:
1. Remove the funnel of the rain gauge and take out the polythene bottle.
5. Field Manual – Hydro-meteorology (GW) Volume 3 – Part III
Hydro-meteorology March 2003 Page 1-2
2. Place the measure glass in an empty basin and slowly pour the rainwater from the receiver
(polythene bottle) into the measure glass to avoid spilling. If by chance, any rainwater is spilled
into the basin, add it to the rainwater in the measure glass before arriving at the total amount
collected.
3. While reading the measure glass, hold it upright or place it on a horizontal surface. Bring the eye
to the level of the rainwater in the measure glass and note the graduation (scale) reading of the
lower level of the curved surface of water. The reading is recorded in mm to one decimal place.
4. If the rainfall is more than 20 mm (for 200 cm2
gauge), the measurement should be taken in two or
more instalments depending upon the amount of rainfall.
5. After the first measurement, the rainfall amount is checked by re-measurement before the
rainwater is thrown away.
6. During heavy rain, check the rain gauge at hourly intervals to avoid overflow. If necessary, take
out the rainwater in a separate bottle, securely corked for measurement at the time of
observation.
7. All rainfall observations are made at 0830 hrs IST daily. The amount recorded at 0830 hrs is the
rainfall of the preceding 24 hours ending at 0830 hrs of the observation day (Today’s date). In
other words, the rainfall of the day is the total rainfall collected in the rain gauge from 0830 hrs
IST of previous day to 0830 hrs IST of the day and is recorded (entered) against today’s date.
The layout of the field data form is presented in Annexure - I.
8. If there is no rain, enter 0.0 (Note: The column should not be left blank or ‘-’ should not be used
for indicating ‘0’ rainfall) and if the rain is below 0.1 mm, enter “t” (trace) in the prescribed form
and also in the Register. Daily rainfall data recorded on the prescribed form is sent to the
controlling office daily as per the arrangement fixed for the field station.
1.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE SRG
The following routine inspection and maintenance procedures should be used to ensure that the
gauge continues to provide accurate records.
The collector (funnel) of the rain gauge should be inspected for blockage with dirt/dry leaves etc and
cleared if necessary.
1. The collector, receiving bottle and the base should be checked for leakage. If leakage is found,
immediate repair / replacement is to be undertaken.
2. While replacing the collector on the base, it should be ensured that the two locking rings are
engaged properly.
3. The rain gauge and the enclosure should be kept locked for safety.
4. The enclosure should be kept clean. No shrubs or plants be allowed to grow near the instrument
as they will affect exposure conditions and the catch.
It is advisable to keep a spare measure glass at the field station. Adhesive solution used in patching
up external cracks of the fibre glass material and for attaching any broken piece like the funnel outlet
tube should be available at the station to attend to minor defects. However if the instrument becomes
out of order or the measure glass breaks, inform the controlling office immediately for replacements.
6. Field Manual – Hydro-meteorology (GW) Volume 3 – Part III
Hydro-meteorology March 2003 Page 2-1
2 RAINFALL MEASUREMENT BY AUTOGRAPHIC RAINGAUGE
(ARG)
2.1 AUTOGRAPHIC RAINGAUGE (ARG)
Figure 2.1:
Installation of natural siphon recording
rain gauge
Short period rainfall in India has been measured in the past almost invariably using the natural siphon
recording gauge. The record is produced on a chart and is therefore referred to as autographic. The
essential parts of the Autographic Raingauge are shown in Figures 2.1 and 2.2
2.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE ARG
A Instrument Setting
1. Wrap a chart on the clock drum taking care that corresponding horizontal lines on the overlapping
portions are coincident and that the bottom of the chart touches the flange. Fix the chart in place
with the spring clip.
2. Replace the cover and pour water into the tube leading to the float chamber till the water begins
to siphon. The pen should come down to zero line on the chart after all the water is siphoned.
3. Next, measure out the equivalent of 10 mm of rainfall in a measure glass and pour this water
gently into the receiver as before, and the pen should touch the 10 mm line of the chart. If it does
not, loosen the set-screw fixing the collar in the lid and slightly raise the collar by turning it till the
correct range is obtained on the chart.
B Operations
1. The chart is changed at 0830 hrs IST daily in the morning. First remove the previous day chart
and put the fresh chart on the clock drum and set the instrument as explained at ‘A’ above.
2. Put sufficient ink in the pen, wind the clock and set the pen to the correct time. To set the correct
time, turn the clock drum slowly from left to right until the pen indicates the correct time. Give a
time mark on the chart by gently tapping the pen. The instrument is now set for recording.
7. Field Manual – Hydro-meteorology (GW) Volume 3 – Part III
Hydro-meteorology March 2003 Page 2-2
C Tabulation
1. Tabulate hourly rainfall values from the ‘removed’ autographic chart and make entries as per
performa supplied, see Annexure - II. The autographic chart gives continuous record of rainfall
during the past 24 hours on daily basis. As SRG and ARG are installed side by side, it is expected
that the total rainfall recorded during past 24 hours by both the rain gauges should agree. In case
of any discrepancy, the rainfall amount recorded by SRG is taken to be correct.
2. Despatch tabulated performa’s to Controlling office on monthly basis or as prescribed.
Figure 2.2: Recording mechanism of autographic rain gauge
8. Field Manual – Hydro-meteorology (GW) Volume 3 – Part III
Hydro-meteorology March 2003 Page 2-3
2.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE ARG
The raingauge should be regularly checked for dirt and debris in the funnel and in rainy season, the
wire-gauge filter should be cleaned once a week or immediately after a thunderstorm or dust storm.
The inside of the glass disc should be kept clean. This is very necessary for proper siphoning. For
cleaning the receiver, float and the funnel, proceed as follows:
1. Lift off the cover, remove the chart drum and the three thumb nuts. Remove the three small
screws and washers, who hold the receiver lid in place. Gently lift the float from the chamber.
2. To clean the float chamber, lift it off the base, flush it out with water after unscrewing the
hexagonal nut.
3. To clean the siphon tube, unscrew the top cap and see the fibre gasket is in good condition. Then
remove the glass disc and lift off the conical brass head with a bent pin. Clean siphon tube. After
cleaning, reassemble the parts carefully.
4. Next the hallite washer between the float chamber and siphon is checked. The chamber should
be replaced if it leaks at this joint.
5. The time of siphoning should be checked occasionally to see whether the outlet tube is choked.
The time taken for this should be 15 to 20 seconds.
6. Special ink is used in the pen to obtain a thin and fine trace on the chart. During summer, a
minute drop of glycerine may be added to reduce evaporation of the ink from the nib. The tip of
the nib is kept cleaned with methylated spirit.
7. Minor leaks or cracks in the body of the raingauge can be sealed by using adhesive material.
The following are typical problems, which arise and cause the instrument to become out of
adjustment. The following procedures may be used to correct:
1. Incorrect siphoning: the float may not go up to the 10 mm mark but siphoning takes place.
Actions:
• Check and adjust the levelling of the float chamber using a spirit level.
• Reduce the friction by rubbing the float rod with a lead pencil.
• Check whether the threaded collar is limiting the movement of the float. If so, raise the collar
slightly after loosening the set-screw.
2. Unstable zero: When no rain, the trace on the chart is not along the zero line.
Actions:
• Check alignment of the drum
• Check wrapping of the chart on the drum. If fault appears in the drum, it should be replaced.
3. Prolonged siphoning: siphon tube is partly blocked.
Action:
• To clear the siphon tube, unscrew the top cap (h), remove the fibre gasket, glass disc and
then lift off the conical brass head (a) with a bent pin. Clear the tube by pushing a piece of
soft wire through it. Clean and replace the conical brass head and glass disc. Change the
fibre washers, if necessary.
4. Gradual fall of pen: Either due to leak in the float chamber or the pen arm is loose on the float rod.
Actions:
• For the leak at the joint of the float chamber and siphon chamber, the hallite washers between
them should be replaced.
• Tighten the pen arm properly on the float rod.
9. Field Manual – Hydro-meteorology (GW) Volume 3 – Part III
Hydro-meteorology March 2003 Page 2-4
5. Siphoning occurs after more than 10 mm of rain occurs: This happens if the float develops a leak.
Action:
• Float is to be replaced.
6. During the period of heavy rainfall siphoning may be triggered before the pen reaches the 10 mm
line.
Action:
• Take it each siphon represents 10 mm of rain.
7. Keep the observatory enclosure locked, clean and fencing intact.
10. Field Manual – Hydro-meteorology (GW) Volume 3 – Part III
Hydro-meteorology March 2003 Page 3-1
3 RAINFALL MEASUREMENT BY TIPPING BUCKET
RAINGAUGE (TBR)
3.1 TIPPING BUCKET RAINGAUGE (TBR)
The Tipping Bucket rain gauge is a widely proven technology for recording rainfall amounts and
intensities in remote and unattended places. Once the TBR is installed and calibrated, it is ready for
use. The principle of the Tipping Bucket rain gauge is shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1: Tipping Bucket rain gauge
3.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE TBR
The TBR is equipped with a data logger, which automatically stores the number of tippings per unit of
time or the timings of each tipping. At monthly intervals the logger is read out. On a daily basis the
functioning of the equipment is to be checked as per instructions of the supplier.
3.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE TBR
Maintenance of TBR should be carried out in accordance with the instructions supplied with the
equipment. The collector should be kept clear of obstructions and it should be done gently without
disturbing the tipping bucket switch. If the bucket does not tip, it is probably sticking on its bearings. If
the bucket does tip but the counter reading fails to advance, the trouble may be due to a faulty
counter or switch. For rectification of these defects, only an expert mechanic needs to attend.
11. Field Manual – Hydro-meteorology (GW) Volume 3 – Part III
Hydro-meteorology March 2003 Annex 1
Annexure – I
Layout of field data form SRG
12. Field Manual – Hydro-meteorology (GW) Volume 3 – Part III
Hydro-meteorology March 2003 Annex 2
Annexure II
Field data form ARG