Doubled-Up Legumes in Malawi
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Doubled-up legumes, where two legume crops are grown together, provides a sustainable approach to increasing cereal production in Malawi. The study found that growing groundnuts and pigeon peas together (doubled-up legumes) resulted in higher legume and subsequent maize yields than sole cropping. Specifically, doubled-up legumes led to a 35% increase in land equivalent ratios compared to sole cropped legumes or fertilized maize. The rotational benefits of doubled-up legumes also increased maize yields in the second year without added fertilizer compared to sole cropped legumes or unfertilized maize. This innovative practice combines the complementary traits of different legume species to improve soil fertility and
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Doubled-Up Legumes in Malawi
- 1. Doubled-Up Legumes in Malawi: An Innovation for Sustainable Rain-Fed Cereal Production in Developing Countries Sieglinde Snapp1, Regis Chikowo1,2, Wezi Mhango3, Vicki Morrone1, Mateete Bekunda2, and Irmgard Hoeschle-Zeledon2 1Michigan State University,2IITA, 3Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources Tropentag 2014, Prague, Czech Republic -17-19 September, 2014
- 3. Africa -7 to 10 kg/Ha fertilizer
- 5. Two types of legumes Annuals -for food Perennials –agroforestry soil fertility & fuelwood Bean, groundnut & soyabean Gliricidia& tephrosiatrees
- 6. A third way: doubled up legumes
- 7. A third way: doubled up legumesPigeon pea(Cajanuscajan) Soyabean
- 8. Karonga ADD Mzuzu ADD Kasungu ADD Lilongwe ADD Machinga ADD Blantyre ADD Shire Valley ADD Mzuzu Lilongwe Blantyre Zomba Kasungu Karonga Mchinji Chitipa Salima Lower Shire Valley: < 200 m elevation Lakeshore, Middle & Upper Shire: 200 - 760 m Highlands: > 1300 m Mid-elevation Upland Plateau: 760 - 1300 m T. Benson; 10/98 MALAWI Nsanje Salima ADD Mzimba Mangochi
- 9. Participatory research and educationIterativeCo-learning Diagnosis & Systems Analysis Best bets On-farm research Farmer Capacity Better bet options
- 11. Groundnut Pigeon pea Year 1: Doubled Up Legumes
- 12. Year 2: Maize
- 13. LER = 1.35 Unfertilized maize Fert NP Fert NP+Manure Groundnut DUL-groundnut Pigeonpea DUL-pigeonpea Maize or legume grain yields (Mg/ha) 0 1 2 3 4 5 YEAR 1: Sole or doubled-up legumes in maize based systems (4 sites, n=12)
- 14. LER = 1.35 Unfertilized maize Fert NP Fert NP+Manure Groundnut DUL-groundnut Pigeonpea DUL-pigeonpea Maize or legume grain yields (Mg/ha) 0 1 2 3 4 5 YEAR 1: Sole or doubled-up legumes (DUL) with maize
- 15. LER = 1.35 Unfertilized maize Fert NP Fert NP+Manure Groundnut DUL-groundnut Pigeonpea DUL-pigeonpea Maize or legume grain yields (Mg/ha) 0 1 2 3 4 5 Unfertilized maize Fert NP Fert NP+Manure 50% NP_groundnut 50% NP_pigeonpea 50% NP_DUL Maize yields (Mg/ha) 0 1 2 3 4 5 DUL Effect Year 1 YEAR 2: Rotational effects of sole or doubled-up legumes sequenced with maize
- 16. Mz+Fert Mz+Ppea+Fert Mz+Comp Mz+Beans Mz+Gnuts PPea+Beans PPea+ Gnuts PPea+Soy √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
- 17. Year 1: Pigeonpea + grain legume Year 2: Regrowing pigeonpea + Fert. Maize Year 3: Fertilized Maize Year 2: Maize intercropped with ratooned pigeon pea
- 18. COMBINE complementary life forms Glover et al., 2012
- 19. Pulse plus!
- 20. Africa Research in Sustainable Intensification for the Next Generation africa-rising.net The presentation has a Creative Commons licence. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is given to ILRI. Thank You
Editor's Notes
- Continuous maize production with nil inputs has led to serious soil degradation
- Fertilizer subsidies up and down, in southern Africa have increased smallholder farmer access to about half a bag but still, ver modest levels used – 5 to 10 fold more expensive input than in the USA as no fertilizer manufacturing capacity on the continent
- Now I want to turn to which types of legumes are ‘best bets’ Not all legumes are alike, annuals provide food and agroforestry systems rely on perennial tress. For sustainable intensification the intermediate ‘sweet spot’ is the multipurpose, long-lived legumes that provide immediate returns, food and fodder, plus vegetative growth and deep roots for 10 or more months of N fixation and P solubilization.
- Now I want to turn to which types of legumes are ‘best bets’ Not all legumes are alike, annuals provide food and agroforestry systems rely on perennial tress. For sustainable intensification the intermediate ‘sweet spot’ is the multipurpose, long-lived legumes that provide immediate returns, food and fodder, plus vegetative growth and deep roots for 10 or more months of N fixation and P solubilization.
- Now I want to turn to which types of legumes are ‘best bets’ Not all legumes are alike, annuals provide food and agroforestry systems rely on perennial tress. For sustainable intensification the intermediate ‘sweet spot’ is the multipurpose, long-lived legumes that provide immediate returns, food and fodder, plus vegetative growth and deep roots for 10 or more months of N fixation and P solubilization.
- Preliminary data from mother trials
- Example of range of technologies being adapted and tested by farmers (about 1000 baby farmers involved, 110 or more per each of the 8 mother trial sites).
- Farmer adaptation, interested in ratooning pigeonpea so grows for two years as a perennial agroforestry innovation with doubled up legumes year one, pigeon pea+ maize intercrop in second year and sole maize with inputs for sustainable intensification in year three after rehabilitation.