In many desalination plants, multi stage flash desalination process is normally used for sea water purification. The probabilistic analysis and profitability of such a complex system with standby support mechanism is of great importance to avoid huge loses. Thus, the aim of this paper is to present a probabilistic analysis of evaporators of a desalination plant with major and minor failure categories and estimating various reliability indicators. The desalination plant operates round the clock and during the normal operation; six of the seven evaporators are in operation for water production while one evaporator is always under scheduled maintenance and used as standby. The complete plant is shut down for about one month during winter season for annual maintenance. The water supply during shutdown period is maintained through ground water and storage system. Any major failure or annual maintenance brings the evaporator/plant to a complete halt and appropriate repair or maintenance is undertaken. Measures of plant effectiveness such as mean time to system failure, availability, expected busy period for maintenance, expected busy period for repair, expected busy period during shutdown & expected number of repairs are obtained by using semi-Markov processes and regenerative point techniques. Profit incurred to the system is also evaluated. Seven years real data from a desalination plant are used in this analysis.
The Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program provides funding through member donations and industry support to bring expert lecturers to discuss emerging topics. This lecture discusses how big data analytics can help petroleum engineers and geoscientists reduce costs, improve productivity and efficiency by analyzing large datasets to find patterns and relationships. Case studies demonstrate applications in reservoir modeling, production optimization, and predictive maintenance.
In 2010 Shell began investigating how to automate the initial response to a well control incident. The first phase of the project was to develop a rig system that could reliably detect an influx across a broad spectrum of floating rig well construction related rig operations. The results of a fault tree style sensitivity analysis pointed to the high value of improving sensor data quality (both accuracy and reliability) and the importance of improving kick detection software for alarming (both in terms of coverage and how the driller is alerted to respond to a confirmed kick condition). Based on the analysis results, a Smart Kick Detection System functional specification was developed and used to upgrade the kick detection system on an offshore rig.
Early in the project it was realized that focusing on adding robust kick detection during
connections was important but especially challenging due to the associated transient flow and pit volume signatures. A separate in-house initiative was therefore kicked-off to develop new software based on pattern recognition technology and machine learning. The resulting IDAPS (Influx Detection at Pumps Stopped) software has now been implemented as a real-time monitoring application for all Shell operated deep water wells. Further developments in smart kick detection are coming, ultimately leading to rigs being equipped with automated kick detection systems that are relied upon to detect a kick and secure the well in case the driller fails to act.
This presentation provides an overview of drilling systems automation (DSA), including definitions, drivers for automation, technical challenges, and examples of automation systems. DSA involves using control systems and information technologies to automate the drilling process and reduce human intervention. While drilling equipment is already highly automated, the drilling system and process itself remains only partially automated. There are significant business drivers for increased DSA, including improved performance, safety, and cost reduction. Fully realizing DSA requires overcoming technical challenges and communicating benefits to both technical and business stakeholders.
Improving the Availability of Lift Stations through Optimized Redundant / Bac...Vecoin
This document discusses improving the availability of lift stations through optimized redundant and backup control systems. It defines key terms and discusses common practices for implementing redundancy in lift stations, including backup generators, redundant control systems, backup instrumentation, and more. The document also examines how periodic diagnostic testing of backup systems can improve their reliability by detecting failures earlier, and that the marginal cost of adding such testing is typically recovered within a few years due to reducing costs from sanitary sewer overflows.
The document discusses coiled tubing telemetry (CTT) technology. It provides an overview of CTT, including its description and benefits. It also presents four case histories that demonstrate how CTT improved coiled tubing operations by enabling real-time downhole data acquisition. CTT allowed operations to be completed more efficiently and safely by mitigating uncertainties in unknown downhole conditions. The case histories show that CTT can reduce operational time and costs for applications like logging, milling, perforating and camera runs. The document concludes that CTT will become commonly used for coiled tubing operations to make them less people intensive and more automated.
The document discusses injectivity decline in water injectors. It provides an overview of the main mechanisms of impairment, including solids deposition, water quality issues, and reservoir/well factors. It also discusses options for monitoring injector health, such as pressure-transient analysis, and interventions like back-flushing or re-fracturing to restore injectivity. The key messages are that impairment is complex with multiple causes, but also predictable; mitigation strategies exist but may not always be economically viable; and proper planning, surveillance and considering multiple factors are important for project success.
The weakness of reservoir simulations is the lack of quantity and quality of the required input; their strength is the ability to vary one parameter at a time. Therefore, reservoir simulations are an appropriate tool to evaluate relative uncertainty but absolute forecasts can be misleading, leading to poor business decisions. As recovery processes increase in complexity, the impact of such decisions may have a major impact on the project viability. A responsible use of reservoir simulations is discussed, addressing both technical users and decision makers. The danger of creating a false confidence in forecasts and the value of simulating complex processes are demonstrated with examples. This is a call for the return of the reservoir engineer who is in control of the simulations and not controlled by them, and the decision maker who appreciates a black & white graph of a forecast with realistic uncertainties over a 3-D hologram in colour.
This document provides guidance on network design and site selection for hydro-meteorological stations. It discusses the steps for network optimization which include reviewing existing networks, identifying data needs, prioritizing objectives, determining required network density, and cost estimation. Site selection considerations are also outlined, including technical, environmental, logistical, security, legal and financial aspects. Key factors for siting stations include exposure conditions, wind protection, level ground, and integrating with other monitoring networks.
The Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program provides funding through member donations and industry support to bring expert lecturers to discuss emerging topics. This lecture discusses how big data analytics can help petroleum engineers and geoscientists reduce costs, improve productivity and efficiency by analyzing large datasets to find patterns and relationships. Case studies demonstrate applications in reservoir modeling, production optimization, and predictive maintenance.
In 2010 Shell began investigating how to automate the initial response to a well control incident. The first phase of the project was to develop a rig system that could reliably detect an influx across a broad spectrum of floating rig well construction related rig operations. The results of a fault tree style sensitivity analysis pointed to the high value of improving sensor data quality (both accuracy and reliability) and the importance of improving kick detection software for alarming (both in terms of coverage and how the driller is alerted to respond to a confirmed kick condition). Based on the analysis results, a Smart Kick Detection System functional specification was developed and used to upgrade the kick detection system on an offshore rig.
Early in the project it was realized that focusing on adding robust kick detection during
connections was important but especially challenging due to the associated transient flow and pit volume signatures. A separate in-house initiative was therefore kicked-off to develop new software based on pattern recognition technology and machine learning. The resulting IDAPS (Influx Detection at Pumps Stopped) software has now been implemented as a real-time monitoring application for all Shell operated deep water wells. Further developments in smart kick detection are coming, ultimately leading to rigs being equipped with automated kick detection systems that are relied upon to detect a kick and secure the well in case the driller fails to act.
This presentation provides an overview of drilling systems automation (DSA), including definitions, drivers for automation, technical challenges, and examples of automation systems. DSA involves using control systems and information technologies to automate the drilling process and reduce human intervention. While drilling equipment is already highly automated, the drilling system and process itself remains only partially automated. There are significant business drivers for increased DSA, including improved performance, safety, and cost reduction. Fully realizing DSA requires overcoming technical challenges and communicating benefits to both technical and business stakeholders.
Improving the Availability of Lift Stations through Optimized Redundant / Bac...Vecoin
This document discusses improving the availability of lift stations through optimized redundant and backup control systems. It defines key terms and discusses common practices for implementing redundancy in lift stations, including backup generators, redundant control systems, backup instrumentation, and more. The document also examines how periodic diagnostic testing of backup systems can improve their reliability by detecting failures earlier, and that the marginal cost of adding such testing is typically recovered within a few years due to reducing costs from sanitary sewer overflows.
The document discusses coiled tubing telemetry (CTT) technology. It provides an overview of CTT, including its description and benefits. It also presents four case histories that demonstrate how CTT improved coiled tubing operations by enabling real-time downhole data acquisition. CTT allowed operations to be completed more efficiently and safely by mitigating uncertainties in unknown downhole conditions. The case histories show that CTT can reduce operational time and costs for applications like logging, milling, perforating and camera runs. The document concludes that CTT will become commonly used for coiled tubing operations to make them less people intensive and more automated.
The document discusses injectivity decline in water injectors. It provides an overview of the main mechanisms of impairment, including solids deposition, water quality issues, and reservoir/well factors. It also discusses options for monitoring injector health, such as pressure-transient analysis, and interventions like back-flushing or re-fracturing to restore injectivity. The key messages are that impairment is complex with multiple causes, but also predictable; mitigation strategies exist but may not always be economically viable; and proper planning, surveillance and considering multiple factors are important for project success.
The weakness of reservoir simulations is the lack of quantity and quality of the required input; their strength is the ability to vary one parameter at a time. Therefore, reservoir simulations are an appropriate tool to evaluate relative uncertainty but absolute forecasts can be misleading, leading to poor business decisions. As recovery processes increase in complexity, the impact of such decisions may have a major impact on the project viability. A responsible use of reservoir simulations is discussed, addressing both technical users and decision makers. The danger of creating a false confidence in forecasts and the value of simulating complex processes are demonstrated with examples. This is a call for the return of the reservoir engineer who is in control of the simulations and not controlled by them, and the decision maker who appreciates a black & white graph of a forecast with realistic uncertainties over a 3-D hologram in colour.
This document provides guidance on network design and site selection for hydro-meteorological stations. It discusses the steps for network optimization which include reviewing existing networks, identifying data needs, prioritizing objectives, determining required network density, and cost estimation. Site selection considerations are also outlined, including technical, environmental, logistical, security, legal and financial aspects. Key factors for siting stations include exposure conditions, wind protection, level ground, and integrating with other monitoring networks.
Remedial Process Optimization - Moffett RABSteve Williams
Peter Strauss is a technical advisor to community groups on remediation projects including at Moffett Field and MEW Technical Assistance Grants. He provides commentary on the need for and goals of Remedial Process Optimization (RPO) studies ordered by EPA at these sites. Key goals for RPO according to the community should be accelerating cleanup, reducing plume migration, and improving health and safety.
The document summarizes the recalibration of a sewer catchment model for the East Esplanade area of Sydney against new flow data from three gauging stations over 2007-2008. The model was calibrated for dry weather events using residential flow rates and showed existing wet weather parameters matched flow volumes, peaks and depths to within reasonable variation. While one station had issues, overall the wet weather parameters were deemed still valid within allowed error margins.
Ca industrial storm water program brainslamGreg Gearheart
This document provides an overview of California's Industrial Storm Water Program in 3 sentences or less:
The program discusses the key concepts of effluent limitations versus receiving water limitations and the four basic varieties of numeric discharge standards. It also outlines the types of stormwater permits, technology-based standards, water quality standards, and compliance scenarios. Next steps for the program include releasing a new draft of the permit in November and adopting it in spring 2012, with a focus on continuing narrative effluent limits, benchmark values, and improving data collection.
OTC 14009 Deep Offshore Well Metering and Permutation Testingguest467223b
This paper presents two
complementary methodologies for operation support and
improvement of the production conditions. The first one is
based on data reconciliation between process measurements
and flow modelling. It brings an additional level of
information to the problem of continuous metering of deepwater
subsea wells. As periodic well testing is required to
achieve this predictive metering, the second methodology
provides the optimal test sequences of well permutations. It
involves flow process simulation and algorithmical sorting,
according to production constraints and operating strategies.
Conformance Control: water shut-off, water balancing, water cycling and injec...Arif Khan
This document discusses how streamline simulation can be used to aid water shut-off and water balancing efforts in a reservoir. It begins with an overview of building streamlines and comparing streamline simulation to finite difference models. It then presents a case study of a field that requires water management. The document outlines the conventional analysis approach and how a model was calibrated using streamline data. It discusses using streamlines to identify water cycling, select water shut-off candidates, and optimize water balancing. The key benefits identified are improved connectivity monitoring, producer/injector ranking, and evaluating production optimization scenarios.
The presentation summarizes changes between the 2011 and 2012 drafts of California's Industrial General Permit. Key changes include revising numeric action levels and removing numeric effluent limitations, modifying sampling frequency requirements, and adding anti-backsliding justifications and compliance demonstration options to provide more flexibility for permittees exceeding action levels. The presentation aims to explain the state's performance-based regulatory approach focusing on best management practices to protect water quality.
Case Study: Refinery Relief and Flare StudyFlex Process
Flex Process built dynamic models of all refinery units connected to two flare headers. By making sure the models matched plant performance, and running all identified scenarios, the client was provided with a comprehensive study, including recommendations to ensure a legacy flare header could remain in service, saving £millions in capital expenditure.
The document discusses the principles of synchronized manufacturing. It describes how Vi-Jon Laboratories uses continuous inventory flow that can start and stop based on demand. The key aspects are identifying capacity constraint resources, scheduling production backwards from these constraints, and using time buffers to protect against disruptions. The gaps between planned and actual buffers reveal disruptions that can be addressed through focused improvements.
Landfill Compliance Monitoring: Achieving Long Term EfficiencyHydroTerra Pty Ltd
Richard Campbell presentation from the 2017 Institute of Public Works Engineering Australasia (IPWEA) leadership workshop. Richard covers the changing face of landfill environmental compliance reporitng through automated monitoring technology.
Presentation of the Structural BMP Prioritization and Analysis Tool (SBPAT) to the Los Angeles MS4 Permitee's Reasonable Assurance Analysis Subcommittee of the Technical Advisory Committee (presented 9/17/2013 by K. Susilo)
Statistical analysis software article - jan 2016Peter Elvingdal
Kyma Project and Marine Engineer Carlos Gonzales have written an article in the January issue 2016 of The Naval Architect reagarding Statistical Analysis software & speed loss evaluation.
This document discusses surface casing vent testing procedures and issues. It outlines the key points of AER directive 2003-01, which established universal procedures for testing and identifying serious and non-serious surface casing vents across Canada. It also discusses different types of vent issues seen in the field, such as gas or liquid venting, and the equipment and procedures used to properly test and monitor vents. The conclusion emphasizes that Surface Solutions uses established industry procedures and innovative techniques to effectively test vents and provide operators with the data needed to make important operational and regulatory decisions.
This document discusses a viability study on converting seawater to fuel for unmanned vessels. It begins by researching the electrochemical acidification cell and Fischer-Tropsch processes that are used to extract carbon dioxide from seawater and convert it into hydrocarbon fuel. Calculations are performed to determine that producing 1 gallon of fuel per day requires 0.45213513 moles of hydrogen and 0.14627901 moles of carbon dioxide. Various renewable energy sources are considered for powering the fuel production process, including buoy technology and solar thermal. A concept-level design of the refueling platform is presented, including an interface diagram showing the processes involved. Calculations are also included to determine the optimal placement of the
ResAssure - The World’s Fastest Reservoir Simulator | A Revolution in Reserve...Stochastic Simulation
This Presentation Will:
1. Introduce a new way of evaluating reservoir uncertainty with RESASSURE
2. Illustrate the concepts used
3. Highlight the benefits achieved
4. Demonstrate the value of the results
Stochastic Simulation has unleashed the world’s fastest reservoir simulator, ResAssure, which is set to revolutionize production planning and reserves reporting in the Oil & Gas industry.
ResAssure easily computes > 1 Million realisations within a 24 hour period, a fraction of the time it currently takes with traditional methods and software packages. The release of ResAssure marks a significant milestone in the history of reservoir simulation – the first real industry technology advance in 30 years.
Dr Wadsley, Chief Technology Officer at Stochastic Simulation, commented “ResAssure is capable of quickly generating more accurate reserve estimates than is currently possible by any other software system. The approach taken generates a complete distribution of history matched models all of which are consistent with the geological model and observed production history. The time taken for this is orders of magnitude faster than current history matching methods.”
“Field development planning based on ResAssure’s distribution of models (rather than just upon a single history-matched model using conventional methodologies) will significantly reduce uncertainty and risk.” he added.
By enabling faster and more accurate analysis of dynamic subsurface geological data than has previously been possible, ResAssure markedly reduces the risk in the development of oil and gas fields by narrowing the range of uncertainty in reserves estimates: thereby supporting better production and financing decisions, with substantial increases in project ROI.
ResAssure’s innovation in reservoir simulation solves fully-implicit, dynamic three-phase fluid flow equations for every geological realisation. The speed breakthrough was achieved by a combination of proprietary algorithms, polygonal gridding and aggressive spatial coarsening and time stepping, based upon a conventional finite-difference discretization of the reservoir.
Key Insights Identified:
1. Consistency between volumetric, material balance and fractional flow places very strong constraints on feasible reservoir models.
2. The mathematics of reservoir simulation is NOT complex – it is the geology which is complex.
3. Reserves uncertainty is not quantified, but estimated from current ‘best’ estimate in an ad hoc unsystematic way.
4. What’s the point of preserving mass balance in the simulator when the hydrocarbons in the reservoir are imprecise and we don’t include all production data – mass balance should act to regularise our solution, not to define it.
5. The role of reservoir simulation is not to compute an exact solution of a poorly defined geological model – it is to define a range of feasible reservoir models and associated production forecasts.
The document describes a reservoir simulation project involving history matching of an oil reservoir with multiple producers and injectors. 10 different simulation trials were run to match historical production data from 4 key wells by adjusting transmissibility multipliers in different regions of the reservoir model. The best results were achieved in trial 6, where transmissibility was increased in two areas and changed near the main injectors, successfully matching the production of the most important well while having limited effect on other wells. However, fully history matching all 4 wells proved challenging.
The document discusses methods for estimating parameters used in groundwater resource assessments. It describes several methods for determining specific yield, including pumping tests, the volume dewatering method, and the Ramsahoye-Lang analytical method. It also discusses estimating the rainfall infiltration factor using the water level response analysis method, which correlates groundwater recharge to rainfall amounts. Accurately estimating parameters is important for generating realistic assessments of an area's groundwater resources.
Probabilistic Analysis of an Evaporator of a Desalination Plant with Priority...Waqas Tariq
The paper presents a probabilistic analysis of an evaporator of a desalination plant. Multi stage flash desalination process is being used for water purification. The desalination plant operates round the clock with seven evaporators and during normal operation; six of these evaporators will be in service while one is under maintenance and works as standby. Any major failure/annual maintenance brings the evaporator to a complete halt and stops the water production. The priority is given to repair over maintenance. For the present analysis, seven years maintenance data has been extracted from the operations and maintenance reports of the plant.Measures of the plant effectiveness have been obtained probabilistically. Semi-Markov processes and regenerative point techniques are used in the entire analysis.
PROFIT ANALYSIS OF A CABLE MANUFACTURING PLANT PORTRAYING THE WINTER OPERATIN...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the profit analysis of a plant, manufacturing electrical cables.
The reliability model portrays specific season based operational strategy adopted to
address demand based production of the cables. During the winter season, the plant
operates for 16 hours followed by 8 hours rest period for the machines. Real maintenance
data of the plant are used for estimating optimized reliability indices such as mean time
to plant failure, availability of the plant, expected number of repairs, expected busy period
of the repairman and overall profit of the plant. Semi-Markov processes and regenerative
point techniques are used to carry out the analysis. Simulated results are shown to
demonstrate the effect of varying failure rate on the overall profit with respect to revenue
per unit up time
UntitledExcessive Water Production Diagnostic and Control - Case Study Jake O...Mohanned Mahjoup
For mature fields, Excessive water production is a complex subject in the oil and gas industries and has a serious economic and environmental impact. Some argue that oil industry is effectively water industry producing oil as a secondary output. Therefore, it is important to realize the different mechanisms that causing water production to better evaluate existing situation and design the optimum solution for the problem. This paper presents the water production and management situation in Jake oilfield in the southeast of Sudan; a cumulative of 14 MMBbl of water was produced till the end of 2014, without actual plan for water management in the field, only conventional shut-off methods have been tested with no success. Based on field production data and the previously applied techniques, this work identified the sources of water problems and attempts to initialize a strategy for controlling the excessive water production in the field. The production data were analyzed and a series of diagnostic plots were presented and compared with Chan’s standard diagnostic plot. As a result, distinction between channeling and conning for each well was identified; the work shows that channeling is the main reason for water production in wells with high permeability sandstone zone while conning appears only in two wells. Finally, the wells were classified according to a risk factor and selections of the candidate wells for water shut off were presented.
This document discusses rainwater harvesting systems. It begins with an introduction describing rainwater harvesting as the collection and storage of rainwater for later use. It then discusses related work on rainwater harvesting projects at universities. The methodology section outlines the components of a rainwater harvesting system and methods for storing harvested rainwater. Results are presented on water levels from monitoring wells before and after monsoon seasons from 2002-2011. Finally, conclusions state that rainwater harvesting can help solve water scarcity issues and save energy from well pumping while providing household water.
Remedial Process Optimization - Moffett RABSteve Williams
Peter Strauss is a technical advisor to community groups on remediation projects including at Moffett Field and MEW Technical Assistance Grants. He provides commentary on the need for and goals of Remedial Process Optimization (RPO) studies ordered by EPA at these sites. Key goals for RPO according to the community should be accelerating cleanup, reducing plume migration, and improving health and safety.
The document summarizes the recalibration of a sewer catchment model for the East Esplanade area of Sydney against new flow data from three gauging stations over 2007-2008. The model was calibrated for dry weather events using residential flow rates and showed existing wet weather parameters matched flow volumes, peaks and depths to within reasonable variation. While one station had issues, overall the wet weather parameters were deemed still valid within allowed error margins.
Ca industrial storm water program brainslamGreg Gearheart
This document provides an overview of California's Industrial Storm Water Program in 3 sentences or less:
The program discusses the key concepts of effluent limitations versus receiving water limitations and the four basic varieties of numeric discharge standards. It also outlines the types of stormwater permits, technology-based standards, water quality standards, and compliance scenarios. Next steps for the program include releasing a new draft of the permit in November and adopting it in spring 2012, with a focus on continuing narrative effluent limits, benchmark values, and improving data collection.
OTC 14009 Deep Offshore Well Metering and Permutation Testingguest467223b
This paper presents two
complementary methodologies for operation support and
improvement of the production conditions. The first one is
based on data reconciliation between process measurements
and flow modelling. It brings an additional level of
information to the problem of continuous metering of deepwater
subsea wells. As periodic well testing is required to
achieve this predictive metering, the second methodology
provides the optimal test sequences of well permutations. It
involves flow process simulation and algorithmical sorting,
according to production constraints and operating strategies.
Conformance Control: water shut-off, water balancing, water cycling and injec...Arif Khan
This document discusses how streamline simulation can be used to aid water shut-off and water balancing efforts in a reservoir. It begins with an overview of building streamlines and comparing streamline simulation to finite difference models. It then presents a case study of a field that requires water management. The document outlines the conventional analysis approach and how a model was calibrated using streamline data. It discusses using streamlines to identify water cycling, select water shut-off candidates, and optimize water balancing. The key benefits identified are improved connectivity monitoring, producer/injector ranking, and evaluating production optimization scenarios.
The presentation summarizes changes between the 2011 and 2012 drafts of California's Industrial General Permit. Key changes include revising numeric action levels and removing numeric effluent limitations, modifying sampling frequency requirements, and adding anti-backsliding justifications and compliance demonstration options to provide more flexibility for permittees exceeding action levels. The presentation aims to explain the state's performance-based regulatory approach focusing on best management practices to protect water quality.
Case Study: Refinery Relief and Flare StudyFlex Process
Flex Process built dynamic models of all refinery units connected to two flare headers. By making sure the models matched plant performance, and running all identified scenarios, the client was provided with a comprehensive study, including recommendations to ensure a legacy flare header could remain in service, saving £millions in capital expenditure.
The document discusses the principles of synchronized manufacturing. It describes how Vi-Jon Laboratories uses continuous inventory flow that can start and stop based on demand. The key aspects are identifying capacity constraint resources, scheduling production backwards from these constraints, and using time buffers to protect against disruptions. The gaps between planned and actual buffers reveal disruptions that can be addressed through focused improvements.
Landfill Compliance Monitoring: Achieving Long Term EfficiencyHydroTerra Pty Ltd
Richard Campbell presentation from the 2017 Institute of Public Works Engineering Australasia (IPWEA) leadership workshop. Richard covers the changing face of landfill environmental compliance reporitng through automated monitoring technology.
Presentation of the Structural BMP Prioritization and Analysis Tool (SBPAT) to the Los Angeles MS4 Permitee's Reasonable Assurance Analysis Subcommittee of the Technical Advisory Committee (presented 9/17/2013 by K. Susilo)
Statistical analysis software article - jan 2016Peter Elvingdal
Kyma Project and Marine Engineer Carlos Gonzales have written an article in the January issue 2016 of The Naval Architect reagarding Statistical Analysis software & speed loss evaluation.
This document discusses surface casing vent testing procedures and issues. It outlines the key points of AER directive 2003-01, which established universal procedures for testing and identifying serious and non-serious surface casing vents across Canada. It also discusses different types of vent issues seen in the field, such as gas or liquid venting, and the equipment and procedures used to properly test and monitor vents. The conclusion emphasizes that Surface Solutions uses established industry procedures and innovative techniques to effectively test vents and provide operators with the data needed to make important operational and regulatory decisions.
This document discusses a viability study on converting seawater to fuel for unmanned vessels. It begins by researching the electrochemical acidification cell and Fischer-Tropsch processes that are used to extract carbon dioxide from seawater and convert it into hydrocarbon fuel. Calculations are performed to determine that producing 1 gallon of fuel per day requires 0.45213513 moles of hydrogen and 0.14627901 moles of carbon dioxide. Various renewable energy sources are considered for powering the fuel production process, including buoy technology and solar thermal. A concept-level design of the refueling platform is presented, including an interface diagram showing the processes involved. Calculations are also included to determine the optimal placement of the
ResAssure - The World’s Fastest Reservoir Simulator | A Revolution in Reserve...Stochastic Simulation
This Presentation Will:
1. Introduce a new way of evaluating reservoir uncertainty with RESASSURE
2. Illustrate the concepts used
3. Highlight the benefits achieved
4. Demonstrate the value of the results
Stochastic Simulation has unleashed the world’s fastest reservoir simulator, ResAssure, which is set to revolutionize production planning and reserves reporting in the Oil & Gas industry.
ResAssure easily computes > 1 Million realisations within a 24 hour period, a fraction of the time it currently takes with traditional methods and software packages. The release of ResAssure marks a significant milestone in the history of reservoir simulation – the first real industry technology advance in 30 years.
Dr Wadsley, Chief Technology Officer at Stochastic Simulation, commented “ResAssure is capable of quickly generating more accurate reserve estimates than is currently possible by any other software system. The approach taken generates a complete distribution of history matched models all of which are consistent with the geological model and observed production history. The time taken for this is orders of magnitude faster than current history matching methods.”
“Field development planning based on ResAssure’s distribution of models (rather than just upon a single history-matched model using conventional methodologies) will significantly reduce uncertainty and risk.” he added.
By enabling faster and more accurate analysis of dynamic subsurface geological data than has previously been possible, ResAssure markedly reduces the risk in the development of oil and gas fields by narrowing the range of uncertainty in reserves estimates: thereby supporting better production and financing decisions, with substantial increases in project ROI.
ResAssure’s innovation in reservoir simulation solves fully-implicit, dynamic three-phase fluid flow equations for every geological realisation. The speed breakthrough was achieved by a combination of proprietary algorithms, polygonal gridding and aggressive spatial coarsening and time stepping, based upon a conventional finite-difference discretization of the reservoir.
Key Insights Identified:
1. Consistency between volumetric, material balance and fractional flow places very strong constraints on feasible reservoir models.
2. The mathematics of reservoir simulation is NOT complex – it is the geology which is complex.
3. Reserves uncertainty is not quantified, but estimated from current ‘best’ estimate in an ad hoc unsystematic way.
4. What’s the point of preserving mass balance in the simulator when the hydrocarbons in the reservoir are imprecise and we don’t include all production data – mass balance should act to regularise our solution, not to define it.
5. The role of reservoir simulation is not to compute an exact solution of a poorly defined geological model – it is to define a range of feasible reservoir models and associated production forecasts.
The document describes a reservoir simulation project involving history matching of an oil reservoir with multiple producers and injectors. 10 different simulation trials were run to match historical production data from 4 key wells by adjusting transmissibility multipliers in different regions of the reservoir model. The best results were achieved in trial 6, where transmissibility was increased in two areas and changed near the main injectors, successfully matching the production of the most important well while having limited effect on other wells. However, fully history matching all 4 wells proved challenging.
The document discusses methods for estimating parameters used in groundwater resource assessments. It describes several methods for determining specific yield, including pumping tests, the volume dewatering method, and the Ramsahoye-Lang analytical method. It also discusses estimating the rainfall infiltration factor using the water level response analysis method, which correlates groundwater recharge to rainfall amounts. Accurately estimating parameters is important for generating realistic assessments of an area's groundwater resources.
Probabilistic Analysis of an Evaporator of a Desalination Plant with Priority...Waqas Tariq
The paper presents a probabilistic analysis of an evaporator of a desalination plant. Multi stage flash desalination process is being used for water purification. The desalination plant operates round the clock with seven evaporators and during normal operation; six of these evaporators will be in service while one is under maintenance and works as standby. Any major failure/annual maintenance brings the evaporator to a complete halt and stops the water production. The priority is given to repair over maintenance. For the present analysis, seven years maintenance data has been extracted from the operations and maintenance reports of the plant.Measures of the plant effectiveness have been obtained probabilistically. Semi-Markov processes and regenerative point techniques are used in the entire analysis.
PROFIT ANALYSIS OF A CABLE MANUFACTURING PLANT PORTRAYING THE WINTER OPERATIN...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the profit analysis of a plant, manufacturing electrical cables.
The reliability model portrays specific season based operational strategy adopted to
address demand based production of the cables. During the winter season, the plant
operates for 16 hours followed by 8 hours rest period for the machines. Real maintenance
data of the plant are used for estimating optimized reliability indices such as mean time
to plant failure, availability of the plant, expected number of repairs, expected busy period
of the repairman and overall profit of the plant. Semi-Markov processes and regenerative
point techniques are used to carry out the analysis. Simulated results are shown to
demonstrate the effect of varying failure rate on the overall profit with respect to revenue
per unit up time
UntitledExcessive Water Production Diagnostic and Control - Case Study Jake O...Mohanned Mahjoup
For mature fields, Excessive water production is a complex subject in the oil and gas industries and has a serious economic and environmental impact. Some argue that oil industry is effectively water industry producing oil as a secondary output. Therefore, it is important to realize the different mechanisms that causing water production to better evaluate existing situation and design the optimum solution for the problem. This paper presents the water production and management situation in Jake oilfield in the southeast of Sudan; a cumulative of 14 MMBbl of water was produced till the end of 2014, without actual plan for water management in the field, only conventional shut-off methods have been tested with no success. Based on field production data and the previously applied techniques, this work identified the sources of water problems and attempts to initialize a strategy for controlling the excessive water production in the field. The production data were analyzed and a series of diagnostic plots were presented and compared with Chan’s standard diagnostic plot. As a result, distinction between channeling and conning for each well was identified; the work shows that channeling is the main reason for water production in wells with high permeability sandstone zone while conning appears only in two wells. Finally, the wells were classified according to a risk factor and selections of the candidate wells for water shut off were presented.
This document discusses rainwater harvesting systems. It begins with an introduction describing rainwater harvesting as the collection and storage of rainwater for later use. It then discusses related work on rainwater harvesting projects at universities. The methodology section outlines the components of a rainwater harvesting system and methods for storing harvested rainwater. Results are presented on water levels from monitoring wells before and after monsoon seasons from 2002-2011. Finally, conclusions state that rainwater harvesting can help solve water scarcity issues and save energy from well pumping while providing household water.
This document discusses the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of flow through a butterfly valve. It aims to determine the head loss coefficient and flow coefficient for the valve at different opening angles (30°, 60°, 75°, 90°). The CFD software ANSYS ICEM was used to model the valve geometry and ANSYS CFX was used to simulate the flow. The results found that the velocity increased with opening angle while head loss coefficient decreased. Streamlines became more uniform at higher openings. Numerical results closely matched experimental data, validating the CFD analysis method. The study provides a less expensive and time-consuming alternative to experimental testing of large butterfly valves.
This document discusses the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of flow through a butterfly valve. It aims to determine the head loss coefficient and flow coefficient for the valve at different opening angles (30°, 60°, 75°, 90°). The CFD software ANSYS ICEM was used to model the valve geometry and ANSYS CFX was used to simulate the flow. The results found that the velocity increased with opening angle while head loss coefficient decreased. Streamlines became more uniform at higher openings. Numerical results closely matched experimental data, validating the CFD analysis method. The study provides a less expensive and time-consuming alternative to experimental testing of large butterfly valves.
This document outlines maintenance norms and estimated costs for various types of surface water monitoring stations and laboratories in India. It discusses maintenance procedures and estimated annual costs for standard rain gauge stations (~Rs. 5,750), autographic rain gauge stations (~Rs. 8,200), full climate meteorological stations, gauge discharge stations of different types, and water quality analysis laboratories of levels I, II, and II+. Key cost components include maintenance of civil works and equipment, consumables, staff payments, and miscellaneous expenses. Adherence to the prescribed maintenance norms and costs will help sustain effective long-term surface water monitoring in India.
This document outlines surface water monitoring procedures and maintenance norms for various types of stations and laboratories in India. It provides maintenance cost estimates for:
1. Standard and Autographic Rain Gauge stations, including costs for civil works, consumables, and staffing. The estimated annual cost is Rs. 5,750 for SRG stations and Rs. 8,200 for ARG stations.
2. Full Climate stations, including costs for civil works, equipment maintenance, consumables, and staffing. The estimated annual cost is Rs. 56,000.
3. GD (Gauge Discharge) stations of various types, including wading, bridge/cableway, and boat outfit stations. Annual maintenance costs are
IRJET- Machine Learning System on Plant Growth using AquacultureIRJET Journal
This document describes a machine learning system that automatically controls a drip irrigation system for plant growth using sensors. The system measures water level in an evaporation pan using a water level sensor. It also measures environmental factors like temperature, humidity and pressure using additional sensors. A microcontroller calculates the irrigation time based on the rate of water level decrease in the pan. Solenoid valves are controlled to initiate irrigation. A GSM/GPRS module connects the system to the cloud to upload sensor data and system status. An accompanying Android app allows remote monitoring of the system status. The system has been tested on a strawberry field greenhouse for 4 months with promising results for efficiently managing irrigation.
This document provides guidance on standard rainfall measurement procedures using a Standard Rain Gauge (SRG) and routine maintenance of the SRG. It discusses:
1. Measurement of rainfall using the SRG involves collecting rainfall in a bottle, pouring it into a measure glass, and recording the reading in mm to one decimal place daily at 0830 hrs.
2. Routine maintenance of the SRG includes inspecting and clearing any blockages in the funnel, checking for and repairing any leaks, ensuring the collector is securely locked to the base, keeping the gauge and enclosure locked and clean.
3. Daily rainfall observations are recorded on a field data form and sent daily to the controlling office, with 0.
This document provides guidance on standard rainfall measurement procedures using a Standard Rain Gauge (SRG) and routine maintenance of the SRG. It discusses:
1. Measurement of rainfall using the SRG involves collecting rainfall in a bottle, pouring it into a measure glass, and recording the reading in mm to one decimal place daily at 0830 hrs.
2. Routine maintenance of the SRG includes inspecting and clearing any blockages in the funnel, checking for and repairing any leaks, ensuring the collector is securely locked to the base, keeping the gauge and enclosure locked and clean.
3. Daily rainfall observations are recorded on a field data form and sent daily to the controlling office, with 0.
A three-step DMAIC process was implemented using Six Sigma methodology to reduce DM make up water consumption in a thermal power plant. The Define phase involved mapping the cycle make up water process and identifying critical success factors. In the Measure phase, four months of water consumption data was analyzed. The Analyze phase used tools like run charts, process capability analysis, fishbone diagrams, and pareto charts to identify root causes like blow down, valve passings, and leaks. The Improve and Control phases established actions to address the root causes, including training, process adjustments, and regular inspections. This led to an improvement in the process capability and a reduction in the DM make up water consumption.
This document provides guidance on operating and maintaining standard rain gauge (SRG) stations. It describes:
1) How rainfall is measured using the standard SRG, which collects rainfall in a funnel that deposits water into a bottle inside the base unit.
2) The standard measurement practice of measuring the collected rainfall daily at 08:30 hrs using a measure glass and recording the reading in mm.
3) Routine maintenance procedures to ensure accurate records, including cleaning the funnel, checking for leaks, ensuring proper assembly, and keeping the gauge enclosure locked and clean. Timely repairs and replacements should be made if issues arise.
IRJET-Analysis of Storm Water Drain in 1410 Acres, Palasamudram SiteIRJET Journal
- The document analyzes the storm water drainage system for a 1410 acre site in Palasamudram, India.
- It describes the topographical features of the site and hydro-meteorological data collection. Extreme value analysis was conducted on hourly rainfall data from 1955-2012 to determine design rainfall intensities.
- Probable maximum hourly rainfall intensities were estimated at 59.83 mm for a 50 year return period, 70.90 mm for 100 years, and 124.26 mm for 1000 years based on this analysis.
The document discusses causes of delay in the erection of power transformers and reactors in India. It identifies 18 causes of delay which are categorized into 5 groups: internal, external, planning, contractor/vendor, and transportation/packaging issues. Some common delays included poor site conditions, material damage during transit, and rework activities. Analyzing project timelines showed 60% of sites experienced delays averaging 500,000 INR in additional costs per site. The document recommends focusing on storage areas, rework reduction, and security to save 40% of delay time and costs.
This paper presents a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to tune the gains of an integral controller for load frequency control (LFC) in a single-area power system with multiple energy sources (thermal, hydro, gas, and wind). The objective is to minimize the integral absolute error of frequency deviations following a step load change. Simulation results show the PSO-tuned integral controller provides better transient response than an uncontrolled system, with reduced settling time, peak overshoot, and oscillations.
The document discusses causes of delay in the erection of power transformers in India. It identifies 18 causes of delay which are categorized into 5 groups: internal, external, planning, contractor/vendor, and transportation/packaging. Common delays include material damage during transit, poor storage areas, rework activities, and lack of resources. Addressing three key delays - material damage, rework, and security issues - could save around 40% of delay time and 200,000 INR per site. Proper planning and adherence to quality processes are recommended to avoid delays and their impacts on costs, customer satisfaction, and safety.
AUTOMATION OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT USING PLCIRJET Journal
This document discusses automating a water treatment plant using a programmable logic controller (PLC). It begins with an introduction to the need for automation in water treatment to improve efficiency and reduce human error. It then provides details on the various processes involved in water treatment like reverse osmosis and ultraviolet light. It presents a block diagram of a water treatment system with inputs like level and flow sensors and outputs like pumps and alarms that would be controlled by the PLC. The document concludes that automating the water treatment processes using a PLC can achieve 98-99% efficiency and save valuable water resources.
IRJET- Implementation of Rainwater Harvesting System in Dilkap College Ca...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that implemented a rainwater harvesting system at the Dilkap College campus in India. The system collects rainwater from rooftops and open spaces using gutters and downpipes. The water is filtered using a dual intensity filter before entering a stormwater drain with velocity control. It then percolates through a ring well system into the underground water table, recharging an existing bore well. The system was designed to meet the campus' daily water demand of over 1,000 cubic meters and make use of the area's high annual rainfall to provide a sustainable water source and conserve groundwater resources. Soil testing was conducted to determine appropriate filter media and the ability of the local soil to infiltrate water for
The document provides guidance on standard measurement practices and routine maintenance for three types of rain gauges:
1. Standard rain gauge (SRG): Rainfall is measured daily at 08:30 hrs by pouring rainwater from the receiver into a measure glass. Routine maintenance includes cleaning the collector and checking for leaks.
2. Autographic rain gauge (ARG): Rainfall is recorded continuously on a chart that is changed daily. Hourly rainfall values are tabulated from the chart. Routine maintenance includes cleaning parts and checking for proper siphoning.
3. Tipping bucket rain gauge (TBR): Rainfall amounts are automatically recorded by a data logger that is read out monthly. Routine maintenance follows
Similar to Probabilistic Analysis of a Desalination Plant with Major and Minor Failures and Shutdown During Winter Season (20)
The Use of Java Swing’s Components to Develop a WidgetWaqas Tariq
Widget is a kind of application provides a single service such as a map, news feed, simple clock, battery-life indicators, etc. This kind of interactive software object has been developed to facilitate user interface (UI) design. A user interface (UI) function may be implemented using different widgets with the same function. In this article, we present the widget as a platform that is generally used in various applications, such as in desktop, web browser, and mobile phone. We also describe a visual menu of Java Swing’s components that will be used to establish widget. It will assume that we have successfully compiled and run a program that uses Swing components.
3D Human Hand Posture Reconstruction Using a Single 2D ImageWaqas Tariq
Passive sensing of the 3D geometric posture of the human hand has been studied extensively over the past decade. However, these research efforts have been hampered by the computational complexity caused by inverse kinematics and 3D reconstruction. In this paper, our objective focuses on 3D hand posture estimation based on a single 2D image with aim of robotic applications. We introduce the human hand model with 27 degrees of freedom (DOFs) and analyze some of its constraints to reduce the DOFs without any significant degradation of performance. A novel algorithm to estimate the 3D hand posture from eight 2D projected feature points is proposed. Experimental results using real images confirm that our algorithm gives good estimates of the 3D hand pose. Keywords: 3D hand posture estimation; Model-based approach; Gesture recognition; human- computer interface; machine vision.
Camera as Mouse and Keyboard for Handicap Person with Troubleshooting Ability...Waqas Tariq
Camera mouse has been widely used for handicap person to interact with computer. The utmost important of the use of camera mouse is must be able to replace all roles of typical mouse and keyboard. It must be able to provide all mouse click events and keyboard functions (include all shortcut keys) when it is used by handicap person. Also, the use of camera mouse must allow users troubleshooting by themselves. Moreover, it must be able to eliminate neck fatigue effect when it is used during long period. In this paper, we propose camera mouse system with timer as left click event and blinking as right click event. Also, we modify original screen keyboard layout by add two additional buttons (button “drag/ drop” is used to do drag and drop of mouse events and another button is used to call task manager (for troubleshooting)) and change behavior of CTRL, ALT, SHIFT, and CAPS LOCK keys in order to provide shortcut keys of keyboard. Also, we develop recovery method which allows users go from camera and then come back again in order to eliminate neck fatigue effect. The experiments which involve several users have been done in our laboratory. The results show that the use of our camera mouse able to allow users do typing, left and right click events, drag and drop events, and troubleshooting without hand. By implement this system, handicap person can use computer more comfortable and reduce the dryness of eyes.
A Proposed Web Accessibility Framework for the Arab DisabledWaqas Tariq
The Web is providing unprecedented access to information and interaction for people with disabilities. This paper presents a Web accessibility framework which offers the ease of the Web accessing for the disabled Arab users and facilitates their lifelong learning as well. The proposed framework system provides the disabled Arab user with an easy means of access using their mother language so they don’t have to overcome the barrier of learning the target-spoken language. This framework is based on analyzing the web page meta-language, extracting its content and reformulating it in a suitable format for the disabled users. The basic objective of this framework is supporting the equal rights of the Arab disabled people for their access to the education and training with non disabled people. Key Words : Arabic Moon code, Arabic Sign Language, Deaf, Deaf-blind, E-learning Interactivity, Moon code, Web accessibility , Web framework , Web System, WWW.
Real Time Blinking Detection Based on Gabor FilterWaqas Tariq
The document proposes a new method for real-time blinking detection based on Gabor filters. It begins by reviewing existing methods and their limitations in dealing with noise, variations in eye shape, and blinking speed. The proposed method uses a Gabor filter to extract the top and bottom arcs of the eye from an image. It then measures the distance between these arcs and compares it to a threshold: a distance below the threshold indicates a closed eye, while a distance above indicates an open eye. The document claims this Gabor filter-based approach is robust to noise, variations in eye shape and blinking speed. It presents experimental results showing the method can accurately detect blinking across different users.
Computer Input with Human Eyes-Only Using Two Purkinje Images Which Works in ...Waqas Tariq
A method for computer input with human eyes-only using two Purkinje images which works in a real time basis without calibration is proposed. Experimental results shows that cornea curvature can be estimated by using two light sources derived Purkinje images so that no calibration for reducing person-to-person difference of cornea curvature. It is found that the proposed system allows usersf movements of 30 degrees in roll direction and 15 degrees in pitch direction utilizing detected face attitude which is derived from the face plane consisting three feature points on the face, two eyes and nose or mouth. Also it is found that the proposed system does work in a real time basis.
Toward a More Robust Usability concept with Perceived Enjoyment in the contex...Waqas Tariq
Mobile multimedia service is relatively new but has quickly dominated people¡¯s lives, especially among young people. To explain this popularity, this study applies and modifies the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to propose a research model and conduct an empirical study. The goal of study is to examine the role of Perceived Enjoyment (PE) and what determinants can contribute to PE in the context of using mobile multimedia service. The result indicates that PE is influencing on Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) and directly Behavior Intention (BI). Aesthetics and flow are key determinants to explain Perceived Enjoyment (PE) in mobile multimedia usage.
Collaborative Learning of Organisational KnolwedgeWaqas Tariq
This paper presents recent research into methods used in Australian Indigenous Knowledge sharing and looks at how these can support the creation of suitable collaborative envi- ronments for timely organisational learning. The protocols and practices as used today and in the past by Indigenous communities are presented and discussed in relation to their relevance to a personalised system of knowledge sharing in modern organisational cultures. This research focuses on user models, knowledge acquisition and integration of data for constructivist learning in a networked repository of or- ganisational knowledge. The data collected in the repository is searched to provide collections of up-to-date and relevant material for training in a work environment. The aim is to improve knowledge collection and sharing in a team envi- ronment. This knowledge can then be collated into a story or workflow that represents the present knowledge in the organisation.
Our research aims to propose a global approach for specification, design and verification of context awareness Human Computer Interface (HCI). This is a Model Based Design approach (MBD). This methodology describes the ubiquitous environment by ontologies. OWL is the standard used for this purpose. The specification and modeling of Human-Computer Interaction are based on Petri nets (PN). This raises the question of representation of Petri nets with XML. We use for this purpose, the standard of modeling PNML. In this paper, we propose an extension of this standard for specification, generation and verification of HCI. This extension is a methodological approach for the construction of PNML with Petri nets. The design principle uses the concept of composition of elementary structures of Petri nets as PNML Modular. The objective is to obtain a valid interface through verification of properties of elementary Petri nets represented with PNML.
Development of Sign Signal Translation System Based on Altera’s FPGA DE2 BoardWaqas Tariq
The main aim of this paper is to build a system that is capable of detecting and recognizing the hand gesture in an image captured by using a camera. The system is built based on Altera’s FPGA DE2 board, which contains a Nios II soft core processor. Image processing techniques and a simple but effective algorithm are implemented to achieve this purpose. Image processing techniques are used to smooth the image in order to ease the subsequent processes in translating the hand sign signal. The algorithm is built for translating the numerical hand sign signal and the result are displayed on the seven segment display. Altera’s Quartus II, SOPC Builder and Nios II EDS software are used to construct the system. By using SOPC Builder, the related components on the DE2 board can be interconnected easily and orderly compared to traditional method that requires lengthy source code and time consuming. Quartus II is used to compile and download the design to the DE2 board. Then, under Nios II EDS, C programming language is used to code the hand sign translation algorithm. Being able to recognize the hand sign signal from images can helps human in controlling a robot and other applications which require only a simple set of instructions provided a CMOS sensor is included in the system.
An overview on Advanced Research Works on Brain-Computer InterfaceWaqas Tariq
A brain–computer interface (BCI) is a proficient result in the research field of human- computer synergy, where direct articulation between brain and an external device occurs resulting in augmenting, assisting and repairing human cognitive. Advanced works like generating brain-computer interface switch technologies for intermittent (or asynchronous) control in natural environments or developing brain-computer interface by Fuzzy logic Systems or by implementing wavelet theory to drive its efficacies are still going on and some useful results has also been found out. The requirements to develop this brain machine interface is also growing day by day i.e. like neuropsychological rehabilitation, emotion control, etc. An overview on the control theory and some advanced works on the field of brain machine interface are shown in this paper.
Exploring the Relationship Between Mobile Phone and Senior Citizens: A Malays...Waqas Tariq
There is growing ageing phenomena with the rise of ageing population throughout the world. According to the World Health Organization (2002), the growing ageing population indicates 694 million, or 223% is expected for people aged 60 and over, since 1970 and 2025.The growth is especially significant in some advanced countries such as North America, Japan, Italy, Germany, United Kingdom and so forth. This growing older adult population has significantly impact the social-culture, lifestyle, healthcare system, economy, infrastructure and government policy of a nation. However, there are limited research studies on the perception and usage of a mobile phone and its service for senior citizens in a developing nation like Malaysia. This paper explores the relationship between mobile phones and senior citizens in Malaysia from the perspective of a developing country. We conducted an exploratory study using contextual interviews with 5 senior citizens of how they perceive their mobile phones. This paper reveals 4 interesting themes from this preliminary study, in addition to the findings of the desirable mobile requirements for local senior citizens with respect of health, safety and communication purposes. The findings of this study bring interesting insight to local telecommunication industries as a whole, and will also serve as groundwork for more in-depth study in the future.
Principles of Good Screen Design in WebsitesWaqas Tariq
Visual techniques for proper arrangement of the elements on the user screen have helped the designers to make the screen look good and attractive. Several visual techniques emphasize the arrangement and ordering of the screen elements based on particular criteria for best appearance of the screen. This paper investigates few significant visual techniques in various web user interfaces and showcases the results for better understanding and their presence.
This document discusses the progress of virtual teams in Albania. It provides context on virtual teams and how they differ from traditional teams in their reliance on technology for communication across distances. The document then examines the use of virtual teams in Albania, noting the growing infrastructure and technology usage that enables virtual collaboration. It highlights some virtual team examples in Albanian government and academic projects.
Cognitive Approach Towards the Maintenance of Web-Sites Through Quality Evalu...Waqas Tariq
It is a well established fact that the Web-Applications require frequent maintenance because of cutting– edge business competitions. The authors have worked on quality evaluation of web-site of Indian ecommerce domain. As a result of that work they have made a quality-wise ranking of these sites. According to their work and also the survey done by various other groups Futurebazaar web-site is considered to be one of the best Indian e-shopping sites. In this research paper the authors are assessing the maintenance of the same site by incorporating the problems incurred during this evaluation. This exercise gives a real world maintainability problem of web-sites. This work will give a clear picture of all the quality metrics which are directly or indirectly related with the maintainability of the web-site.
USEFul: A Framework to Mainstream Web Site Usability through Automated Evalua...Waqas Tariq
A paradox has been observed whereby web site usability is proven to be an essential element in a web site, yet at the same time there exist an abundance of web pages with poor usability. This discrepancy is the result of limitations that are currently preventing web developers in the commercial sector from producing usable web sites. In this paper we propose a framework whose objective is to alleviate this problem by automating certain aspects of the usability evaluation process. Mainstreaming comes as a result of automation, therefore enabling a non-expert in the field of usability to conduct the evaluation. This results in reducing the costs associated with such evaluation. Additionally, the framework allows the flexibility of adding, modifying or deleting guidelines without altering the code that references them since the guidelines and the code are two separate components. A comparison of the evaluation results carried out using the framework against published evaluations of web sites carried out by web site usability professionals reveals that the framework is able to automatically identify the majority of usability violations. Due to the consistency with which it evaluates, it identified additional guideline-related violations that were not identified by the human evaluators.
Robot Arm Utilized Having Meal Support System Based on Computer Input by Huma...Waqas Tariq
A robot arm utilized having meal support system based on computer input by human eyes only is proposed. The proposed system is developed for handicap/disabled persons as well as elderly persons and tested with able persons with several shapes and size of eyes under a variety of illumination conditions. The test results with normal persons show the proposed system does work well for selection of the desired foods and for retrieve the foods as appropriate as usersf requirements. It is found that the proposed system is 21% much faster than the manually controlled robotics.
Dynamic Construction of Telugu Speech Corpus for Voice Enabled Text EditorWaqas Tariq
In recent decades speech interactive systems have gained increasing importance. Performance of an ASR system mainly depends on the availability of large corpus of speech. The conventional method of building a large vocabulary speech recognizer for any language uses a top-down approach to speech. This approach requires large speech corpus with sentence or phoneme level transcription of the speech utterances. The transcriptions must also include different speech order so that the recognizer can build models for all the sounds present. But, for Telugu language, because of its complex nature, a very large, well annotated speech database is very difficult to build. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to cover all the words of any Indian language, where each word may have thousands and millions of word forms. A significant part of grammar that is handled by syntax in English (and other similar languages) is handled within morphology in Telugu. Phrases including several words (that is, tokens) in English would be mapped on to a single word in Telugu.Telugu language is phonetic in nature in addition to rich in morphology. That is why the speech technology developed for English cannot be applied to Telugu language. This paper highlights the work carried out in an attempt to build a voice enabled text editor with capability of automatic term suggestion. Main claim of the paper is the recognition enhancement process developed by us for suitability of highly inflecting, rich morphological languages. This method results in increased speech recognition accuracy with very much reduction in corpus size. It also adapts Telugu words to the database dynamically, resulting in growth of the corpus.
An Improved Approach for Word Ambiguity RemovalWaqas Tariq
Word ambiguity removal is a task of removing ambiguity from a word, i.e. correct sense of word is identified from ambiguous sentences. This paper describes a model that uses Part of Speech tagger and three categories for word sense disambiguation (WSD). Human Computer Interaction is very needful to improve interactions between users and computers. For this, the Supervised and Unsupervised methods are combined. The WSD algorithm is used to find the efficient and accurate sense of a word based on domain information. The accuracy of this work is evaluated with the aim of finding best suitable domain of word. Keywords: Human Computer Interaction, Supervised Training, Unsupervised Learning, Word Ambiguity, Word sense disambiguation
Parameters Optimization for Improving ASR Performance in Adverse Real World N...Waqas Tariq
From the existing research it has been observed that many techniques and methodologies are available for performing every step of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system, but the performance (Minimization of Word Error Recognition-WER and Maximization of Word Accuracy Rate- WAR) of the methodology is not dependent on the only technique applied in that method. The research work indicates that, performance mainly depends on the category of the noise, the level of the noise and the variable size of the window, frame, frame overlap etc is considered in the existing methods. The main aim of the work presented in this paper is to use variable size of parameters like window size, frame size and frame overlap percentage to observe the performance of algorithms for various categories of noise with different levels and also train the system for all size of parameters and category of real world noisy environment to improve the performance of the speech recognition system. This paper presents the results of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Accuracy test by applying variable size of parameters. It is observed that, it is really very hard to evaluate test results and decide parameter size for ASR performance improvement for its resultant optimization. Hence, this study further suggests the feasible and optimum parameter size using Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) for enhancing resultant accuracy in adverse real world noisy environmental conditions. This work will be helpful to give discriminative training of ubiquitous ASR system for better Human Computer Interaction (HCI). Keywords: ASR Performance, ASR Parameters Optimization, Multi-Environmental Training, Fuzzy Inference System for ASR, ubiquitous ASR system, Human Computer Interaction (HCI)
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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Probabilistic Analysis of a Desalination Plant with Major and Minor Failures and Shutdown During Winter Season
1. Padmavathi N, S. M. Rizwan, Anita Pal & Gulshan Taneja
International Journal of Scientific and Statistical Computing (IJSSC), Volume (5) : Issue (1):2014 15
Probabilistic Analysis of a Desalination Plant with Major and
Minor Failures and Shutdown During Winter Season
Padmavathi N padma@caledonian.edu.om
Department of Mathematics & Statistics
Caledonian college of Engineering
Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
S. M. Rizwan rizwan@caledonian.edu.om
Department of Mathematics & Statistics
Caledonian college of Engineering
Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
Anita Pal anita.buie@gmail.com
Department of Mathematics
National Institute of Technology
Durgapur, India
Gulshan Taneja drgtaneja@gmail.com
Department of Statistics
M D University
Rohtak, India
Abstract
In many desalination plants, multi stage flash desalination process is normally used for sea water
purification. The probabilistic analysis and profitability of such a complex system with standby
support mechanism is of great importance to avoid huge loses. Thus, the aim of this paper is to
present a probabilistic analysis of evaporators of a desalination plant with major and minor failure
categories and estimating various reliability indicators. The desalination plant operates round the
clock and during the normal operation; six of the seven evaporators are in operation for water
production while one evaporator is always under scheduled maintenance and used as standby.
The complete plant is shut down for about one month during winter season for annual
maintenance. The water supply during shutdown period is maintained through ground water and
storage system. Any major failure or annual maintenance brings the evaporator/plant to a
complete halt and appropriate repair or maintenance is undertaken. Measures of plant
effectiveness such as mean time to system failure, availability, expected busy period for
maintenance, expected busy period for repair, expected busy period during shutdown & expected
number of repairs are obtained by using semi-Markov processes and regenerative point
techniques. Profit incurred to the system is also evaluated. Seven years real data from a
desalination plant are used in this analysis.
Keywords: Desalination Plant, Minor/Major Failures, Repairs, Semi – Markov, Regenerative
Process.
1. NOTATIONS
O Operative state of evaporator
U୫ୱ Under Maintenance during summer
2. Padmavathi N, S. M. Rizwan, Anita Pal & Gulshan Taneja
International Journal of Scientific and Statistical Computing (IJSSC), Volume (5) : Issue (1):2014 16
U୫୵ୠ Under Maintenance during winter before service
U୫୵ୟ Under Maintenance during winter after service
U୫ୱୠ Under Maintenance during summer before service
F୰భ౩ Failed unit is under minor repair during summer
Fୖ
భೄ
Failed state of the evaporator due to minor repair during summer
F୰మ౩ Failed unit is under major repair during summer
Fୖ
మೄ
Failed state of the evaporator due to major repair during summer
F୰భ
ೢ್ Failed unit is under minor repair during winter before service
Fோభ
ೈಳ Failed state of the evaporator due to minor repair during winter before service
Fమ
ೢ್ Failed unit is under major repair during winter before service
Fோమ
ೈಳ Failed state of the evaporator due to major repair during winter before service
F୰భ
ೢೌ Failed unit is under minor repair during winter after service
Fோభ
ೈಲ Failed state of the evaporator due to minor repair during winter after service
F୰మ
ೢೌ Failed unit is under major repair during winter after service
Fோమ
ೈಲ Failed state of the evaporator due to major repair during winter after service
F Failed state of one of the evaporator
β1 Rate of the unit moving from summer to winter
β2 Rate of the unit moving from winter to summer
λ Rate of failure of any component of the unit
γ Maintenance rate
γ1 Rate of shutting down
γ2 Rate of recovery after shut down during winter
α1 Repair rate for minor repairs
α2 Repair rate for major repairs
λ1 Maintenance rate including the rate of inspection
p1 Probability of occurrence of minor repair
4. Padmavathi N, S. M. Rizwan, Anita Pal & Gulshan Taneja
International Journal of Scientific and Statistical Computing (IJSSC), Volume (5) : Issue (1):2014 18
continuous production mode especially during summer except for emergency/forced/planned
outages. It is therefore; very important that the efficiency and reliability of such a complex system
is maintained in order to avoid big loses. Establishing the numerical results of various reliability
indices are extremely helpful in understanding the significance of these failures/maintenances on
plant performance and assesses the impact of these failures on the overall profitability of the
plant.
Many researchers have expended a great deal of efforts in analysing industrial systems to
achieve the reliability results that are useful for effective equipment/plant maintenance.
Bhupender and Taneja [1] analysed a PLC hot standby system based on master-slave concept
and two types of repair facilities, and many such analyses could be seen in the references
therein. Mathew et al. [2] have presented an analysis of an identical two-unit parallel continuous
casting plant system. Padmavathi et al. [3] have presented an analysis of the evaporator 7 of a
seven unit desalination plant which fails due to any one of the six types of failures with the
concept of inspection. Padmavathi et al. [4] explored a possibility of analyzing a desalination plant
with emergency shutdown/unit tripping and online repair. Recently, Rizwan et al. [5] analyzed the
desalination plant under the situation where repair or maintenance being carried out on a first
come first served basis. Padmavathi et al. [6] analyzed a desalination plant with shutdown during
winter season under the condition that the priority is given to repair over maintenance. However,
analysis in [5] & [6] could have been better and more realistic results could be obtained if
failures are categorized as minor and major failures and the repairs could be undertaken
accordingly as the time to repair minor failures is comparatively lesser than the time required for
fixing major failures. Also, it is viable to inspect the unit in order to identify the type of the failure
and deal with it accordingly.
Thus, as a future direction of [5], a variation into the analysis is shown and hence this paper is an
attempt to present a probabilistic analysis of the plant under minor and major failure categories
including inspection for estimating various reliability indicators. Seven years failure data of a
desalination plant in Oman have been used for this analysis. Component failure, maintenance,
plant shutdown rates, and various maintenance costs involved are estimated from the data. The
desalination plant operates round the clock and during the normal operation; six of the seven
evaporators are in operation for water production while one evaporator is always under scheduled
maintenance and used as standby evaporator. This ensures the continuous water production with
minimum possible failures of the evaporators. The complete plant is shut down for about a month
during winter season because of the low consumption of water for annual maintenance; the water
supply during this period is maintained through ground water and storage system. The evaporator
fails due to any one of the two types of failure viz., minor and major. Repairable and serviceable
failures are categorised as minor failures, whereas the replaceable failures are categorised as
major failures. Any major failure or annual maintenance brings the plant to a complete halt and
goes under forced outage state.
Using the data, following values of rates and various costs are estimated:
• Estimated rate of failure of any component of the unit (λ) = 0.00002714 per hour
• Estimated rate of the unit moving from summer to winter (β1) = 0.0002315 per hour
• Estimated rate of the unit moving from winter to summer (β2) =0.0002315 per hour
• Estimated rate of maintenance (γ) = 0.0014881
• Estimated rate of shutting down (γ1) = 0.000114155 per hour
• Estimated rate of recovery after shut down during winter (γ2) = 0.0013889 per hour
• Estimated value of failure rate including inspection (λ1) = 0.4013889 per hour
• Estimated value of repair rate of minor repairs (α1) = 0.099216 per hour
• Estimated value of repair rate of major repairs (α2) = 0.059701 per hour
• Probability of occurrence of minor repair (p1) = 0.7419
• Probability of occurrence of major repair (p2) = 0.2581
• The revenue per unit uptime (C0) = RO 596.7 per hour
7. Padmavathi N, S. M. Rizwan, Anita Pal & Gulshan Taneja
International Journal of Scientific and Statistical Computing (IJSSC), Volume (5) : Issue (1):2014 21
The mean sojourn time ( iμ ) in the regenerative state ‘i’ is defined as the time of stay in that state
before transition to any other state. If T denotes the sojourn time in the regenerative state ‘i’, then:
μ୧ = E(T) = P(T > ;)ݐ
μ =
1
(6λ + βଵ + γ )
; μଵ =
1
(6λ + γଵ + γ )
; μଶ =
1
( βଵ + ߣଵ )
; μଷ =
1
γଶ
;
μସ =
1
( γଵ + ߣଵ )
; μହ =
1
(6λ + ߙଵ )
; μ =
1
(6λ + βଶ + γ)
; μ =
1
(6λ + αଶ)
;
ߤ଼ =
1
(6λ + ߙଵ + γଵ )
; μଽ =
1
(6λ + ߙଶ + γଵ )
; μଵ =
1
( βଶ + ߣଵ )
;
ߤଵହ =
1
(6λ + βଶ + αଵ)
; ߤଵ =
1
(6λ + αଶ + βଶ)
The unconditional mean time taken by the system to transit for any regenerative state ‘j’ when
it (time) is counted from the epoch of entry into state ‘i’ is mathematically stated as:
m୧୨ = න tdQ୧୨(t) = − q୧୨
∗ᇲ
(0),
ஶ
Thus,
m + mଵ + mଶ = μ; mଵଵ + mଵଷ + mଵସ = μଵ; mଶସ + mଶହ + mଶ = μଶ; mଷ = μଷ
mସଷ + mସ଼ + ݉ସଽ = μସ ; mହ + mହହ
(ଵଵ)
+ mହ
(ଵଵ)
= kଵ (say); m + m + m,ଵ = μ
m + mହ
(ଵଶ)
+ m
( ଵଶ)
= kଶ (say) ; ଼݉ଵ + ଼݉ଷ + ଼݉ଷ
(ଵଷ)
+ ଼଼݉
(ଵଷ)
+ ଼݉ଽ
(ଵଷ)
= kଷ (say);
݉ଽଵ + ݉ଽଷ + ݉ଽଷ
(ଵସ)
+ ݉ଽ଼
(ଵସ)
+ ݉ଽଽ
(ଵସ)
= kସ (say); mଵ,ଶ + mଵ,ଵହ + ݉ଵ,ଵ = μଵ
݉ଵହ,ହ + ݉ଵହ, + ݉ଵହ,ଵହ
(ଵ)
+ ݉ଵହ,ଵ
(ଵ)
+ ݉ଵହ,ହ
(ଵ,ଵଵ)
+ ݉ଵହ,
(ଵ,ଵଵ)
= kହ (say);
݉ଵ, + ݉ଵ, + ݉ଵ,ଵ
(ଵ଼)
+ ݉ଵ,ହ
(ଵ଼,ଵଶ)
+ ݉ଵ,
(ଵ଼,ଵଶ)
+ ݉ଵ,ଵହ
(ଵ଼)
= k (say)
5. THE MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
5.1 Mean Time to System Failure
To determine the mean time to system failure, the failed states are considered as absorbing
states and applying the arguments used for regenerative processes, the following recursive
relation for φi(t) is obtained:
ø0(t) = Q00 (t) ø0(t) + Q01(t) ø1(t) + Q02(t)
ø1(t) = Q11(t) ø1(t) + Q13(t) ø3(t) + Q14(t)
ø3(t) = Q36 (t) ø6(t)
ø6(t) = Q60(t) ø0(t) + Q66(t) ø6(t) + Q6,10(t)
Taking the Laplace Stieltje’s transforms of the above equations and solving them for φo
**
(s);
∅
∗∗(s) =
N(s)
D(s)
Where,
N(s) = Qଶ
∗∗ (s) − Qଶ
∗∗ (s)Qଵଵ
∗∗ (s) − Qଶ
∗∗ (s)Q
∗∗ (s) + Qଶ
∗∗
(s)Qଵଵ
∗∗ (s)Q
∗∗ (s)+Qଵ
∗∗
(s)Qଵସ
∗∗
(s)
− Qଵ
∗∗
(s)Qଵସ
∗∗ (s)Q
∗∗ (s) + Qଵ
∗∗
(s)Qଵଷ
∗∗
(s)Qଷ
∗∗
(s)Q,ଵ
∗∗
(s)
D(s) = 1 − Q
∗∗ (s) − Qଵଵ
∗∗ (s) − Q
∗∗ (s) + Q
∗∗ (s)Qଵଵ
∗∗ (s) + Q
∗∗ (s)Q
∗∗ (s) + Qଵଵ
∗∗
(s)Q
∗∗ (s)
− Q
∗∗ (s)Qଵଵ
∗∗ (s)Q
∗∗ (s) − Qଵ
∗∗
(s)Qଵଷ
∗∗
(s)Qଷ
∗∗
(s)Q
∗∗
(s)
8. Padmavathi N, S. M. Rizwan, Anita Pal & Gulshan Taneja
International Journal of Scientific and Statistical Computing (IJSSC), Volume (5) : Issue (1):2014 22
The mean time to system Failure (MTSF), when the unit started at the beginning of state 0 is
given by:
MTSF = lim
ୱ→
1 − ∅
∗∗(s)
s
=
Nଵ
D
where,
Nଵ = pଵଵμଵ − pଵଵpμଵ + pଵଷpଷppଵμଵ − pଵଵpμଵ + pଵଵppμଵ + pଵଷpଷppଵμଷ+ pμ −
pଵଵpμ − ppμ + pଵଵppμ + 2pଵଷpଷppଵμ + pμ − pଵଵpμ − ppμ +
pଵଵppμ+ p02 μ0 + p01p14 μ0 + p01p14 μ1 ─ p02p11 μ0 ─ p02p11 μ1 ─ p02p66 μ0 ─ p02p66 μ6 ─ p01p14p66μ0
─ p01p14 p66μ1 ─ p01p14 p66μ6 + p02p11 p66μ0 + p02p11 p66 μ1 + p02p11p66μ6 + p01p13 p36 p69 μ0 + p01p13 p36
p6, 10 μ1 + p01p13 p36 p69 μ3 + p01p13 p36 p6,10 μ6
D = 1 − pଵଵ − p + pଵଵp − pଵଷpଷppଵ − p + pଵଵp + pp − pଵଵpp
Similarly, by employing the arguments used for regenerative processes, we obtain the recursive
relations for other reliability indices; availability analysis of the plant, expected busy period for
maintenance, expected busy period for repair, expected busy period during shut down, and the
expected number of repairs. The profit incurred by the plant is also evaluated by incorporating the
steady-state solutions of various reliability indices and costs:
P = CA − CଵB
− CଶB
ୖ
− CଷB
ୗ
− CସR
6. PARTICULAR CASE
For this particular case, it is assumed that the failures are exponentially distributed whereas other
rates are general. Using the values estimated from the data as summarized in section 1 and
expressions of various reliability indicators as shown in section 4, the following values of the
measures of system effectiveness/reliability indicators are obtained:
Mean Time to System Failure = 256 days
Availability (A0) = 0.9603
Expected Busy period for Maintenance (
ࡹ
) = 0.9584
Expected Busy period for repair(
ࡾ
) = 0.0018
Expected Busy period during shutdown (
ࡿ
) = 0.0397
Expected number of repairs (ࡾ) = 0.0002
Profit (P) = RO 572.287 per unit uptime.
7. CONCLUSION
Measures of plant effectiveness in terms of reliability indices have been estimated numerically.
Estimated reliability results facilitate the plant engineers in understanding the system behavior
and thereby open a scope of improving the performance of the plant by adopting suitable
maintenance strategies. As a future direction the modeling methodology could be extended for
similar industrial complex system performance analysis.
8. REFERENCES
[1] B Parashar and GTaneja, Reliability and profit evaluation of a PLC hot standby system based
on a master-slave concept and two types of repair facilities. IEEE Transactions on reliability,
Vol. 56(3), pp. 534-539, 2007.
9. Padmavathi N, S. M. Rizwan, Anita Pal & Gulshan Taneja
International Journal of Scientific and Statistical Computing (IJSSC), Volume (5) : Issue (1):2014 23
[2] A G Mathew, S M Rizwan, M C Majumder, K P Ramachandran and G Taneja, Reliability
analysis of an identical two-unit parallel CC plant system operative with full installed capacity,
International Journal of Performability Engineering, Vol. 7(2), pp. 179-185, 2011.
[3] S M Rizwan, N Padmavathi and G Taneja, “Probabilistic Analysis of an Evaporator of a
Desalination Plant with Inspection”, i-manager’s Journal on Mathematics, Vol. 2, (1), pp. 27 –
34, Jan.- Mar. 2013.
[4] N Padmavathi, S M Rizwan, A Pal and G Taneja, “Reliability Analysis of an evaporator of a
Desalination Plant with online repair and emergency shutdowns”, Aryabhatta Journal of
Mathematics & Informatics, Vol. 4(1), pp. 1-12, Jan. – June 2012.
[5] S M Rizwan, N Padmavathi, A Pal, G Taneja, “Reliability analysis of seven unit desalination
plant with shutdown during winter season and repair/maintenance on FCFS basis”,
International Journal of Performability Engineering, Vol. 9 (5), pp. 523-528, Sep. 2013.
[6] N Padmavathi, S M Rizwan, A Pal, G Taneja, “Probabilistic analysis of an evaporator of a
desalination plant with priority for repair over maintenance, International Journal of Scientific
and Statistical Computing, Vol. 4 (1), pp.1-9, Feb. 2013.