This document provides guidance on standard operating procedures for taking measurements of various climatic variables at a Full Climatic Station. It details procedures for measuring wind speed and direction using an anemometer and wind vane, rainfall using standard rain gauges, autographic rain gauges and tipping bucket rain gauges, temperature using thermometers and thermographs, humidity using wet and dry bulb thermometers and hygrographs, evaporation using a class A pan, solar radiation using a sunshine recorder, and atmospheric pressure using a barograph. The document emphasizes following standard measurement practices and routine maintenance of instruments to ensure high quality hydro-meteorological data.
This document provides guidance on standard operating procedures for taking measurements and routine maintenance of instruments at a Full Climatic Station. It describes the procedures for measuring variables such as wind speed and direction using an anemometer and wind vane, rainfall using standard rain gauges, autographic rain gauges and tipping bucket rain gauges, temperature using thermometers and therographs, humidity using wet and dry bulb thermometers and hygrographs, evaporation using an open pan evaporimeter, solar radiation using a sunshine recorder, and atmospheric pressure using a barograph. The document stresses the importance of following standard procedures to obtain high quality hydro-meteorological data and maintaining instruments regularly.
This document provides guidance on operating and maintaining rainfall measurement stations equipped with standard rain gauges (SRG), autographic rain gauges (ARG), and tipping bucket rain gauges (TBR). It describes the standard measurement practices and routine maintenance procedures for each type of gauge. For SRGs and ARGs, daily rainfall is measured and recorded in millimeters. TBRs automatically record rainfall amounts and intensities digitally over time. Proper maintenance, such as cleaning debris from collectors and checking for leaks, is important to ensure accurate rainfall data.
This document provides an introduction to instrumentation equipment used in industrial processes like electric generating stations. It discusses instrumentation techniques used to measure key process parameters such as level, flow, pressure, temperature and neutron flux. Common instrumentation includes pressure, level, flow and temperature sensors. Signal transmission is typically pneumatic or electronic, with 4-20 mA being the standard electronic range. Accurate monitoring and control of processes is enabled by instrumentation and signals being transmitted to a central control room. Trend recorders are used to record process behavior over time for assessment. The document introduces international standards for symbols used in instrumentation diagrams.
The document discusses instrumentation and control systems used in power plants. It describes common types of instruments that measure temperature, pressure, level, and flow, including thermocouples, RTDs, manometers, orifice plates, and venturi tubes. Control systems use inputs from these instruments along with logic operations to output decisions that regulate plant processes and operations.
This document provides an overview of basic instrumentation and PID control. It covers measuring devices for pressure, flow, level, temperature, and neutron flux. It then discusses basic control principles including feedback, feedforward, on/off, proportional, integral, and derivative control modes. The objectives are to explain the operation of common instrumentation equipment and basic control strategies.
Vibration testing is important for machine health monitoring and predictive maintenance. A vibration meter provides a simple way to screen machine health by measuring overall vibration (OV) and crest factor plus (CF+), which detects bearing damage. The meter compares readings to baseline values for 37 machine types. Users take measurements close to bearings and interpret severity levels on a four-level scale. Data can be stored in an Excel template to monitor machine condition over time. While a vibration meter provides basic screening, a tester is needed to diagnose faults and an analyzer for complex machines.
The document discusses vibration theory, including definitions of acceleration, velocity, displacement and simple harmonic motion. It describes quantifying vibration amplitude using peak-to-peak, peak, average and RMS levels. It also covers the differences between time and frequency domain analysis and concepts of phase angle measurement in condition monitoring. Condition monitoring strategies aim to focus on critical machinery by defining detectable faults and relevant measurement parameters.
This document provides guidance on standard operating procedures for taking measurements and routine maintenance of instruments at a Full Climatic Station. It describes the procedures for measuring variables such as wind speed and direction using an anemometer and wind vane, rainfall using standard rain gauges, autographic rain gauges and tipping bucket rain gauges, temperature using thermometers and therographs, humidity using wet and dry bulb thermometers and hygrographs, evaporation using an open pan evaporimeter, solar radiation using a sunshine recorder, and atmospheric pressure using a barograph. The document stresses the importance of following standard procedures to obtain high quality hydro-meteorological data and maintaining instruments regularly.
This document provides guidance on operating and maintaining rainfall measurement stations equipped with standard rain gauges (SRG), autographic rain gauges (ARG), and tipping bucket rain gauges (TBR). It describes the standard measurement practices and routine maintenance procedures for each type of gauge. For SRGs and ARGs, daily rainfall is measured and recorded in millimeters. TBRs automatically record rainfall amounts and intensities digitally over time. Proper maintenance, such as cleaning debris from collectors and checking for leaks, is important to ensure accurate rainfall data.
This document provides an introduction to instrumentation equipment used in industrial processes like electric generating stations. It discusses instrumentation techniques used to measure key process parameters such as level, flow, pressure, temperature and neutron flux. Common instrumentation includes pressure, level, flow and temperature sensors. Signal transmission is typically pneumatic or electronic, with 4-20 mA being the standard electronic range. Accurate monitoring and control of processes is enabled by instrumentation and signals being transmitted to a central control room. Trend recorders are used to record process behavior over time for assessment. The document introduces international standards for symbols used in instrumentation diagrams.
The document discusses instrumentation and control systems used in power plants. It describes common types of instruments that measure temperature, pressure, level, and flow, including thermocouples, RTDs, manometers, orifice plates, and venturi tubes. Control systems use inputs from these instruments along with logic operations to output decisions that regulate plant processes and operations.
This document provides an overview of basic instrumentation and PID control. It covers measuring devices for pressure, flow, level, temperature, and neutron flux. It then discusses basic control principles including feedback, feedforward, on/off, proportional, integral, and derivative control modes. The objectives are to explain the operation of common instrumentation equipment and basic control strategies.
Vibration testing is important for machine health monitoring and predictive maintenance. A vibration meter provides a simple way to screen machine health by measuring overall vibration (OV) and crest factor plus (CF+), which detects bearing damage. The meter compares readings to baseline values for 37 machine types. Users take measurements close to bearings and interpret severity levels on a four-level scale. Data can be stored in an Excel template to monitor machine condition over time. While a vibration meter provides basic screening, a tester is needed to diagnose faults and an analyzer for complex machines.
The document discusses vibration theory, including definitions of acceleration, velocity, displacement and simple harmonic motion. It describes quantifying vibration amplitude using peak-to-peak, peak, average and RMS levels. It also covers the differences between time and frequency domain analysis and concepts of phase angle measurement in condition monitoring. Condition monitoring strategies aim to focus on critical machinery by defining detectable faults and relevant measurement parameters.
The document discusses condition monitoring for steam turbines. It outlines several key points:
1. Condition monitoring methods for steam turbines include monitoring steam conditions and flow rates, vibration, lubrication conditions, bearing condition, rotor speed, noise levels, and auxiliary system operation.
2. Common failure modes of steam turbines include bearing failures from loss of lubrication or contamination, blade failures from foreign object damage or fatigue, and valve failures from solid particle damage or erosion.
3. Condition monitoring is important for identifying faults early to allow corrective action to save assets and avoid production losses. Monitoring methods help ascertain equipment condition while failure modes can be prevented through monitoring and preventive maintenance.
Here in this presentation we will be knowing about introduction and applications of Measuring Systems which are used in or daily life and where they are to be used exactly
Introduction to operation and Control of Thermal Power PlantSWAPNILTRIVEDI6
The slides gives a brief introduction of operation and control of a Thermal power plant.
Posting from my personal Experience during my internship at Rajasthan Spinning and Weaving Mils (RSWM) Ltd. It gives a brief introduction of the installed 46 MW Generation system used by company along with the overall process.
The aim is to help undergraduate students to learn about the overall introduction to Power Plant engineering.
ROLE OF CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION IN THERMAL POWER PLANTGaurav Rai
Role of control and instrumentation in thermal power plant.
Use of various instruments for the measurements of flow, pressure and temperature in industries.
This document provides an overview of vibration analysis and predictive maintenance. It discusses maintenance philosophies like breakdown, preventive, predictive, and proactive maintenance. Predictive maintenance uses condition monitoring techniques like vibration analysis to determine the condition of machines and identify faults. Vibration analysis measures characteristics like displacement, velocity, acceleration, frequency, and phase to determine how much vibration is present, what defects are causing it, and which machine parts are affected. Understanding vibration signatures can reveal problems like unbalance, misalignment, looseness, and bearing defects.
The Global Development and future of Natural gas measurement_Jacob FreekeJacob Freeke
The document discusses the opening of a new high-pressure natural gas calibration facility in Denmark. It provides context on the growing natural gas market and importance of accurate custody transfer metering. It then summarizes the key needs for high-pressure natural gas calibration facilities, including having sufficient capacity and calibration capabilities across a full flow range underpinned by quality standards. The new Danish facility will help meet market needs and is now the fourth member of the European Harmonized Reference Value consortium, strengthening the harmonization of natural gas measurements across Europe.
Turbine meters measure natural gas flow by counting the revolutions of a rotor within the meter. The document discusses turbine meter operating conditions, performance requirements, calibration, installation specifications, and environmental considerations. Turbine meters should be installed and calibrated according to manufacturer specifications to ensure accurate measurement of natural gas flow.
Terex girolift 5022 telescopic handler service repair manualfjjskkefksme
The document is a workshop manual that provides instructions for maintenance and repairs of GiroLift telescopic boom handlers. It contains sections on general information, safety regulations, technical specifications, maintenance procedures, troubleshooting, disassembly/reassembly instructions for major components like the axle, engine, hydraulic pump and motor, gearbox, and load limiter. The manual lists the minimum required workshop equipment and tools, provides symbols and units of measurement, and offers advice on tasks like welding, leak testing, and refilling fluids.
TEREX GIROLIFT 3514 TELESCOPIC HANDLER Service Repair Manualfudfjjkskekmdm
This is the Highly Detailed factory service repair manual for theTEREX GIROLIFT 3514 TELESCOPIC HANDLER, this Service Manual has detailed illustrations as well as step by step instructions,It is 100 percents complete and intact. they are specifically written for the do-it-yourself-er as well as the experienced mechanic.TEREX GIROLIFT 3514 TELESCOPIC HANDLER Service Repair Workshop Manual provides step-by-step instructions based on the complete dis-assembly of the machine. It is this level of detail, along with hundreds of photos and illustrations, that guide the reader through each service and repair procedure. Complete download comes in pdf format which can work under all PC based windows operating system and Mac also, All pages are printable. Using this repair manual is an inexpensive way to keep your vehicle working properly.
Service Repair Manual Covers:
General Information
Safety Regulations
Technical Operation Data
Checks and Adjustments
Disassemblies and Assemblies
Troubleshooting
Dana Axle Assembly / Disassembly
Perking Engine Maintenance
Repair Instructions – Rexroth Pump
Repair Instructions – Rexroth Motor
Dana Gearbox Assembly / Disassembly
Potation Reduction Gear Assembly / Disassembly
Maintenance Instructions – 3B6 Load Limiter
File Format: PDF
Compatible: All Versions of Windows & Mac
Language: English
Requirements: Adobe PDF Reader
NO waiting, Buy from responsible seller and get INSTANT DOWNLOAD, Without wasting your hard-owned money on uncertainty or surprise! All pages are is great to haveTEREX GIROLIFT 3514 TELESCOPIC HANDLER Service Repair Workshop Manual.
Looking for some other Service Repair Manual,please check:
https://www.aservicemanualpdf.com/
Thanks for visiting!
This document provides an overview of field instrumentation used for measurement, monitoring, and control. It discusses common process variables like flow, pressure, temperature, and level. It then focuses on different types of flow measurement instrumentation including positive displacement meters, head meters, velocity meters, and mass meters. Specific flow meter types are described in detail like orifice plates, venturi tubes, rotameters, turbine meters, electromagnetic flow meters, vortex meters, and ultrasonic flow meters. Advantages and disadvantages of each type are presented.
This document discusses various types of instrumentation that can be used to measure airflow parameters, especially in healthcare settings. It describes instruments that can measure air velocity, volume, and pressure, including pitot tubes, anemometers, micromanometers, balometers, and fan test equipment. These instruments are suitable for measuring airflow in operating theaters, cleanrooms, and other areas to verify parameters like supply/extract airflow. The document also mentions instrument rental, calibration, and sales services available.
The document discusses various topics related to flow measurements and instrumentation. It defines different types of flowmeters like orifice plates, venturi tubes, flow nozzles, pitot tubes, vortex flow elements, and positive displacement and ultrasonic flowmeters. It also discusses measurement terminology such as range, accuracy, response time, and concepts like temperature effects, static pressure effects, interference, instrumentation response, noise, damping, and digital filtering that can impact measurements. Finally, it outlines the purpose of process measurement for goals like process control, safety, and product quality.
Terex girolift 3518 perfora telescopic handler service repair manualjsemm fvdcf
This document is a workshop manual that provides instructions for maintenance and repairs of a handler with a telescopic boom. It contains sections on general information, safety regulations, technical specifications, inspections, disassembly and assembly, troubleshooting, maintenance of specific components like the axle, engine, hydraulic pump and motor, gearbox, and load limiter. It also includes references for tools, torque specifications, weights of parts, and refilling specifications. The manual is intended to allow safe and proper maintenance of the machine.
Terex girolift 3518 telescopic handler service repair manualfjskekfseik
The document is a workshop manual that provides instructions for maintenance and repairs of GiroLift telescopic boom handlers. It contains sections on general information, safety regulations, technical specifications, maintenance procedures, troubleshooting, disassembly/reassembly instructions for major components like the axle, engine, hydraulic pump and motor, gearbox, and load limiter. The manual lists the minimum workshop equipment required, safety symbols used, conversion tables, and consumable materials needed for repairs. It aims to allow safe and proper maintenance of the machine in accordance with the provided instructions.
This document provides information on the skills and responsibilities of an Instrument Technician. It discusses that an Instrument Technician is responsible for calibrating process instruments in the field and bench. They also have skills in troubleshooting, testing loops, and commissioning process equipment. The document then lists various skills and knowledge required, including calibrating different types of instruments, installing tubing and instruments, understanding diagrams, and ensuring safety practices.
This document provides an overview of instruments used in control systems, including sensors, transmitters, and actuators. It discusses the main components and functions. Sensors detect process variables and convert them to electrical signals. Common sensor types are limit switches, proximity sensors, and photoelectric sensors. Actuators cause physical changes in final control devices like valves. Transmitters convert sensor signals into standardized signals like 4-20 mA and transmit them to indicating and controlling devices. The document categorizes transmitters as pneumatic, analog, or digital and discusses their characteristics.
1. The document outlines various activities and responsibilities for surface water data collection, validation, and analysis in India.
2. Key activities include observation and data collection at stations, data entry and validation at local and district offices, secondary validation and analysis at regional offices, and final validation and reporting at a state level office.
3. Responsible positions are assigned for each activity along with timeframes and references for standard operating procedures.
This document describes a pilot study conducted to design a rain gauge network for two sub-basins in India. Monthly rainfall data from 1966-1995 from existing rain gauge stations in the basins were collected and validated. Only 40% of the data from 66 stations was found to be reliable. The valid data was analyzed statistically to determine basic rainfall statistics and spatial correlation for each basin. The basins were divided into climatically homogeneous areas and the results were presented in tables and figures showing differences in rainfall amounts and variability between the areas. The analysis was intended to provide an example approach for network design studies.
This document provides guidance on operating and maintaining rainfall measurement stations equipped with standard rain gauges (SRG), autographic rain gauges (ARG), and tipping bucket rain gauges (TBR). It describes the standard measurement practices and routine maintenance procedures for each type of gauge. For SRGs and ARGs, daily rainfall is measured and recorded in millimeters. TBRs automatically record rainfall amounts and intensities digitally over time. Proper maintenance, such as cleaning debris from collectors and checking for leaks, is important to ensure accurate rainfall data.
This document provides guidance on data entry and primary validation procedures for hydro-meteorological and surface water quantity and quality data in India. It describes how to enter master data like data types, administrative boundaries, and office units. It also provides instructions for entering static, semi-static and time series data like rainfall, climate, water levels, flows, sediments, and water quality. Primary validation checks on the data are also outlined to ensure data quality before secondary processing.
This document provides guidance on operating and maintaining standard rain gauge (SRG) stations. It describes:
1) How rainfall is measured using the standard SRG, which collects rainfall in a funnel that deposits water into a bottle inside the base unit.
2) The standard measurement practice of measuring the collected rainfall daily at 08:30 hrs using a measure glass and recording the reading in mm.
3) Routine maintenance procedures to ensure accurate records, including cleaning the funnel, checking for leaks, ensuring proper assembly, and keeping the gauge enclosure locked and clean. Timely repairs and replacements should be made if issues arise.
This document describes procedures for surface water data processing under the Hydrological Information System (HIS) in India. It discusses various stages of data processing including receipt of data, data entry, validation, completion, compilation, analysis, reporting and transfer. It emphasizes the importance of validation to correct errors and identify data reliability. Validation is carried out at multiple levels, from primary validation during data entry to secondary and hydrological validation. The document also covers organizing temporary databases, transferring data between databases, and backing up databases.
The document discusses condition monitoring for steam turbines. It outlines several key points:
1. Condition monitoring methods for steam turbines include monitoring steam conditions and flow rates, vibration, lubrication conditions, bearing condition, rotor speed, noise levels, and auxiliary system operation.
2. Common failure modes of steam turbines include bearing failures from loss of lubrication or contamination, blade failures from foreign object damage or fatigue, and valve failures from solid particle damage or erosion.
3. Condition monitoring is important for identifying faults early to allow corrective action to save assets and avoid production losses. Monitoring methods help ascertain equipment condition while failure modes can be prevented through monitoring and preventive maintenance.
Here in this presentation we will be knowing about introduction and applications of Measuring Systems which are used in or daily life and where they are to be used exactly
Introduction to operation and Control of Thermal Power PlantSWAPNILTRIVEDI6
The slides gives a brief introduction of operation and control of a Thermal power plant.
Posting from my personal Experience during my internship at Rajasthan Spinning and Weaving Mils (RSWM) Ltd. It gives a brief introduction of the installed 46 MW Generation system used by company along with the overall process.
The aim is to help undergraduate students to learn about the overall introduction to Power Plant engineering.
ROLE OF CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION IN THERMAL POWER PLANTGaurav Rai
Role of control and instrumentation in thermal power plant.
Use of various instruments for the measurements of flow, pressure and temperature in industries.
This document provides an overview of vibration analysis and predictive maintenance. It discusses maintenance philosophies like breakdown, preventive, predictive, and proactive maintenance. Predictive maintenance uses condition monitoring techniques like vibration analysis to determine the condition of machines and identify faults. Vibration analysis measures characteristics like displacement, velocity, acceleration, frequency, and phase to determine how much vibration is present, what defects are causing it, and which machine parts are affected. Understanding vibration signatures can reveal problems like unbalance, misalignment, looseness, and bearing defects.
The Global Development and future of Natural gas measurement_Jacob FreekeJacob Freeke
The document discusses the opening of a new high-pressure natural gas calibration facility in Denmark. It provides context on the growing natural gas market and importance of accurate custody transfer metering. It then summarizes the key needs for high-pressure natural gas calibration facilities, including having sufficient capacity and calibration capabilities across a full flow range underpinned by quality standards. The new Danish facility will help meet market needs and is now the fourth member of the European Harmonized Reference Value consortium, strengthening the harmonization of natural gas measurements across Europe.
Turbine meters measure natural gas flow by counting the revolutions of a rotor within the meter. The document discusses turbine meter operating conditions, performance requirements, calibration, installation specifications, and environmental considerations. Turbine meters should be installed and calibrated according to manufacturer specifications to ensure accurate measurement of natural gas flow.
Terex girolift 5022 telescopic handler service repair manualfjjskkefksme
The document is a workshop manual that provides instructions for maintenance and repairs of GiroLift telescopic boom handlers. It contains sections on general information, safety regulations, technical specifications, maintenance procedures, troubleshooting, disassembly/reassembly instructions for major components like the axle, engine, hydraulic pump and motor, gearbox, and load limiter. The manual lists the minimum required workshop equipment and tools, provides symbols and units of measurement, and offers advice on tasks like welding, leak testing, and refilling fluids.
TEREX GIROLIFT 3514 TELESCOPIC HANDLER Service Repair Manualfudfjjkskekmdm
This is the Highly Detailed factory service repair manual for theTEREX GIROLIFT 3514 TELESCOPIC HANDLER, this Service Manual has detailed illustrations as well as step by step instructions,It is 100 percents complete and intact. they are specifically written for the do-it-yourself-er as well as the experienced mechanic.TEREX GIROLIFT 3514 TELESCOPIC HANDLER Service Repair Workshop Manual provides step-by-step instructions based on the complete dis-assembly of the machine. It is this level of detail, along with hundreds of photos and illustrations, that guide the reader through each service and repair procedure. Complete download comes in pdf format which can work under all PC based windows operating system and Mac also, All pages are printable. Using this repair manual is an inexpensive way to keep your vehicle working properly.
Service Repair Manual Covers:
General Information
Safety Regulations
Technical Operation Data
Checks and Adjustments
Disassemblies and Assemblies
Troubleshooting
Dana Axle Assembly / Disassembly
Perking Engine Maintenance
Repair Instructions – Rexroth Pump
Repair Instructions – Rexroth Motor
Dana Gearbox Assembly / Disassembly
Potation Reduction Gear Assembly / Disassembly
Maintenance Instructions – 3B6 Load Limiter
File Format: PDF
Compatible: All Versions of Windows & Mac
Language: English
Requirements: Adobe PDF Reader
NO waiting, Buy from responsible seller and get INSTANT DOWNLOAD, Without wasting your hard-owned money on uncertainty or surprise! All pages are is great to haveTEREX GIROLIFT 3514 TELESCOPIC HANDLER Service Repair Workshop Manual.
Looking for some other Service Repair Manual,please check:
https://www.aservicemanualpdf.com/
Thanks for visiting!
This document provides an overview of field instrumentation used for measurement, monitoring, and control. It discusses common process variables like flow, pressure, temperature, and level. It then focuses on different types of flow measurement instrumentation including positive displacement meters, head meters, velocity meters, and mass meters. Specific flow meter types are described in detail like orifice plates, venturi tubes, rotameters, turbine meters, electromagnetic flow meters, vortex meters, and ultrasonic flow meters. Advantages and disadvantages of each type are presented.
This document discusses various types of instrumentation that can be used to measure airflow parameters, especially in healthcare settings. It describes instruments that can measure air velocity, volume, and pressure, including pitot tubes, anemometers, micromanometers, balometers, and fan test equipment. These instruments are suitable for measuring airflow in operating theaters, cleanrooms, and other areas to verify parameters like supply/extract airflow. The document also mentions instrument rental, calibration, and sales services available.
The document discusses various topics related to flow measurements and instrumentation. It defines different types of flowmeters like orifice plates, venturi tubes, flow nozzles, pitot tubes, vortex flow elements, and positive displacement and ultrasonic flowmeters. It also discusses measurement terminology such as range, accuracy, response time, and concepts like temperature effects, static pressure effects, interference, instrumentation response, noise, damping, and digital filtering that can impact measurements. Finally, it outlines the purpose of process measurement for goals like process control, safety, and product quality.
Terex girolift 3518 perfora telescopic handler service repair manualjsemm fvdcf
This document is a workshop manual that provides instructions for maintenance and repairs of a handler with a telescopic boom. It contains sections on general information, safety regulations, technical specifications, inspections, disassembly and assembly, troubleshooting, maintenance of specific components like the axle, engine, hydraulic pump and motor, gearbox, and load limiter. It also includes references for tools, torque specifications, weights of parts, and refilling specifications. The manual is intended to allow safe and proper maintenance of the machine.
Terex girolift 3518 telescopic handler service repair manualfjskekfseik
The document is a workshop manual that provides instructions for maintenance and repairs of GiroLift telescopic boom handlers. It contains sections on general information, safety regulations, technical specifications, maintenance procedures, troubleshooting, disassembly/reassembly instructions for major components like the axle, engine, hydraulic pump and motor, gearbox, and load limiter. The manual lists the minimum workshop equipment required, safety symbols used, conversion tables, and consumable materials needed for repairs. It aims to allow safe and proper maintenance of the machine in accordance with the provided instructions.
This document provides information on the skills and responsibilities of an Instrument Technician. It discusses that an Instrument Technician is responsible for calibrating process instruments in the field and bench. They also have skills in troubleshooting, testing loops, and commissioning process equipment. The document then lists various skills and knowledge required, including calibrating different types of instruments, installing tubing and instruments, understanding diagrams, and ensuring safety practices.
This document provides an overview of instruments used in control systems, including sensors, transmitters, and actuators. It discusses the main components and functions. Sensors detect process variables and convert them to electrical signals. Common sensor types are limit switches, proximity sensors, and photoelectric sensors. Actuators cause physical changes in final control devices like valves. Transmitters convert sensor signals into standardized signals like 4-20 mA and transmit them to indicating and controlling devices. The document categorizes transmitters as pneumatic, analog, or digital and discusses their characteristics.
1. The document outlines various activities and responsibilities for surface water data collection, validation, and analysis in India.
2. Key activities include observation and data collection at stations, data entry and validation at local and district offices, secondary validation and analysis at regional offices, and final validation and reporting at a state level office.
3. Responsible positions are assigned for each activity along with timeframes and references for standard operating procedures.
This document describes a pilot study conducted to design a rain gauge network for two sub-basins in India. Monthly rainfall data from 1966-1995 from existing rain gauge stations in the basins were collected and validated. Only 40% of the data from 66 stations was found to be reliable. The valid data was analyzed statistically to determine basic rainfall statistics and spatial correlation for each basin. The basins were divided into climatically homogeneous areas and the results were presented in tables and figures showing differences in rainfall amounts and variability between the areas. The analysis was intended to provide an example approach for network design studies.
This document provides guidance on operating and maintaining rainfall measurement stations equipped with standard rain gauges (SRG), autographic rain gauges (ARG), and tipping bucket rain gauges (TBR). It describes the standard measurement practices and routine maintenance procedures for each type of gauge. For SRGs and ARGs, daily rainfall is measured and recorded in millimeters. TBRs automatically record rainfall amounts and intensities digitally over time. Proper maintenance, such as cleaning debris from collectors and checking for leaks, is important to ensure accurate rainfall data.
This document provides guidance on data entry and primary validation procedures for hydro-meteorological and surface water quantity and quality data in India. It describes how to enter master data like data types, administrative boundaries, and office units. It also provides instructions for entering static, semi-static and time series data like rainfall, climate, water levels, flows, sediments, and water quality. Primary validation checks on the data are also outlined to ensure data quality before secondary processing.
This document provides guidance on operating and maintaining standard rain gauge (SRG) stations. It describes:
1) How rainfall is measured using the standard SRG, which collects rainfall in a funnel that deposits water into a bottle inside the base unit.
2) The standard measurement practice of measuring the collected rainfall daily at 08:30 hrs using a measure glass and recording the reading in mm.
3) Routine maintenance procedures to ensure accurate records, including cleaning the funnel, checking for leaks, ensuring proper assembly, and keeping the gauge enclosure locked and clean. Timely repairs and replacements should be made if issues arise.
This document describes procedures for surface water data processing under the Hydrological Information System (HIS) in India. It discusses various stages of data processing including receipt of data, data entry, validation, completion, compilation, analysis, reporting and transfer. It emphasizes the importance of validation to correct errors and identify data reliability. Validation is carried out at multiple levels, from primary validation during data entry to secondary and hydrological validation. The document also covers organizing temporary databases, transferring data between databases, and backing up databases.
This document provides an operation manual for processing and analyzing groundwater data in India. It details the monitoring networks for water levels, water quality, and hydro-meteorology. It also describes how the data is organized in the Hydrological Information System (HIS) and discusses semi-static and dynamic data collected, including climate/rainfall reviews, groundwater level changes, and resource estimations. The setup of the groundwater agency is explained along with its roles in monitoring, research, and management.
This document provides operational details for groundwater data processing and analysis in India. It outlines the monitoring networks for water levels, quality, and hydro-meteorology. It describes the geological structures, soil types, typical groundwater issues, and the organizational setup of the responsible groundwater agency. The agency collects various dynamic data through monitoring networks to estimate groundwater resources and inform management recommendations in an annual groundwater yearbook.
The document provides guidance on standard measurement practices and routine maintenance for three types of rain gauges:
1. Standard rain gauge (SRG): Rainfall is measured daily at 08:30 hrs by pouring rainwater from the receiver into a measure glass. Routine maintenance includes cleaning the collector and checking for leaks.
2. Autographic rain gauge (ARG): Rainfall is recorded continuously on a chart that is changed daily. Hourly rainfall values are tabulated from the chart. Routine maintenance includes cleaning parts and checking for proper siphoning.
3. Tipping bucket rain gauge (TBR): Rainfall amounts are automatically recorded by a data logger that is read out monthly. Routine maintenance follows
This document provides guidance on data entry and primary validation procedures for hydro-meteorological and surface water quantity and quality data in India. It describes how to enter master data like data types, administrative boundaries, and office units. It also provides instructions for entering static, semi-static and time series data like rainfall, climate, water levels, flows, sediments, and water quality. Primary validation checks on the data are also outlined to ensure data quality before secondary processing.
This document provides details on a pilot study conducted to design a rain gauge network for two sub-basins in the Mahanadi river basin in Orissa, India. Statistical analysis was performed on monthly rainfall data from 66 stations over a 26-year period. The data was validated and stations with unreliable data were removed, leaving data from 26 stations for analysis. The stations were grouped into four climatically homogeneous areas. Basic statistics including monthly averages, annual averages, and coefficients of variation were calculated for each area. The analysis found the highest rainfall in areas nearest the coast during the mid-monsoon months of July and August. About 86-89% of the annual rainfall on average occurs during the monsoon season. The results of
This document provides guidance on secondary validation and processing of hydro-meteorological and surface water quantity and quality data for a hydrological information system in India. It describes various procedures for validating rainfall, climatic, water level, discharge, and sediment data through time series analysis, comparison between stations, and relationship curves. It also provides methods for correcting errors and completing missing data through interpolation, rating curves, and areal estimation techniques. The overall goal is to develop a sustainable hydrological information system that meets user needs through standardized data collection and computerized databases.
This document describes procedures for surface water data processing under the Hydrological Information System (HIS) in India. It discusses various stages of data processing including receipt of data, data entry, validation, completion, compilation, analysis, reporting and transfer. It emphasizes the importance of validation to correct errors and identify data reliability. Validation is done at multiple levels - primary, secondary and hydrological. The document also covers organizing temporary databases, transferring data between databases, and backing up databases.
This document provides guidance on standard operating procedures for taking meteorological and climatological observations at a Full Climatic Station (FCS). It describes the measurement of various climatic variables including wind speed and direction, rainfall, temperature, humidity, evaporation, solar radiation, and atmospheric pressure. For each variable, it outlines the standard measurement practices and routine maintenance procedures to ensure accurate data collection. The document aims to create uniformity in field operations and data quality by having field staff closely follow the prescribed methodology.
This document provides guidance on field inspections, maintenance, and calibration for hydro-meteorological stations. It describes procedures for inspecting rain gauges, full climatic stations, and checking instrument exposure and observer training. Routine maintenance tasks are outlined for rain gauges, wind instruments, thermometers, evaporimeters, and other equipment. Spare part requirements are listed. Proper maintenance is important to ensure high quality comparable data from the field stations.
This document describes procedures for network design and site selection for hydro-meteorological monitoring stations. It outlines 8 steps for network design optimization, including reviewing existing networks and data needs, setting objectives, prioritizing objectives, determining required network density using effectiveness measures, reviewing existing networks, selecting new sites and equipment if needed, estimating costs, and implementing and reviewing the network design. It also provides details on using relative root mean square error to determine required gauge density based on design area, coefficient of variation, and number of stations. Site selection considerations include technical, environmental, logistical, security, legal, financial, and practical aspects.
This document provides guidance on standard rainfall measurement procedures using a Standard Rain Gauge (SRG) and routine maintenance of the SRG. It discusses:
1. Measurement of rainfall using the SRG involves collecting rainfall in a bottle, pouring it into a measure glass, and recording the reading in mm to one decimal place daily at 0830 hrs.
2. Routine maintenance of the SRG includes inspecting and clearing any blockages in the funnel, checking for and repairing any leaks, ensuring the collector is securely locked to the base, keeping the gauge and enclosure locked and clean.
3. Daily rainfall observations are recorded on a field data form and sent daily to the controlling office, with 0.
This document provides guidance on standard rainfall measurement procedures using a Standard Rain Gauge (SRG) and routine maintenance of the SRG. It discusses:
1. Measurement of rainfall using the SRG involves collecting rainfall in a bottle, pouring it into a measure glass, and recording the reading in mm to one decimal place daily at 0830 hrs.
2. Routine maintenance of the SRG includes inspecting and clearing any blockages in the funnel, checking for and repairing any leaks, ensuring the collector is securely locked to the base, keeping the gauge and enclosure locked and clean.
3. Daily rainfall observations are recorded on a field data form and sent daily to the controlling office, with 0.
The document provides guidance on standard measurement practices and routine maintenance for three types of rain gauges:
1. Standard rain gauge (SRG): Rainfall is measured daily at 08:30 hrs by pouring rainwater from the receiver into a measure glass. Routine maintenance includes cleaning the collector and checking for leaks.
2. Autographic rain gauge (ARG): Rainfall is recorded continuously on a chart that is changed daily. Hourly rainfall values are tabulated from the chart. Routine maintenance includes cleaning parts and checking for proper siphoning.
3. Tipping bucket rain gauge (TBR): Rainfall amounts are automatically recorded by a data logger that is read out monthly. Routine maintenance follows
This document provides guidance on operating and maintaining standard rain gauges (SRG), autographic rain gauges (ARG), and tipping bucket rain gauges (TBR) used to measure rainfall.
For SRGs, daily rainfall is measured manually at 08:30 by emptying the receiver bottle into a measure glass. Routine maintenance includes cleaning the funnel and checking for leaks. ARGs provide a continuous chart record of hourly rainfall. Charts are changed daily and rainfall values are tabulated from the removed chart. Routine ARG maintenance includes refilling the ink pen and winding the clock. TBRs electronically record rainfall in set intervals as the bucket tips. Routine TBR maintenance checks the tipping mechanism and
This document provides a design manual for hydro-meteorology networks in India. It discusses the physics of rainfall and evaporation processes and the design of rainfall and climate observation networks. Key sections include network design and optimization, site selection criteria, measurement frequencies, and measurement techniques for rainfall and climatic variables. Guidelines are also provided on station design, construction, and equipment installation. The overall aim is to establish standard procedures for India's Hydrological Information System to accurately measure hydro-meteorological quantities needed for water resources assessment and management.
This document provides a design manual for hydro-meteorology networks. It discusses definitions and units used in hydro-meteorology. It also covers the design and optimization of rainfall and climate observation networks, including determining minimum network densities based on measurement objectives and spatial variability. Site selection criteria, measurement frequencies, and measurement techniques for rainfall and climatic variables are also examined. Guidelines are provided on station design, equipment installation, and specifications. The overall aim is to establish standard procedures for hydro-meteorological data collection across India.
This document provides guidance on river stage observation for staff gauges, autographic chart recorders, and digital water level recorders. It outlines procedures for taking manual staff gauge readings hourly or multiple times per day, checking and maintaining chart recorders daily, and routinely downloading and checking digital recorders against staff gauges. The goal is to ensure uniform and high-quality hydrological data collection through consistent field procedures.
Condition monitoring of screw compressors and induction motors in a food proc...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on condition monitoring of screw compressors and induction motors in a food processing industry. Vibration measurements were taken of various machinery according to ISO 10816 standards. For one compressor, excessive vertical and axial vibrations were detected, indicating misalignment between the compressor and motor. The alignment was corrected, which brought the vibrations back within normal levels. The study concludes periodic vibration monitoring is important to detect potential failures early and avoid breakdowns. A continuous monitoring system could help detect issues more quickly.
Designing and installation of low cost optimized wind monitoring systemeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IRJET - Performance Analysis of Two Stage Reciprocating Air CompressorIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of a two-stage reciprocating air compressor. It discusses how clogging can decrease the compressor's volumetric and isothermal efficiencies by reducing discharge pressure and increasing discharge temperature over time. The document presents data on the compressor's performance parameters with and without clogging effects. It finds that clogging lowers discharge pressure and increases discharge temperature compared to normal operation without clogging. Proper filter maintenance and periodic cleaning are recommended to minimize clogging and improve compressor performance.
This document provides guidelines for the routine maintenance of stage and streamflow measurement equipment and installations. It discusses maintenance procedures for staff gauges, autographic water level recorders, digital water level recorders, current meters, and supporting equipment. Key recommendations include regularly cleaning and inspecting equipment for damage, checking instrument readings against references, downloading digital data frequently, and calibrating equipment on a set schedule or when major repairs are done. The document aims to ensure the continued collection of good quality hydrometric data through proper equipment upkeep.
Acoustic emission condition monitoring an application for wind turbine fault ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Acoustic emission condition monitoring an application for wind turbine fault...eSAT Journals
Abstract Low speed rotating machines which are the most critical components in drive train of wind turbines are often menaced by several technical and environmental defects. These factors contribute to mount the economic requirement for Health Monitoring and Condition Monitoring of the systems. When a defect is happened in such system result in reduced energy loss rates from related process and due to it Condition Monitoring techniques that detecting energy loss are very difficult if not possible to use. However, in the case of Acoustic Emission (AE)technique this issue is partly overcome and is well suited for detecting very small energy release rates. Acoustic Emission (AE) as a technique is more than 50 years old and in this new technology the sounds associated with the failure of materials were detected. Acoustic wave is a non-stationary signal which can discover elastic stress waves in a failure component, capable of online monitoring, and is very sensitive to the fault diagnosis. In this paper the history and background of discovering and developing AE is discussed, different ages of developing AE which include Age of Enlightenment (1950-1967), Golden Age of AE (1967-1980), Period of Transition (1980-Present). In the next section the application of AE condition monitoring in machinery process and various systems that applied AE technique in their health monitoring is discussed. In the end an experimental result is proposed by QUT test rig which an outer race bearing fault was simulated to depict the sensitivity of AE for detecting incipient faults in low speed high frequency machine. Index Terms: Low speed rotating machine, and Condition Monitoring Systems, Acoustic Emission (AE)
Power Performance Optimization using LiDAR technology : India Pilot Project R...Karim Fahssis 卡卡
Presentation given by MeteoPole's CEO Mr. Karim Fahssis at the IPP summit in November 2014 Delhi showing the results of the India Power Performance Optimization Pilot Project with Continuum Wind Energy on Surajbari wind farm project in Gujarat (Vestas turbines) with a proven +2.4% AEP increase after yaw error correction.
This document summarizes experimental tests of a Kaplan water turbine at the Ivaylovgrad HPP in Bulgaria. Two methods were used to measure flow rates: 1) Measuring the mean velocity in the spiral case inlet section. Relative error of measurements was 1.9%. 2) Using the Winter-Kennedy method of measuring pressure differences along the spiral case radius. The base factor k in the flow equation was determined experimentally. Flow rates were measured over the turbine's operating range to characterize its hydraulic performance.
The document discusses gas turbine maintenance planning and procedures. It emphasizes the importance of maintenance for productivity and profitability. It provides details on inspection types and frequencies based on operating factors like fuel type, load, starts and trips. Guidelines are given for combustion inspections, hot gas path inspections, and calculating customized inspection intervals based on unit-specific operation.
This document describes the design and installation of a low-cost wind monitoring system using scrap and readily available materials. It consists of a 4-cup anemometer to measure wind speed, a lightweight wind vane to measure wind direction, and a platinum resistance temperature detector to measure ambient air temperature. The system provides accurate measurements at a fraction of the cost of a commercial system. It was calibrated and tested and found to perform reliably while significantly reducing costs for small industries.
This document summarizes the design optimization and analysis of an impeller for a centrifugal compressor. It begins with background on centrifugal compressors and their applications. The aim is then stated as developing a methodology to design a centrifugal compressor impeller accounting for real fluid effects. A computer program is developed based on jet-wake theory to estimate impeller dimensions. The methodology is validated by comparing results to an existing impeller design, showing encouraging accuracy. The method is then applied to design an impeller for an air conditioning system using R-12 as the refrigerant at 18,000 rpm. Key design parameters are examined at varying speeds to select optimal values.
IRJET- Material Removal Rate (MRR) Study in Time Reduction Pneumatic Shaper M...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study comparing the material removal rate (MRR) of a conventional shaper machine to a time reduction pneumatic shaper machine. The pneumatic shaper machine was modified to use the return stroke of the ram as a second cutting stroke by adding a clapper box with an additional cutting tool. Testing showed that the pneumatic shaper achieved a higher MRR of 280.5 mm3/min compared to 240.21 mm3/min for the conventional shaper when machining nylon, demonstrating that reducing machining time through this dual-cutting approach increases production rates by raising MRR.
IRJET- Design of Fixture for Wind Mill Door SegmentIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a new fixture for manufacturing door segments for wind turbines. The new fixture was created to reduce production time for processes like segment cutting. It allows two plates to be cut simultaneously for certain wind turbine models. Analysis showed the new fixture could reduce total work time for door segment production from 285 minutes to 268 minutes by streamlining some steps. It is expected to increase production rate and reduce labor requirements compared to the existing fixture design.
Flow Field Measurements in a Large Controlled Ventilated RoomIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research measuring air flow fields in a large controlled ventilated test room. Laser Doppler Velocimetry was used to measure three-dimensional velocity fields at 690 points under two air flow rates, corresponding to 15 and 30 air changes per hour. The measurements characterized the overall air flow patterns, which involved air exiting ceiling inlets, descending toward the floor then circulating back up and toward exhaust grids. Increasing the air flow rate resulted in higher measured velocities but similar overall circulation patterns. The non-intrusive velocity measurements provide data to validate computational fluid dynamics simulations of air flow in ventilated spaces.
Similar to Download-manuals-ground water-manual-gw-volume3fieldmanualhydro-meteorologypartiv (20)
This document provides guidance on working with map layers and network layers in HYMOS, a hydrological modeling software. It describes how to obtain map layers from digitized topographic maps and remotely sensed data. It also explains how to create network layers by manually adding observation stations or importing them from another database. The document outlines how to manage and set properties for map layers and network layers within HYMOS to control visibility, styling, and other display options.
This document contains information about receiving hydrological data at different levels in India, including:
1. Data is transferred from field stations to subdivisional offices, then to divisional offices and state/regional data processing centers in stages. Target dates are set for receipt and transmission at each level to ensure smooth processing.
2. Records of receipt are maintained at each office to track data and identify delays, with feedback provided if data is not received by targets.
3. Original paper records are filed by station for easy retrieval, while digital copies are stored for long-term archiving.
The document describes a training module on understanding different types and forms of data in hydrological information systems (HIS). It was developed with funding from the World Bank and Government of the Netherlands. The module provides an overview of the session plan and covers various types of data in HIS, including space-oriented data like catchment maps, time-oriented data such as meteorological observations, and relation-oriented data like stage-discharge relationships. The goal is for participants to learn about all the different types and forms of data managed in HIS.
The document provides details on a surface water data processing plan for India. It discusses distributing data processing activities across three levels - sub-divisional, divisional, and state data processing centers. It outlines the activities, computing facilities, staffing, and time schedules needed at each level to efficiently manage the large volume of hydrological data. The plan aims to ensure data is properly validated and processed within time limits while not overwhelming staff.
This document outlines the stages of surface water data processing under the Hydrological Information System (HIS) in India. It discusses: 1) Receipt of data from field stations and storage of raw records; 2) Data entry at sub-divisional offices; 3) Validation of data through primary, secondary, and hydrological checks; 4) Completion and correction of missing or erroneous data; 5) Compilation, analysis, and reporting of validated data; 6) Transfer of data between processing levels from sub-division to division to state centers. The overall goal is to process field data in a systematic series of steps to produce quality-controlled hydrological information.
This document provides information on a training module for understanding hydrological information system (HIS) concepts and setup. It includes an introduction to HIS, why they are needed, how they are set up under the Hydrology Project. It also discusses who the key users of hydrological data are and how computers are used in hydrological data processing. The training module contains session plans, presentations, handouts, and text to educate participants on HIS objectives, components, and how they provide reliable hydrological data to various end users.
This document provides guidance on reporting climatic data in India. It discusses the purpose and contents of annual reports on climatic data, including evaporation data. Key points covered include:
- Annual reports summarize evaporation data for the reporting year and compare to long-term statistics.
- Reports include details on the observational network, basic evaporation statistics, data validation processes.
- Network maps and station listings provide details of monitoring locations. Statistics include monthly and annual evaporation amounts for the current year and historical averages.
- Reports aim to inform water resource planning, acknowledge data collection efforts, and provide access to climatic data records.
This document provides information and guidance on analyzing climatic data to estimate evaporation and evapotranspiration rates. It discusses the use of evaporation pans and appropriate pan coefficients to estimate open water evaporation from lakes and reservoirs. It also describes the Penman method for estimating potential evapotranspiration using standard climatological measurements. The Penman method combines the energy budget and mass transfer approaches and provides formulas for calculating evapotranspiration based on climatic variables like temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation. Substitutions are suggested when some climatic variables are not directly measured.
This document provides guidance on how to carry out secondary validation of climatic data. It describes various methods for validating data spatially using multiple station comparisons, including comparison plots, balance series, regression analysis, and double mass curves. It also describes single station validation tests for homogeneity, including mass curves and tests of differences in means. The document is part of a training module on secondary validation of climatic data funded by the World Bank and Government of the Netherlands. It provides context for the training and outlines the session plan, materials, and main validation methods to be covered.
This document provides guidance on how to carry out primary validation of climatic data. It discusses validating temperature, humidity, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, sunshine duration, and pan evaporation data. For each variable, it describes typical variations and measurement methods, potential errors, and approaches to error detection such as setting maximum/minimum limits. The goal of primary validation is to check for errors by comparing individual observations to physical limits and sequential observations for unacceptable changes.
This document provides guidance on entering climatic data into a hydrological data processing software called SWDES. It describes the various types of climatic data that can be entered, including daily, twice daily, hourly, and sunshine duration data. Instructions are provided on inspecting paper records, setting up data entry screens, entering values, and performing basic data validation checks. The overall aim is to make climatic data available electronically using SWDES in order to facilitate validation, processing, and reporting of the data.
This document provides guidance on how to report rainfall data in yearly and periodic reports. It outlines the typical contents and structure of annual reports including descriptive summaries of rainfall patterns, comparisons to long-term averages, basic statistics, and descriptions of major storms. Periodic reports produced every 10 years would include long-term statistics updated over the previous decade as well as frequency analysis of rainfall data. The reports aim to inform stakeholders of rainfall patterns and data availability as well as validate and improve the quality of data collection.
The document describes a training module on analyzing rainfall data. It includes sessions on checking data homogeneity, computing basic statistics, fitting frequency distributions, and deriving frequency-duration and intensity-duration-frequency curves. Exercises are provided for trainees to practice analyzing monthly and daily rainfall series, fitting distributions, and deriving curves for different durations and return periods. Case studies from India are referenced as examples throughout the training material.
This document provides guidance on compiling rainfall data from various time intervals into longer standardized durations. It discusses aggregating hourly data into daily totals, daily data into weekly, ten-daily, monthly, and yearly totals. Methods are presented for arithmetic averaging and Thiessen polygons to estimate areal rainfall from point measurements. Guidance is also given on transforming non-equidistant time series into equidistant series and compiling extreme rainfall statistics. Examples demonstrate compiling hourly rainfall from an autographic rain gauge into daily totals and further aggregating daily point rainfall into areal averages and statistics for various durations.
This document provides guidance on correcting and completing rainfall data. It discusses using autographic rain gauge (ARG) and standard rain gauge (SRG) data to correct errors. When the SRG is faulty but ARG is available, the SRG can be corrected to match the ARG totals. When the ARG is faulty but SRG is available, hourly distributions from neighboring stations can be used to estimate hourly totals for the station based on its daily SRG total. The document also discusses correcting time shifts, apportioning partial daily accumulations, adjusting for systematic shifts using double mass analysis, and using spatial interpolation methods to estimate missing values. Examples are provided to demonstrate each technique.
This document describes a training module on how to carry out secondary validation of rainfall data. It includes the following key points:
1. Secondary validation involves comparing rainfall data to neighboring stations to identify suspect values, taking into account spatial correlation which depends on duration, distance, precipitation type, and physiography.
2. Validation methods described include screening data against limits, scrutinizing multiple time series graphs and tabulations, checking against data limits for longer durations, spatial homogeneity testing, and double mass analysis.
3. Examples demonstrate how spatial correlation varies with duration and distance, and how physiography affects correlation. Screening listings with basic statistics are used to flag suspect data values.
This document provides guidance on how to carry out primary validation of rainfall data. It discusses comparing daily rainfall measurements from a standard raingauge to those from an autographic or digital raingauge. Differences greater than 5% between the two measurements would be further investigated. Likely sources of error are outlined for each type of raingauge. The validation can be done graphically or tabularly by aggregating hourly rainfall data to daily totals and comparing. Actions are suggested based on the patterns of discrepancies found.
This document provides guidance on entering rainfall data into a dedicated hydrological data processing software (SWDES). It discusses entering daily rainfall data, twice daily rainfall data, and hourly rainfall data from manual records or digital loggers. The key steps are:
1. Manually inspecting field records for completeness and errors before data entry.
2. Entering data into customized SWDES forms that match field observation sheets. This allows direct data transfer with minimal risk of errors.
3. Performing automated checks of the entered data against limits and computed totals to ensure accuracy. Any errors are flagged for further inspection.
4. Graphing the entered time series data during the entry process as an additional validation check.
The document provides guidance on sampling surface waters for water quality analysis. It discusses selecting sampling sites that are representative of the waterbody and safely accessible. It describes three types of samples - grab samples, composite samples, and integrated samples - and when each would be used. It also outlines appropriate sampling devices and containers for different analyses, as well as procedures for sample handling, preservation, and identification. The overall aim is to collect samples that accurately represent water quality without significant changes prior to analysis.
The document describes methods for hydrological observations including rainfall, water level, discharge, and inspection of observation stations. It contains sections on ordinary and recording rainfall observation, ordinary and recording water level observation, observation of discharge using current meters and floats, and inspection of rainfall and water level observation stations. The document was produced by the Ministry of Construction in Japan.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Letter and Document Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Sol...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on automated letter generation for Bonterra Impact Management using Google Workspace or Microsoft 365.
Interested in deploying letter generation automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Dive into the realm of operating systems (OS) with Pravash Chandra Das, a seasoned Digital Forensic Analyst, as your guide. 🚀 This comprehensive presentation illuminates the core concepts, types, and evolution of OS, essential for understanding modern computing landscapes.
Beginning with the foundational definition, Das clarifies the pivotal role of OS as system software orchestrating hardware resources, software applications, and user interactions. Through succinct descriptions, he delineates the diverse types of OS, from single-user, single-task environments like early MS-DOS iterations, to multi-user, multi-tasking systems exemplified by modern Linux distributions.
Crucial components like the kernel and shell are dissected, highlighting their indispensable functions in resource management and user interface interaction. Das elucidates how the kernel acts as the central nervous system, orchestrating process scheduling, memory allocation, and device management. Meanwhile, the shell serves as the gateway for user commands, bridging the gap between human input and machine execution. 💻
The narrative then shifts to a captivating exploration of prominent desktop OSs, Windows, macOS, and Linux. Windows, with its globally ubiquitous presence and user-friendly interface, emerges as a cornerstone in personal computing history. macOS, lauded for its sleek design and seamless integration with Apple's ecosystem, stands as a beacon of stability and creativity. Linux, an open-source marvel, offers unparalleled flexibility and security, revolutionizing the computing landscape. 🖥️
Moving to the realm of mobile devices, Das unravels the dominance of Android and iOS. Android's open-source ethos fosters a vibrant ecosystem of customization and innovation, while iOS boasts a seamless user experience and robust security infrastructure. Meanwhile, discontinued platforms like Symbian and Palm OS evoke nostalgia for their pioneering roles in the smartphone revolution.
The journey concludes with a reflection on the ever-evolving landscape of OS, underscored by the emergence of real-time operating systems (RTOS) and the persistent quest for innovation and efficiency. As technology continues to shape our world, understanding the foundations and evolution of operating systems remains paramount. Join Pravash Chandra Das on this illuminating journey through the heart of computing. 🌟
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
1. Government of India & Government of The Netherlands
DHV CONSULTANTS &
DELFT HYDRAULICS with
HALCROW, TAHAL, CES,
ORG & JPS
VOLUME 3
HYDRO-METEOROLOGY
FIELD MANUAL - PART IV
FULL CLIMATIC STATION
(FCS)
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
2. Field Manual – Hydro-meteorology (GW) Volume 3 – Part IV
Hydro-meteorology March 2003 Page i
Table of Contents
GENERAL 1
1 WIND 1-1
1.1 WIND SPEED 1-1
1.1.1 ANEMOMETER 1-1
1.1.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE 1-1
1.1.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE ANEMOMETER 1-2
1.2 WIND DIRECTION 1-2
1.2.1 WIND VANE 1-2
1.2.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE WIND VANE 1-3
1.2.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE WIND VANE 1-3
2 RAINFALL 2-1
2.1 RAINFALL MEASUREMENT BY STANDARD RAINGAUGE 2-1
2.1.1 STANDARD RAINGAUGE (SRG) 2-1
2.1.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE SRG 2-1
2.1.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE SRG 2-2
2.2 RAINFALL MEASUREMENT BY AUTOGRAPHIC RAINGAUGE 2-3
2.2.1 AUTOGRAPHIC RAINGAUGE (ARG) 2-3
2.2.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE ARG 2-3
2.2.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE ARG 2-5
2.3 RAINFALL MEASUREMENT BY TIPPING BUCKET RAINGAUGE (TBR) 2-6
2.3.1 TIPPING BUCKET RAINGAUGE (TBR) 2-6
2.3.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE TBR 2-7
2.3.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE TBR 2-7
3 TEMPERATURE 3-1
3.1 MEASURING TEMPERATURE BY THERMOMETERS 3-1
3.1.1 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE 3-1
3.1.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE MAX. & MIN.
THERMOMETER 3-1
3.1.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE THERMOMETERS 3-2
3.2 MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE BY THERMOGRAPH 3-2
3.2.1 THERMOGRAPH 3-2
3.2.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE THERMOGRAPH 3-2
3.2.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE THERMOGRAPH 3-3
4 HUMIDITY 4-1
4.1 MEASUREMENT PRACTICE WET AND DRY BULB THERMOMETERS 4-1
4.2 MEASUREMENT OF HUMIDITY BY HYGROGRAPH 4-1
4.2.1 HYGROGRAPH 4-1
4.2.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE HYGROGRAPH 4-1
4.2.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE HYDGOGRAPH 4-2
5 EVAPORATION 5-1
5.1 CLASS A OPEN PAN EVAPORIMETER 5-1
5.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE CLASS A PAN 5-1
5.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE CLASS A PAN 5-2
6 SOLAR RADIATION 6-1
6.1 SUNSHINE RECORDER 6-1
6.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE SUNSHINE RECORDER 6-1
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6.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE SUNSHINE RECORDER 6-1
7 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE 7-1
7.1 BAROGRAPH 7-1
7.2 STANDARD MEASURING PRACTICE BAROGRAPH 7-2
7.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE BAROGRAPH 7-2
8 DATA ENTRY IN THE PRESCRIBED FORMS 8-1
Annexure – I Field data form for climatic variables
Annexure – II Field data form SRG
Annexure – III Field data form ARG
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GENERAL
The Field Manual for Hydro-meteorology, comprises the procedures to be carried out to ensure proper
execution of rainfall and climatological network design, operation and maintenance. The operational
procedures are tuned to the task descriptions prepared for each Hydrological Information System
(HIS) function. The task description for each HIS-function is presented in, Volume 1, Field Manual,
Hydrological Information System.
It is essential, that the procedures, described in the Manual, are closely followed to create uniformity
in the field operations, which is the first step to arrive at comparable hydro-meteorological data of high
quality. Further, reference is made to the other volumes of the manual where hydrometry, sediment
transport measurements and water quality sampling and analysis is described. It is stressed that
hydro-meteorology cannot be seen in isolation; in the HIS integration of networks and of activities is a
must.
This Volume of the Field Manual consists of 5 parts:
• Part I deals with the steps to be taken for network design and optimisation are presented. The
procedures refer to network design/review based on measures of effectiveness for estimating
areal values of rainfall and potential evapotranspiration, and interpolation. Furthermore, site
selection procedures are included.
• Part II comprises operation and routine maintenance of rainfall stations with SRG (non-recording
rain gauge)
• Part III comprises operation and routine maintenance of rainfall stations with ARG or TBR
(recording rain gauge) and SRG (non-recording rain gauge)
• Part IV comprises operation and routine maintenance of full climatic station (FCS).
• Part V covers the field inspections and audits as well as maintenance and calibration.
In the Parts II to IV for each of the stations the day to day activities are spelled out, with reference to a
HIS-function. The procedures as listed out in this manual are in concurrence with the procedures
adopted by IMD to operate its network, who in turn follow closely the WMO-recommended
procedures.
Part IV of the manual on observations practice is primarily designed for staff (Job Category M-2)
working in the field on all climatic variables measurement. It provides guidance on recommended
practices namely: what to do, how to do and when to do. It is the responsibility of the observer to
make regular and careful observations punctually at the prescribed hours of observations and make
entries immediately in the prescribed forms and the Register.
A Full Climatic Station (FCS) records all climatic variables at standard hours of observation. The
observations are recorded in the following sequence commencing from 10 minutes preceding the hour
of observation i.e. 0820 for 0830 hr observation and at 1720 for 1730 hrs observation:
1. Wind
2. Rain
3. Temperature
4. Evaporation
5. Radiation
6. Pressure, if installed, exactly at 0830 hrs and 1730 hrs.
It is to be noted by field staff that the locations and positions of the instruments should never be
changed. When any instrument becomes unserviceable, beyond local repairs, it must be reported to
the Supervisor or Division Office.
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1 WIND
1.1 WIND SPEED
1.1.1 ANEMOMETER
Wind is of particular importance in hydrology as it controls the advective component of evaporation.
An anemometer, shown in Figure 1.1 measures the instantaneous wind speed and average wind
speed during part of the day (derived from the wind run).
Figure 1.1:
Anemometer
1.1.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE
To determine the instantaneous wind speed at the time of observation (0830 and 1730 hrs IST) the
following procedure is adopted:
Take two successive readings of the anemometer at an interval of 3 minutes. Note that 1 count equals
100 m. Subtract the first reading from the second one and multiply the difference by 2. This gives the
mean wind speed in km per hour. (To obtain in knots, multiply by 0.54).
Example:
Counter reading at the beginning : 2090.9
Counter reading after 3 minutes : 2093.1
(recorded by stop watch)
Difference : 2.2 (hence the wind run = 220 m)
Wind speed in km/hour : 2.2 X 2 = 4.4
Wind speed in Knots : 4.4 X 0.54 = 2.4
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The counter readings at 0830 and 1730 hours also serve to determine the average wind speed during
daytime and nighttime. The difference between the readings divided by 10 gives the wind run in km.
The average daytime wind speed in km/hour is obtained from {(1730 counter reading) – (0830 counter
reading)}/90 and the average nighttime wind speed from {(0830 counter reading) – (1730 counter
reading of previous day)}/150.
For full climatic stations one field data form is applied for all climatic variables. The field data form is
shown in Annexure I.
1.1.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE ANEMOMETER
For proper maintenance, the instrument should be inspected, cleaned and lubricated at intervals of 3
months.
The anemometer normally begins to rotate at wind speed of the order of 2 knots. Due to friction, it can
not be 100% sensitive. Error up to 10% is tolerated. A simple check is to rotate the cups for 30
seconds at a rate of 1 revolution per second. The time taken for the cups to come to rest after being
released should exceed 60 seconds.
1.2 WIND DIRECTION
1.2.1 WIND VANE
Wind direction is of interest in showing the source of moisture-laden air masses but is not used
directly in the calculation of evapotranspiration. The instrument in use to estimate the wind direction is
called wind vane shown in Figure 1.2. For hydrological purposes, the wind instruments at all FCS are
required to be fixed at 2 meters height above the ground for estimation of evaporation
/evapotranspiration.
Figure 1.2:
Wind vane
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1.2.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE WIND VANE
Measurements are made at the same time as wind speed. The observer should stand close to the
instrument and carefully note the direction from which the wind is blowing. The wind vane should be
watched for 1 or 2 minutes to obtain the mean direction of wind. As a precaution, before taking a
reading make sure that the wind vane moves freely.
The direction is recorded in 16 points of compass. For reporting on the surface wind direction, the
following code is used:
NNE : 02 ESE : 11 SSW : 20 WNW : 29
NE : 05 SE : 14 SW : 23 NW : 32
ENE : 07 SSE : 16 WSW : 25 NNW : 34
E : 09 S : 18 W : 27 N : 36
Calm : 00
Variable : 99
1.2.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE WIND VANE
Every fortnight, lubricate the ball bearings with a few drops of spindle oil. For this purpose, remove the
horizontal arm after taking out the top nut. Take out the oil hole screw, put a few drops of oil into the
hole and replace the screw. Keep the instrument clean. Check the four set screws once a month and
tighten them if necessary. Once every six months, examine all the parts of the instrument and wash
them in kerosene oil, clean and lubricate them. If the vane becomes unbalanced or stiff even after
lubrication, it should be replaced.
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2 RAINFALL
2.1 RAINFALL MEASUREMENT BY STANDARD RAINGAUGE
2.1.1 STANDARD RAINGAUGE (SRG)
The amount of rainfall at a station in a specified period is measured as the depth to which it would
cover a flat surface. The measurement of this is made by a standard rain gauge which in India is
made of FibreGlass Reinforced Polyester (FRP) and shown in Figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1: Standard rain-gauge
2.1.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE SRG
The rain falling into the funnel collects in the bottle kept inside the base and is measured by a
measure glass. The measurement is made daily at 0830 hrs IST in the morning. The following
procedure is used:
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1. Remove the funnel of the raingauge and take out the polythene bottle.
2. Place the measure glass in an empty basin and slowly pour the rainwater from the receiver
(polythene bottle) into the measure glass to avoid spilling. If by chance, any rainwater is spilled
into the basin, add it to the rainwater in the measure glass before arriving at the total amount
collected.
3. While reading the measure glass, hold it upright or place it on a horizontal surface. Bring the eye
to the level of the rainwater in the measure glass and note the graduation (scale) reading of the
lower level of the curved surface of water. The reading is recorded in mm to one decimal place.
4. If the rainfall is more than 20 mm (for 200 cm2
gauge), the measurement should be taken in two
or more instalments depending upon the amount of rainfall.
5. After the first measurement, the rainfall amount is checked by re-measurement before the
rainwater is thrown away.
6. During heavy rain, check the raingauge at hourly intervals to avoid overflow. If necessary, take
out the rainwater in a separate bottle, securely corked for measurement at the time of
observation:
7. All rainfall observations are made at 0830 hrs IST daily. The amount recorded at 0830 hrs is the
rainfall of the preceding 24 hours ending at 0830 hrs of the observation day (Today’s date). In
other words, the rainfall of the day is the total rainfall collected in the raingauge from 0830 hrs IST
of previous day to 0830 hrs IST of the day and is recorded (entered) against today’s date. The
layout of the field data form is presented in Annexure - II.
8. If there is no rain, enter 0.0 (Note: The column should not be left blank or ‘-’ should not be used
for indicating ‘0’ rainfall) and if the rain is below 0.1 mm, enter “t” (trace) in the prescribed form
and also in the Register. Daily rainfall data recorded on the prescribed form is sent to the
controlling office daily as per the arrangement fixed for the field station.
2.1.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE SRG
The following routine inspection and maintenance procedures should be used to ensure that the
gauge continues to provide accurate records.
1. The collector (funnel) of the raingauge should be inspected for blockage with dirt/dry leaves etc
and cleared if necessary.
2. The collector, receiving bottle and the base should be checked for leakage. If leakage is found,
immediate repair / replacement is to be undertaken.
3. While replacing the collector on the base, it should be ensured that the two locking rings are
engaged properly.
4. The raingauge and the enclosure should be kept locked for safety.
5. The enclosure should be kept clean. No shrubs or plants be allowed to grow near the instrument
as they will affect exposure conditions and the catch.
It is advisable to keep a spare measure glass at the field station. Adhesive solution used in patching
up external cracks of the fibre glass material and for attaching any broken piece like the funnel outlet
tube should be available at the station to attend to minor defects. However if the instrument becomes
out of order or the measure glass breaks, inform the controlling office immediately for replacements.
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2.2 RAINFALL MEASUREMENT BY AUTOGRAPHIC RAINGAUGE
2.2.1 AUTOGRAPHIC RAINGAUGE (ARG)
Short period rainfall in India has been measured in the past almost invariably using the natural siphon
recording gauge. The record is produced on a chart and is therefore referred to as autographic. Its
installation is presented in Figure 2.2, whereas the essential parts of the autographic rain gauge are
shown in Figure 2.3.
Figure 2.2:
Installation of natural siphon
recording rain gauge
2.2.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE ARG
A Instrument Setting
1. Wrap a chart on the clock drum taking care that corresponding horizontal lines on the overlapping
portions are coincident and that the bottom of the chart touches the flange. Fix the chart in place
with the spring clip.
2. Replace the cover and pour water into the tube leading to the float chamber till the water begins
to siphon. The pen should come down to zero line on the chart after all the water is siphoned.
3. Next, measure out the equivalent of 10 mm of rainfall in a measure glass and pour this water
gently into the receiver as before, and the pen should touch the 10 mm line of the chart. If it does
not, loosen the set-screw fixing the collar in the lid and slightly raise the collar by turning it till the
correct range is obtained on the chart.
B Operations
1. The chart is changed at 0830 hrs IST daily in the morning. First remove the previous day chart
and put the fresh chart on the clock drum and set the instrument as explained at ‘A’ above.
2. Put sufficient ink in the pen, wind the clock and set the pen to the correct time. To set the correct
time, turn the clock drum slowly from left to right until the pen indicates the correct time. Give a
time mark on the chart by gently tapping the pen. The instrument is now set for recording.
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Figure 2.3:
Recording mechanism
of autographic rain
gauge
C. Tabulation
• Tabulate hourly rainfall values from the ‘ removed’ autographic chart and make entries as per
performa supplied, see Annexure - III. The autographic chart gives continuous record of rainfall
during past 24 hours on daily basis. As SRG and ARG are installed side by side, it is expected
that the total rainfall recorded during past 24 hours by both the rain gauges should agree. In case
of any discrepancy, the rainfall amount recorded by SRG is taken to be correct.
• Despatch tabulated performa’s to Controlling office on monthly basis or as prescribed.
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2.2.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE ARG
The rain gauge should be regularly checked for dirt and debris in the funnel and in rainy season, the
wire gauge filter should be cleaned once a week or immediately after a thunderstorm or dust storm.
The inside of the glass disc should be kept clean. This is very necessary for proper siphoning. For
cleaning the receiver, float and the funnel, proceed as follows:
1. Lift off the cover, remove the chart drum and the three thumb nuts. Remove the three small
screws and washers, which hold the receiver lid in place. Gently lift the float from the chamber.
2. To clean the float chamber, lift it off the base, flush it out with water after unscrewing the
hexagonal nut.
3. To clean the siphon tube, unscrew the top cap and see the fibre gasket is in good condition. Then
remove the glass disc and lift off the conical brass head with a bent pin. Clean siphon tube. After
cleaning, reassemble the parts carefully.
4. Next the hallite washer between the float chamber and siphon is checked. The chamber should
be replaced if it leaks at this joint.
5. The time of siphoning should be checked occasionally to see whether the outlet tube is choked.
The time taken for this should be 15 to 20 seconds.
6. Special ink is used in the pen to obtain a thin and fine trace on the chart. During summer, a
minute drop of glycerine may be added to reduce evaporation of the ink from the nib. The tip of
the nib is kept cleaned with methylated spirit.
7. Minor leaks or cracks in the body of the rain gauge can be sealed by using adhesive material.
The following are typical problems, which arise and cause the instrument to become out of
adjustment. The following procedures may be used to correct:
1. Incorrect siphoning: the float may not go up to the 10 mm mark but siphoning takes place.
Actions:
• Check and adjust the levelling of the float chamber using a spirit level.
• Reduce the friction by rubbing the float rod with a lead pencil.
• Check whether the threaded collar is limiting the movement of the float. If so, raise the collar
slightly after loosening the set screw.
2. Unstable zero: when no rain, the trace on the chart is not along the zero line.
Actions:
• Check alignment of the drum.
• Check wrapping of the chart on the drum. If fault appears in the drum, it should be replaced.
3. Prolonged siphoning: siphon tube is partly blocked.
Action:
• To clear the siphon tube, unscrew the top cap (h), remove the fibre gasket, glass disc and
then lift off the conical brass head (a) with a bent pin. Clear the tube by pushing a piece of
soft wire through it. Clean and replace the conical brass head and glass disc. Change the
fibre washers, if necessary.
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4. Gradual fall of pen: Either due to leak in the float chamber or the pen arm is loose on the float rod.
Actions:
• For the leak at the joint of the float chamber and siphon chamber, the hallite washers between
them should be replaced.
• Tighten the pen arm properly on the float rod.
5. Siphoning occurs after more than 10 mm of rain occurs: This happens if the float develops a leak.
Action:
• Float is to be replaced.
6. During the period of heavy rainfall siphoning may be triggered before the pen reaches the 10 mm
line.
Action:
• Take it each siphon represents 10 mm of rain.
7. Keep the observatory enclosure locked, clean and fencing intact.
2.3 RAINFALL MEASUREMENT BY TIPPING BUCKET RAINGAUGE (TBR)
2.3.1 TIPPING BUCKET RAINGAUGE (TBR)
The Tipping Bucket rain gauge is a widely proven technology for recording rainfall amounts and
intensities in remote and unattended places. Once the TBR is installed and calibrated, it is ready for
use. The principle of the Tipping Bucket rain gauge is shown in Figure 2.4.
Figure 2.4: Tipping Bucket rain gauge
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2.3.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE TBR
The TBR is equipped with a data logger, which automatically stores the number of tippings per unit of
time or the timings of each tipping. At monthly intervals the logger is read out. On a daily basis the
functioning of the equipment is to be checked as per instructions of the supplier.
2.3.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE TBR
Maintenance of TBR should be carried out in accordance with the instructions supplied with the
equipment. The collector should be kept clear of obstructions and it should be done gently without
disturbing the tipping bucket switch. If the bucket does not tip, it is probably sticking on its bearings. If
the bucket does tip but the counter reading fails to advance, the trouble may be due to a faulty
counter or switch. For rectification of these defects, only an expert mechanic needs to attend.
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3 TEMPERATURE
3.1 MEASURING TEMPERATURE BY THERMOMETERS
3.1.1 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE
Temperature is primarily of interest to hydrology as a controlling variable in the evaporative process. It
is measured with the help of a thermometer. It consists of a glass bulb containing mercury/spirit
connected with a glass tube of very small bore closed at the top. The rise or fall of mercury/spirit
column in the tube is a measure of temperature and the scale is in degree Celsius (o
c). The
thermometer is always kept inside the small Stevenson screen, which protects it from direct sunshine
and also provides good ventilation. The thermometer is read twice daily at 0830 and 1730 hrs IST.
While taking the readings, the eye should be kept at the level of the liquid column (upper curved
surface of mercury column and lower curved surface of spirit).
3.1.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE MAX. & MIN. THERMOMETER
For recording the maximum and minimum thermometer, the procedure is as follows:
• In the case of minimum thermometer, note the position of the end of the dumb - bell shaped
“Index” kept immersed in spirit, farthest from the bulb. The reading will give the lowest
temperature reached since the time of its last setting.
• In the case of maximum thermometer, there is a constriction near the neck of the bulb. When the
temperature of the air rises, the mercury in the thermometer bulb expands and forces its way
through the constriction into the stem of the thermometer. But when the temperature falls, the
mercury above the constriction can not get back into the bulb and the length of the mercury
thread remains unchanged. The end of the mercury thread farthest from the bulb registers the
maximum temperature.
• Both the maximum and minimum thermometers are to be set after the routine morning 0830 hrs
observation. The minimum thermometer alone is also required to be set after the routine 1730 hrs
observation; the maximum thermometer is only to be read without disturbing it.
• For setting the maximum thermometer, it should be removed from its supports and the upper end
of the wooden mount held, keeping the bulb end downwards. Then swing it briskly from the
shoulder in an open and clear space. Repeat swinging till the thermometer bore on both sides of
the constriction is completely filled with mercury. Then replace the thermometer on its supports.
The maximum thermometer after setting should register the same temperature as the dry bulb
mercury thermometer (within 0.5o
C).
• In case of the minimum thermometer, a dumb - bell shaped “Index” is kept immersed in spirit. To
set it, remove it from the supports and tilt it slowly; bulb upwards until the Index touches the end
of the spirit column (tap the instrument gently if necessary). Now mount it on its supports and
verify that it reads nearly the same temperature as the Dry bulb thermometer (within 0.5o
C).
• While taking temperature readings from the mercury thermometers, it should be ensured that the
mercury thread is not broken anywhere. If a break is found, it should be rectified simply by
swinging the thermometer briskly until the thread becomes continuous. A similar procedure is
followed if the spirit column of minimum thermometer is broken into fragments. If the Index of the
minimum thermometer gets stuck in the upper part of the stem, gently tap the lower end of the
thermometer mount against the palm of the hand.
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3.1.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE THERMOMETERS
The thermometers should be kept clean and the bulbs bright. The stem of the thermometer should
also be kept tight to the porcelain mount otherwise the graduations on the stem will not exactly
coincide with the graduations on the mount. Every thermometer has its own mount and under no
circumstances the thermometer be fitted to a mount belonging to another thermometer. The
thermometers are kept inside the Stevenson screen and for proper ventilation, the exposure
conditions should be good that is, no obstructions to prevailing wind. The screen should be painted
white once in two years.
3.2 MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE BY THERMOGRAPH
3.2.1 THERMOGRAPH
A thermograph is an instrument for recording the temperature of the surrounding air continuously and
automatically. The sensor used is a bimetallic helix formed from aquaflex or coflex strips. Its one end
is fixed while the other end is attached to a spindle to which the pen arm is screwed. When
temperature changes, the curvature of the helix changes and this movement is recorded on a chart.
The instrument is shown in Figure 3.1.
3.2.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE THERMOGRAPH
The thermograph is kept inside a large Stevenson screen, which is erected by the side of a small
Stevenson screen in the observatory enclosure.
For routine observations at 0830 and 1730 the following procedure is followed:
• Move the pen away from the chart by means of the pen lifter, note the exact time and open the
case of the instrument.
• Lift off the chart retaining clip and remove the recorded chart.
• Wind the clock if necessary and adjust the regulator if it is running fast or slow.
• Clean the pen and ink it.
• Enter the temperature range on new chart. Wrap the chart on the drum so that the lower edge is
touching the flange at the base of the drum and the lines at the two ends of the chart coincide.
Insert the chart-retaining clamp.
• Let the pen point nearly touch the chart and adjust the time by turning the drum backward. With
the help of the pen lifter, allow the pen to come in contact with the chart and put the time mark.
• Close the case of the instrument and check that the pen has begun to trace on the chart. Time
marks should be put on the chart at 0830 hrs and 1730 hrs IST.
• On the removed chart, enter date, time of beginning and ending of the record. Temperature
values are tabulated from the autographic chart at prescribed hours and also the Max and Min.
values as recorded on the chart.
For changing a chart the following procedure is followed:
• Fix a new chart on the clock drum close to the bottom flange and ensure lines on the overlapping
and underlying portions of the chart are coincident.
• Wind the clock and ink the pen and move the pen lifter so that it rests on the chart.
• Read the air temperature from the dry bulb thermometer kept in the adjacent small screen. Adjust
the thermograph to this value. The normal range used is 5o
C to 50o
C and these values should be
entered at an interval of every 5o
C on the chart. The range of the chart can be changed due to
seasonal variations of temperature.
• Before making the thermograph operational, the readings of the instrument should be compared
with the readings of the dry bulb thermometer and slight adjustment may be made if necessary.
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Figure 3.1: Thermograph
3.2.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE THERMOGRAPH
The readings of the thermograph should be checked regularly by comparison with the control dry bulb
thermometer. As the lag coefficient of the thermograph element is different from that of mercury, a
suitable time for comparison is on a cloudy day. Alternatively minimum readings of the thermograph
trace may be compared with the readings of the minimum thermometer. If the difference of 1o
C or
more is observed, the thermograph should be reset. Further, the trace of the pen on the chart should
be thin and clear. If it is thick, clean the pen. If there are breaks in the record, check whether the pen
is in proper contact with the chart or sufficient ink is put or whether the clock drum is in working
condition.
To obtain the best results, the instrument should be kept clean, the bearings of the spindle and gate
suspension cleaned with methylated spirit and the pressure of the pen on the chart adjusted carefully.
The sensitive element should be handled carefully to avoid mechanical damage and be kept free from
dust by wiping it with a soft cloth once a week. With careful attention and proper maintenance, the
thermograph should give a clear and accurate record correct to + 0.25o
C.
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4 HUMIDITY
4.1 MEASUREMENT PRACTICE WET AND DRY BULB THERMOMETERS
The standard means of assessing the relative humidity or moisture content of the air is by means of
the joint measurement of dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures. The difference between the dry bulb
and the wet bulb temperatures is a measure of the relative humidity. For calculating the relative
humidity hygrometric tables are available at the station, which are very simple.
The measurement practice for reading thermometers is explained in Section 3.1. With respect to the
wet bulb thermometer the following should be observed.
For wrapping of the muslin cloth on the wet bulb thermometer, the muslin is first washed with soap
and boiling water to remove the starch before putting it over the bulb in one single layer. It is tied
round the bulb by a cotton wick (4 strands of cotton thread), the free end of the wick is kept dipped in
distilled water kept in a bottle with a small neck. Care should be taken not to fasten the wick too tightly
round the neck of the mercury bulb, otherwise the circulation of water along the wick, thence to the
muslin, will be stopped at this point. It is essential to keep the water circulation continuous as the thin
water film forming over the mercury bulb keep evaporating. It is, therefore, necessary to examine the
muslin before reading the wet bulb temperature because in summer, the water evaporates rapidly
from the wick and there is danger of the muslin being left dry while in damp cold weather, too much
water may collect on the muslin and even drip down from the bulb. Both these defects tend to an
incorrect reading of the wet bulb thermometer. It should be avoided by adjusting the length of the
wick.
4.2 MEASUREMENT OF HUMIDITY BY HYGROGRAPH
4.2.1 HYGROGRAPH
The hygrograph records the relative humidity of the air continuously. It works on the principle that the
length of the human hair, which is used as a sensor, varies considerably with the change in relative
humidity. The instrument is shown in Figure 4.1.
4.2.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE HYGROGRAPH
For recording the relative humidity of the air, the hygrograph is generally placed by the side of a
thermograph in large Stevenson Screen located in the observatory enclosure. The screen should be
located at a place where the surrounding air is free from pollution like excessive smoke, dust, oil
vapour, ammonia gas etc.
For routine observations at 0830 hrs IST the following procedure is adopted:
• Open the case of the instrument, move the pen away from the chart and note the exact time.
• Lift off the chart-retaining clip and remove the recorded chart.
• Wind the clock if necessary and adjust the regulator if it is running fast or slow.
• Clean the pen and ink it.
• Enter the relative humidity range on the new chart.
• Wrap it on the drum so that the lower edge is touching the flange at the base of the drum and the
lines at the two ends of the chart coincide. Insert the chart-retaining clip.
• Let the pen point nearly touch the chart and adjust the time by turning the drum.
• Allow the pen to come in contact with the chart and put the time mark by moving the pen arm in
the direction of decreasing relative humidity on the chart. This is necessary because the hairs
should not be strained in any way.
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• Close the case of the instrument and check that the pen has begun to trace on the chart. Time
marks should be put on the chart at 1130 hrs and 1730 hrs IST.
• On the removed chart, enter date, time of beginning and ending of the record. Humidity values
are tabulated from the autographic chart at hourly basis in the prescribed format and also enter
the maximum and minimum values as recorded on the chart.
Figure 4.1: Hygrograph
4.2.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE HYDGOGRAPH
For proper maintenance of the instrument, the strand of hair should be kept clean and free from dust
by washing with distilled water every week. For this purpose, the guard is removed, the dust on the
hairs is first brushed off with a soft brush and then washed out in distilled water from end to end with a
full brush. The hairs should not be touched with fingers. The spindle pivots are cleaned once a month
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with methylated spirit. If cleaning with methylated spirit fails to free the pivots remove the spindle and
clean the pivot holes. Only undo one pivot screw to remove the spindle. When cleaning the
mechanism, it is advisable to release the hook from the bundle of hairs to avoid the possibility of any
strain. The surface of the two cams should also be kept clean and occasionally polished with a piece
of blotting paper rubbed with a lead pencil to reduce the friction.
The instrument requires routine checking by comparing the readings of the hygrograph with wet and
dry bulb thermometers observation. If the relative humidity recorded by the hygrograph differs from
the simultaneous values calculated from wet and dry bulb thermometers by more than 10%, the
tension of the hair strand should first be adjusted in order to bring the pen approximately to the correct
position. Remove the guard by taking off the screws at the four corners and release by clamp screw
by which the left end of the hair strand is clamped. Adjust the tension of the hair by pushing in or
drawing out the end piece under the clamp until the pen comes to the desired position. Tighten the
clamp. Replace the guard.
It should be remembered that dust on the hair causes appreciable errors in the observations. So it is
necessary to keep the hairs clean. It is also possible that the zero for the instrument may change if the
time mark is made in the direction of increasing relative humidity, or the instrument is kept for a long
time in very dry air. Such an error may often be remedied by keeping the instrument in saturated air
for some time.
Hair hygrograph in perfect condition can record relative humidity correct to within 5%.
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5 EVAPORATION
5.1 CLASS A OPEN PAN EVAPORIMETER
Evaporation is a process by which water changes from liquid to vapour state continuously at all
temperatures. The instrument used for measuring evaporation is called an Evaporimeter. At Full
Climate Station the type of the evaporimeter used is Class A Open Pan and is shown in Figure 5.1.
Figure 5.1: US Class A pan evaporimeter, general set up
5.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE CLASS A PAN
For the operation of the Class A pan the following procedure is adopted:
• Check the level of the top rim of the stilling well with a spirit level.
• Add water to the pan till the level reaches the tip of the reference point.
• Place the wire mesh cover over the pan fitting tightly over the rim all round
• Clamp the thermometer stand to the side of the pan and fix the thermometer to the clamp so that
the mercury bulb is just dipping in water.
Evaporation readings are take twice daily at 0830 and 1730 hrs IST using the following procedure:
• At the prescribed time read the thermometer.
• Then add water to the pan slowly using the measuring cylinder until the tip of the fixed point
coincides with the surface of the water in the well. As the measuring cylinder is graduated from
top to bottom with zero line on the top, the amount of water added to the pan can be noted.
Usually more than one filling of the cylinder will be necessary to bring the water level to the tip of
the gauge. Reflection of the sky in the water will assist in determining when the point first touches
the surface. As the water approaches the tip of the point, pour slowly to prevent over-filling of the
stilling well.
• Read the level of the water remaining in the cylinder. Suppose two full cylinders of water and 11
cm are observed. This means (20+20+11) = 51 cm of water from the cylinder is added to the pan.
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This amount is divided by 100 i.e. 5.1 mm is the amount of water lost by evaporation from the
pan, if no rain has occurred since the previous hour of observation.
If rain has occurred during the interval between the two observations and exceeds the water lost by
evaporation, water has to be removed (-) from the pan, instead of being added (+). For example, if the
amount of water removed is 58 cm and the rainfall since last observation is 6.7 mm, then the water
lost by evaporation is 6.7 - 5.8 = 0.9 mm. If, due to heavy rain, the level of water in the pan has risen
to a height that it is less than 12 mm from its rim, no evaporation reading will be recorded.
In case the rainfall is little, say 1.2 mm, then the actual evaporation is the amount of water added to
the pan, say 28 cm, plus the rainfall, that is 2.8 + 1.2 = 4.0 mm.
5.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE CLASS A PAN
It is necessary to clean the pan once a fortnight to keep it free from sediments and oil films. The
cleaning should be done after the routine observation. A small amount of copper sulphate may be
added to fresh water when refilled in order to avoid the growth of algae. Also clean the stilling well and
centre point rod with a soft cloth. The three side holes in the stilling well must be free from dirt or
sediment. Inspect the pan carefully for leaks since any leak will render the instrument unserviceable.
Inform the controlling office in case there is significant leakage in the pan. Keep the measure glass
also clean.
When heavy rains threaten to overflow the pan, remove water to lower the level to about 100mm
below the rim. The quantity of water removed must be carefully noted. As a normal practice, keep the
water level in the pan between 25 to 50 mm below the rim. Whenever water is added or removed from
the pan, record the reading before and after a brief interval of 5 minutes and enter these in the
prescribed format. Every year, the pan should be painted with chlorinated white rubber paint and also
should be checked to ensure that the wooden stand and bottom of the pan are perfectly horizontal.
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6 SOLAR RADIATION
6.1 SUNSHINE RECORDER
The instrument commonly used in the meteorological network to estimate solar radiation is the
Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder, shown in Figure 6.1.
Figure 6.1: Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder
6.2 STANDARD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE SUNSHINE RECORDER
Once the instrument is set, only the card is changed every day after sunset. During the rainy season,
it is advisable to insert a fresh card in the morning before sunrise. The actual time of insertion and
withdrawal with date should be noted on the card. While inserting the card, care must be taken to
ensure that the noon line on the card coincides exactly with the noon mark on the bowl. The long
curved summer cards should be used from April 12 to September 2 inclusive. These are inserted with
their convex edge uppermost. The short curved winter cards should be used from October 15 to
February 28 (or 29 in a leap year) inclusive. The straight cards are for use during the remainder of the
year (about the equinoxes). When inserting equinoctial card, check that the hour figures are correct,
otherwise, if the card is inserted upside down, the morning sunshine will be recorded on the portion of
the card intended for the afternoon record and vice versa.
The actual time of insertion and withdrawal should be noted on the card. A fresh card should be
inserted every day even if no sunshine has been recorded. For tabulating the total length of the trace
on the sunshine card, the whole of the burnt trace as well as the brown trace should be measured. A
convenient method of evaluating the trace is to use a special plastic scale supplied to each station.
Hourly values of sunshine duration are also to be tabulated as per prescribed format.
6.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE SUNSHINE RECORDER
For proper maintenance, keep the instrument cleaned first by brushing off the dust and then wiping
with a soft cloth. The glass sphere should be cleaned as required with chamois leather. Any dirt
accumulated in the flanges should be cleaned. Any bird- dropping or dew deposits on the instrument
should be cleaned.
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7 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
7.1 BAROGRAPH
The pressure of the atmosphere at any point is the weight of the air column, which lies vertically
above a unit area. The unit of pressure is Hectopascal (hPa). An instrument which records
atmospheric pressure at any place continuously and automatically is the barograph, see Figure 7.1.
Figure 7.1: Barograph
The essential parts of the barograph are an aneroid element, which is sensitive to changes in
atmosphere pressure, a system of levers and a clock mechanism, which drives a drum on which a
chart is wrapped. The movement of the aneroid element, which either expands or contracts due to
changes in the atmospheric pressure, is amplified by means of the system of levers and recorded by
a pen on the chart.
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The open scale barograph is generally used at most of the full climate observatories and is installed in
the FCS maintained by Groundwater Organisations. The instrument is installed in a place where it is
protected from sudden changes of temperature, vibration and dust. It is best to install the barograph in
a room on a horizontal shelf or masonry pillar about one meter high and protected from direct
sunshine.
7.2 STANDARD MEASURING PRACTICE BAROGRAPH
Lift the pen off the chart, raise the hinged cover, remove the old chart and wrap a new chart round the
drum, ensuring that corresponding lines on over lapping and underlying portions of the chart are
coincident and the chart is touching the bottom flange. Insert the chart clip over the left-hand edge. Ink
the pen and move the pen lifter so that the pen rests on the chart. A proper setting is then made by
turning the clock unit so that the pen strikes the chart at the correct time position. This setting should
be made in a counter clock-wise direction.
The initial setting of the Barograph is done with the help of the mercury barometer and it is so set that
the mean station pressure is about the centre of the chart. This setting is done by India Meteorological
Department. Since the range of the chart is not specified on it, it is necessary to enter the range 960
to 1045 hPa at an interval of 10 hPa for easy reading at the time of tabulation.
The daily routine is as under:
• The chart is changed daily exactly at 0830 hrs IST.
• Lift the pen from the chart by pen lifter, note the exact time and open the lid of the instrument.
• Take the drum off its spindle, loosen the clip and remove the completed chart.
• Wind the clock and adjust, the regulator in case the watch is running slow or fast.
• Clean the nib with spirit & then ink it.
• Enter the range and date on the new chart. Wrap it on the drum properly. Insert the chart-
retaining clip.
• Place the drum on the spindle carefully and adjust the time by turning the drum backward.
• Close the case of the instrument gently.
• Use the pen lifter to put the pen point on the chart.
• Check that the pen has begun to trace on the chart.
• Fill up the spaces provided like time etc. on the removed chart.
• Time marks should be put on the chart at 0830 and 1730 hrs IST by opening the case of the
instrument and pressing the pen about 3 mm down with finger.
• The readings of the barograph should be checked regularly with those of mercury barometer.
(IMD Inspector periodically compares with Standard barometer).
• Hourly values of atmospheric pressure are to be tabulated as per the prescribed format.
7.3 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE BAROGRAPH
A perfect record is one in which the trace is thin, clear and sharp and brings out details of minor
changes of pressure. For this purpose, the instrument must be kept clean, the bearings of the
spindles and gate suspension cleaned and lightly oiled and the pressure of the pen on the chart
adjusted carefully. The cleaning is done with a soft camel hairbrush. The pen is cleaned with
methylated spirit. For perfect clock movement, no over or under winding and no exposure to
excessive moisture. Excessive moisture causes rust which causes friction and stoppage of clock. If it
happen, report the matter to controlling office.
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8 DATA ENTRY IN THE PRESCRIBED FORMS
The observations of various climatic variables are made in the following sequence commencing from
10 minutes preceding the schedule hour i.e. 0820 for 0830 hrs and 1720 for 1730 hrs of observation:
1. Wind instruments
2. Rain gauges
3. Thermometers
4. Evaporation
5. Radiation
6. Barometer exactly at 0830 and 1730 hrs IST
• After each observation, enter the values of the climatic variable in the Register or on the
prescribed Form neatly and correctly.
• To tabulate hourly values from the autographic charts removed in the morning at 0830 hrs
from the autographic instruments like ARG, thermograph, hygrograph, sunshine recorder,
barograph if installed and enter the values in the prescribed formats.
• To post all the formats in original to the controlling Sub-Division within 4 working days of the
following month i.e. January records to be despatched by 4th of February likewise.
• The field station must retain the original Registers or carbon copies of the prescribed formats
sent the controlling office.
• For proper planning or designing of hydrological projects, it is necessary that the data
recorded should be reliable. So every care must be taken by the Observers to ensure correct
recording and despatching of hydrometeorological data.
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Annexure – I
Field data form for climatic variables
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Hydro-meteorology March 2003 Annex - II
Annexure – II
Field data form SRG
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IHydro-meteorology March 2003 Annex - III
Annexure – III
Field data form ARG