This document provides guidance on working with map layers and network layers in HYMOS, a hydrological modeling software. It describes how to obtain map layers from digitized topographic maps and remotely sensed data. It also explains how to create network layers by manually adding observation stations or importing them from another database. The document outlines how to manage and set properties for map layers and network layers within HYMOS to control visibility, styling, and other display options.
Precision Farming (PF) is introduced and history in short is reviewed. Essential activities of GPS locating, soil mapping, GIS dataprocessing and presentation and VRT application are described. Basic principles of PF are shown to be:
• Precision Farming is the management process of within-field variability.
• This management must bring profit or at least reduce the risk of loss
• This management must reduce the impact of farming on environment.
Techniques used in Precision Farming are described. Economics of Precision Farming is discussed. A general cost/benefit analysis and profitability of PF are reviewed. The price of PF adoption facing a farmer is discussed. Methods of process analysis and activity based costing are shown as useful instruments for PF process analysis and model building. PF process is analysed and process graph is developed.
Precision Farming (PF) is introduced and history in short is reviewed. Essential activities of GPS locating, soil mapping, GIS dataprocessing and presentation and VRT application are described. Basic principles of PF are shown to be:
• Precision Farming is the management process of within-field variability.
• This management must bring profit or at least reduce the risk of loss
• This management must reduce the impact of farming on environment.
Techniques used in Precision Farming are described. Economics of Precision Farming is discussed. A general cost/benefit analysis and profitability of PF are reviewed. The price of PF adoption facing a farmer is discussed. Methods of process analysis and activity based costing are shown as useful instruments for PF process analysis and model building. PF process is analysed and process graph is developed.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
The main focus of this study is to find appropriate and stable solutions for representing the statistical data into map with some special features. This research also includes the comparison between different solutions for specific features. In this research I have found three solutions using three different technologies namely Oracle MapViewer, QGIS and AnyMap which are different solutions with different specialties. Each solution has its own specialty so we can choose any solution for representing the statistical data into maps depending on our criteria’s.
Hadoop Mapreduce Performance Enhancement Using In-Node Combinersijcsit
While advanced analysis of large dataset is in high demand, data sizes have surpassed capabilities of
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framework and propose methods for enhancing I/O performance. A proven approach is to cache data to
maximize memory-locality of all map tasks. We introduce an approach to optimize I/O, the in-node
combining design which extends the traditional combiner to a node level. The in-node combiner reduces
the total number of intermediate results and curtail network traffic between mappers and reducers.
While advanced analysis of large dataset is in high demand, data sizes have surpassed capabilities of
conventional software and hardware. Hadoop framework distributes large datasets over multiple
commodity servers and performs parallel computations. We discuss the I/O bottlenecks of Hadoop
framework and propose methods for enhancing I/O performance. A proven approach is to cache data to
maximize memory-locality of all map tasks. We introduce an approach to optimize I/O, the in-node
combining design which extends the traditional combiner to a node level. The in-node combiner reduces
the total number of intermediate results and curtail network traffic between mappers and reducers.
Perhaps the most important component of a GIS is in the part of data used in GIS. The data for GIS can be derived from various sources. A wide variety of data sources exist for both spatial and attribute data.
Mumbai University, T.Y.B.Sc.(I.T.), Semester VI, Principles of Geographic Information System, USIT604, Discipline Specific Elective Unit 2: Data Management and Processing System
TYBSC IT PGIS Unit II Chapter I Data Management and Processing SystemsArti Parab Academics
Data Management and Processing Systems Hardware and Software Trends Geographic Information Systems: GIS Software, GIS Architecture and functionality, Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) Stages of Spatial Data handling: Spatial data handling and preparation, Spatial Data Storage and maintenance, Spatial Query and Analysis, Spatial Data Presentation. Database management Systems: Reasons for using a DBMS, Alternatives for data management, The relational data model, Querying the relational database. GIS and Spatial Databases: Linking GIS and DBMS, Spatial database functionality.
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
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Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
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1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
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Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
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During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
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- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
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Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
1. World Bank & Government of The Netherlands funded
Training module # SWDP - 47
How to work with map
layers and network layers
New Delhi, February 2002
CSMRS Building, 4th Floor, Olof Palme Marg, Hauz Khas,
New Delhi – 11 00 16 India
Tel: 68 61 681 / 84 Fax: (+ 91 11) 68 61 685
E-Mail: hydrologyproject@vsnl.com
DHV Consultants BV & DELFT HYDRAULICS
with
HALCROW, TAHAL, CES, ORG & JPS
2. HP Training Module File: “ 47 How to work with map layers and network layers.doc ” Version Feb. 02 Page 1
Table of contents
Page
1. Module context 2
2. Module profile 3
3. Session plan 4
4. Overhead/flipchart master 5
5. Handout 6
6. Additional handout 8
7. Main text 9
3. HP Training Module File: “ 47 How to work with map layers and network layers.doc ” Version Feb. 02 Page 2
1. Module context
While designing a training course, the relationship between this module and the others,
would be maintained by keeping them close together in the syllabus and place them in a
logical sequence. The actual selection of the topics and the depth of training would, of
course, depend on the training needs of the participants, i.e. their knowledge level and skills
performance upon the start of the course.
4. HP Training Module File: “ 47 How to work with map layers and network layers.doc ” Version Feb. 02 Page 3
2. Module profile
Title : How to work with map layers and network layers
Target group : HIS function(s): ……
Duration : x session of y min
Objectives : After the training the participants will be able to:
Key concepts : •
Training methods : Lecture, exercises
Training tools
required
: Board, flipchart
Handouts : As provided in this module
Further reading
and references
:
5. HP Training Module File: “ 47 How to work with map layers and network layers.doc ” Version Feb. 02 Page 4
3. Session plan
No Activities Time Tools
1 Preparations
2 Introduction: min OHS x
Exercise min
Wrap up min
6. HP Training Module File: “ 47 How to work with map layers and network layers.doc ” Version Feb. 02 Page 5
4. Overhead/flipchart master
7. HP Training Module File: “ 47 How to work with map layers and network layers.doc ” Version Feb. 02 Page 6
5. Handout
8. HP Training Module File: “ 47 How to work with map layers and network layers.doc ” Version Feb. 02 Page 7
Add copy of the main text in chapter 7, for all participants
9. HP Training Module File: “ 47 How to work with map layers and network layers.doc ” Version Feb. 02 Page 8
6. Additional handout
These handouts are distributed during delivery and contain test questions, answers to
questions, special worksheets, optional information, and other matters you would not like to
be seen in the regular handouts.
It is a good practice to pre-punch these additional handouts, so the participants can easily
insert them in the main handout folder.
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7. Main text
Contents
1 Map layers and Network layers 1
11. HP Training Module File: “ 47 How to work with map layers and network layers.doc ” Version Feb. 02 Page 1
How to work with map layers and network layers
1 Map layers and Network layers
1.1 What are map and network layers in HYMOS
HYMOS provides for a graphical user interface, component called NETTER, in the form of
maps showing various topographic features. Various features like rivers, canal, lakes,
reservoirs, observation stations, elevation contours, roads and other
transport/communication lines, cities, districts/province and other administrative boundaries
etc. are normally of interest to the hydrologists while working for hydrological data
processing. Information on all these topographical features is required in digital form for
making use in various software systems. This digital information is produced in various forms
as vector or raster by various digitising procedures in different formats. Such information is
generally used in any typical Geographical Information System (GIS) for purpose of
reference and analysis.
In NETTER, the observation stations are depicted by nodes of the monitoring network and
are combinedly taken as a network layer. A distinction is made between the map
information on the location of observation stations (to be associated with the database) and
that on all other map features. Locations of observation stations are considered as nodes
and lot of data for the same is maintained in the associated databases. These location and
other attributes of these observation stations (called as nodes in NETTER) are kept in
separate file called “HYMOS.NTW”. The important attributes of the observation stations
being kept in the network layers are the latitude, longitude and the type of the station (i.e. the
node type). These network layers are created for a database by either adding observation
stations one-by-one or by importing stations from a transfer database.
The map layers, in HYMOS, on the other hand are those features which are required to be
used for the purpose of reference. Such layers are though not strictly related with the data in
the database but may sometimes be used during certain hydrological computation. The
basic building blocks of any network or map layer are the geometric entities as point(s),
line(s) and polygon(s). Any line or polygon feature also, in fact, is a composition of several
points only. And that any map layer is a collection of blocks of the required point(s), line(s)
and/or polygon(s). Usually, point, line or polygon type of features are kept in separate layers
with due distinction but may also be combined in certain cases is so required. Similarly, one
or more topographical features as river, lakes, spot levels, elevation contours etc. can be in
separate or combined files as per the requirement of the user. Also, for a certain feature like
river, the information can be organised for individual rivers separately or in combined form as
per the requirement.
1.2 How to obtain map layers
Map layers are obtainable from various types and sources of information like topographical
maps and remotely sensed data in digital form etc. Any topographic feature can be
considered as comprised of point(s), line(s) or polygon(s). From the base topographic maps
such information is to be digitised using a digitiser. The digitising operation can be
accelerated by scanning the topographic maps and then digitising directly on the computer
screen, in a semi-automatic manner, on the basis of scanned image.
While digitising any information from the topographic maps, certain aspects like the scale of
the base map (which affect the accuracy), map projection system and format of the digital
output required etc. must be taken into account. There are standard software, like Didger,
specifically for digitising the information from a paper map and from scanned images on
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computer screen directly. Also, most of the standard GIS software like ARC-INFO, ILWIS
etc. come with such digitising components. It is also necessary and possible to check on the
consistency of the digitised information using certain tools embedded in the digitising
software. Various formats used by different digitisation software are:
• *.BNA (Atlas GIS, but also PC-Arc/Info can export this format)
• *.MIF (Map Info Format)
• *.MOS (MOSS format, a grid based GIS)
• *.SHP (Universal Shape Format)
Under HP the desired information is tried to be prepared State-wise by digitising
topographical themes from 1:50,000 scale toposheets of Survey of India. Some of the
additional themes like soil type, land use and geology would be prepared from information
available on 1:250,000 scale with related agencies like National Bureau of Soil Survey &
Land Use (NBSSLU), Nagpur and Geological Survey of India (GSI), Calcutta.
Since the above process of digitisation by the agencies will take considerable time, it is
planned that for the time being readily available digitised information on 1:1000,000 from
other sources like Digital Chart of the World (DCW) is used. Such information has been
distributed to all the users in the form of a CD containing digital data on themes like rivers,
lakes, canals, contours, spot heights, roads, country, cities, villages, etc. on 1:1000,000
scale for around the globe. Users can obtain information on any of these themes from this
CD for any desired area.
For extracting information from “DCW” CD, a software called “DCW-Clipper” which is
available on the same CD, is to be installed. This Installation provides two components: (a)
DCW-Mapper and (b) DCW-Clipper. First, DCW-Mapper software is to be run which brings
the map of the globe as shown in Figure 7.1. User can then zoom-in to any portion of
interest on the map and use the option of “Clip” to input data for extracting desired map
information as shown in Figure 7.2. The digital map information can be extracted in any of
the formats like “Atlas*GIS (*.BNA), MapInFo (*.MIF), Mapper (*.MPL) and ArcView Shape
(*.SHP).
The extracted information is thus exported at the user specified location.
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Figure 1.1: DCW-Mapper screen showing map of the World for defining area of
interest to be clipped
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Figure 1.2:
DCW-Clipper screen
showing input box
for selection of
layers to be clipped
Though NETTER can work with any of the formats mentioned above, a conversion program
called “MAPLINK” is also provided. This program helps converting digital map layer
information in one format to another. In fact, this program was necessary with previous
versions of NETTER which use to accept map layers in “*.MPL” format only. For converting
information in one format to another the MAPLINK program is used as shown in Figure 7.3.
User has to specify the path at which the files to be converted are located together with the
input and output file types. After the desired input is given, conversion is done by the
program and user obtains information in the desired format.
Figure 1.3:
MAPLINK program
for conversion of GIS
layers from one
format into another
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1.3 How to make network layers
Network layer comprise of observation stations of different types. Any number of types of
observation stations can be defined in the system. Some of the pre-defined types of stations
are:
• water level
• discharge
• groundwater
• water quality
• meteorological
• rainfall
• structure
• spatial average etc.
In HYMOS, the observation stations are depicted by nodes of the monitoring network and
are combinedly taken as a network layer.
In NETTER, a distinction is made between the map information on the location of
observation stations (to be associated with the database) and that on all other map features.
Locations of observation stations are considered as nodes and lot of data for the same is
maintained in the associated databases. These location and other attributes of these
observation stations (called as nodes in NETTER) are kept in separate file called Network
layer. The important attributes of the observation stations being kept in the network layers
are the latitude, longitude and the type of the station (i.e. the node type). These network
layers are created for a database by either adding observation stations one-by-one or by
importing stations from a SWDES transfer database.
Observation stations (network nodes) can be manually added in HYMOS using “Edit
Network option” of Netter. Various options like “Add”, “Move”, “Delete”, “Node Type”,
“Rename” and “Properties” are available as editing options (see Figure 7.4).
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Figure 1.4: Editing option for management of network nodes.
By using “Add” option an observation station can be created on the map. User is to give
details on the station code and name and the station has to be located by the mouse pointer.
Similarly, the created station can be moved elsewhere, if required, by choosing the option of
“Move” or can be deleted by the “Delete” option. The station type is the category of the
station which it belongs to and can be edited by using “Node Type” option. In case the name
of a station is to be edited then “Rename” option can be used. The option on “Properties” is
used for relocating the station by numerically changing the co-ordinates. The station
automatically takes the new position as per the changes made. Normally, the “station codes”
are displayed adjacent to the location of the station but in case it is needed to display
“station names” or not to display anything then suitable changes can be made using
“options” from the main menu and “options …” from the list of sub-menus. In this manner the
network nodes can be created and maintained.
In case the network is to be established by directly importing the stations from the SWDES
transfer database, the procedure is very simple. From SWDES the required stations are
exported using the “Export to HYMOS” option and then the transfer database thus created is
imported in HYMOS database. As soon as the import is over all the stations are created
together with the associated characteristics.
1.4 How to work with map layers
Once the map layers are available they can be copied in the “Maps” directory in a particular
database. Though these layers can be accessed from anywhere without placing them in a
particular directory but it is always better for the sake of convenience that they are available
in the folder of the concerned database itself. Maps layers are managed using the sub-
option of “Map Options” under “Options” item on the menu bar of Netter program. Upon
selecting this “Map Options” item, an input box as shown in Figure 7.5 appears on the
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screen. There are few entities on this input box through which the display and use of any
map layer can be effected.
Figure 1.5: Input dialog box for management of map layers.
First of all, there is a list box in the left-hand side showing all those map layers which are
registered with a particular database. There is a button on the top for locating and opening
up any new map layer. Few more buttons are available for deleting, advancing or retreating
any map layer. Further, there are some more options for setting the properties of any layer.
Using the option of “Properties” any map layer can be made visible or selectable or if it is to
be reflected in the legend. The colour and thickness of the lines or the colour of the fill of a
polygon or the size and type of the points can all be settable from this “Properties” option. A
very useful option is to set the minimum and maximum zoom range for any map layer so that
the layer ceases to show up when the scale of the map becomes less than or more than the
specified limits respectively by zooming out or zooming in. The minimum limit is very useful
for avoiding display of certain details which otherwise may make the map cluttered.
Secondly, provision is available for setting the properties for the point items on the map by
using “Lable” option. Settings like name and identification of the point and location of the
label, its size, fonts etc.. Also, the option on “Coordinates” shows the areal extent of the map
layer towards the four sides.
Most of the map layers are used for the purpose of reference by displaying on the screen. It
may also be possible to look at the properties of these layers such as length of the river,
area or perimeter of a catchment, value of the contour provided that the same is available in
the database. However, few layers such as the catchment boundaries are also used for
calculation of areal estimates of rainfall etc.
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1.5 How to work with network layers
Network layers are basically the nodes and their inter-connections denoting observation
stations and hydrological links as river or channel reaches. After the network is established
as mentioned in previous section, these nodes can be used for selection of stations and
thereupon processing the data available at any of the selected stations. Selection of stations
can be made in two ways: (a) by individually selecting stations by clicking with mouse
(multiple stations by keeping the SHIFT key pressed) or (b) by selecting all the stations
within a map item like a basin or sub-basin. For the later case it is required to choose the
option of “Select by map item” under the “Select” option in the menu bar of Netter.