The document provides an overview of topics that may be covered in DevOps and cloud engineering interviews. It includes questions on Linux, Kubernetes, Docker, shell scripting, the Amazon interview process, and networking. Sample questions are provided for each topic along with an example of Amazon's interview structure and common principles assessed. Key components, configurations, and commands are outlined for areas like containers, orchestration, configuration management, and continuous delivery.

1. DevOps And
Cloud Interview
Questions
By PRAVEEN SINGAMPALLI
09-04-2022
https://topmate.io/praveen_singam
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2. AGENDA
• Linux Questions
• Kubernetes Questions
• Docker Questions
• Shell Scripting Questions
• AMAZON Interview E2E Process/Question
• Important Datapoints Share
• E2E Flow of DevOps

3. Linux:
1) What is booting process in linux
The BIOS Integrity Check (POST) → MBR → GRUB → Kernel→ Init
→ Systemd
2) What is inode in linux
3) What are exit codes?
To get the exit code of a command. → echo $?
4)How to manage users and groups
groupadd [-g gid [-o]] [-r] [-f] groupname
useradd -d homedir -g groupname -s shell -u userid
5) File Type and Access
6) What are Soft Links?
ln -s source.file softlink.file
7) What is a process and thread

4. Create a New Partition in Linux

5. Kubernetes
1) What is the architecture of Kubernetes
Components - Control Manager, ETCD, SCHEDULER, API SERVER
2) What does control manager, etcd, scheduler, API server do
API Server – It is the front-end for the Kubernetes control plane.
Control Manager – This is a component on the master that runs controllers.
ETCD: Consistent and highly-available key value store used as Kubernetes' backing store for all
cluster data.
scheduler - Control plane component that watches for newly created Pods with no
assigned node, and selects a node for them to run on.
3) What is a manifest file and what are the components of it
Apiversion, Kind, Metadata, Spec
File name : nginx-deployment.yaml
5) What is node port, cluster ip
ClusterIP: Exposes the Service on a cluster-internal IP. Choosing this value makes the Service
only reachable from within the cluster. This is the default ServiceType.(To talk to other nodes in
the cluster)
NodePort: Exposes the Service on each Node's IP at a static port (the NodePort).
A ClusterIP Service, to which the NodePort Service routes, is automatically created. You'll be
able to contact the NodePort Service, from outside the cluster, by
requesting <NodeIP>:<NodePort>. (The entrpoint for node)
6) What is persitant volumes and why we use it
7) Describe what is pod
8) How the pod healcheck is done(describe rediness, livesness)
9) How the monitoring is done(integration on Prometheus and grafana)

6. Docker:
1) What is docker architecture
Client-Server Architecture
2) What is dockerfile and docker compose file
4) Explain various layers in a dockerfile
5) What is docker newtworking and tell various types of
network in docker
1) Bridge: The default network driver. Bridge networks apply
to containers running on the same Docker daemon host
2) Host: For standalone containers, remove network isolation
between the container and the Docker host, and use the
host’s networking directly
3) Overlay: Overlay networks connect multiple Docker
daemons together and enable swarm services to
communicate with each other. You can also use overlay
networks to facilitate communication between a swarm
service and a standalone container, or between two
standalone containers on different Docker daemons. 1) Docker Client
2) Docker Daemon
3) Docker Registry
4) Docker Image
5) Docker Container

7. Docker Image/Container and DockerFile
Commands
• A Docker image is a read-
only, inert template that
comes with instructions for
deploying containers. In
Docker, everything basically
revolves around images.
• An image consists of a
collection of files (or layers)
that pack together all the
necessities—such as
dependencies, source code,
and libraries—needed to
set up a completely
functional container
environment.
• Images are stored on a
Docker registry, such as the
Docker Hub, or on a local
registry.
A Docker container is a virtualized runtime environment
that provides isolation capabilities for separating the
execution of applications from the underpinning system.
It’s an instance of a Docker image.

8. Shell script
1) Write a shell script to fetch the data from rest api and take
out the required fileds
2) Write a shell script to extract the number of alphabets
characters and digits and tell the count
3) Write a shell script to extract the ip addresss from a file and
the count of similar ipadress
4) Write a shell script to hit the rest api and modify the json
data and put it back to the database
5) What is crontab and tell some time set you have done
6) Why do we give #!/bin/sh at start of shell script
7) Write a shell script to find old logs and archive it
8) What is $#,$?,$@ etc.. in linux shell script
CICD=true
WORKSPACE=/apps/opt/users/
JOB_BASE_NAME=Test_demo
if [[ $CICD == true ]]
Then
echo "CI/CD pipe line check"
file="${WORKSPACE}/html/basic_report.html"
REPORTNAME=${JOB_BASE_NAME}_${BUILD_NUM
BER}. Test_demo_10
echo "CICD Check starting"
if [ -f "$file" ]; then
echo "testReport file found sending to
artifactory”. -T--→ Target
curl -H X-JFrog-Art-Api:Token -T $file
https://oneartifactorycloud/artifactory/CICD/Reports/$RE
PORTNAME.html
curl -H X-JFrog-Art-Api:Token -T $file
https://oneartifactorycloud/artifactory/CICD/Reports/$RE
PORTNAME.html
else
echo "testReport not found"
fi
fi
AUTOMATION 1 - IF ELSE BLOCK WITH JFROG REST API

9. Amazon DevOps/CSE Pattern
Step 1 – You will get an exam to write in email with below format
Step 2 – Exam topics includes
Section 1 - Email Content with some work related scenarios
Section 2 - Linux Admin tasks
Kubernetes
Networking
Section 3 - Behavioral questions mostly on your psychology
Step 3 – If you qualify for the Exam then the interview will be scheduled
Note – Don’t schedule the 4 rounds for two days instead schedule as per the
convenience so that you get preparation time

10. 1) Applied through - Referral/Amazon Job portal/LinkedIn
2) Position selected - Cloud support engineer 1 (Deployment)
3) Screen In exam - Yes (Mostly on Linux , networking and behaviour) which will take max of 3 hours to
complete
4) Number of rounds - 4 (2 technical, 2 managerial/technical based on amazon principles)
5) Amazon portal for job apply - https://account.amazon.jobs/en-US/login?relay=%2Fen-US
6) Each Round Duration in average - 90 to 120 minutes
Round 1 As you are a devops engineer they will test on the following
- CICD basics to advanced (CICD Flow, types of pipelines, master slave config)
- GIT integration with jenkins and service account (Webhook, Service account for each tool)
- GIT commands, and few technical questions on git (What is git push, pull, what will happen if MR fails)
- Kubernetes questions like architechture in your organization, cluster management etc.
- Ansible playbook script like httpd start stop
- Linux commands
Round 2 Purely on Networking
- What is DNS , HTTP and HTTPS protocol (53, 80, 443). SSH, NFS, SFTP , FTP (22, 2049, 22,21)
- How the packets are transferred from one point to other(Internet and intranet)
- WIFI enablement and device connectivity
- The ports for some requests
- Router and DHCP working
- Linux commands and networking commands related to linux. (firewall cmd, nmcli connection modify)
- Commands to open and block the ips in linux. (iptables -I INPUT -s xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx -j DROP)
Round 3 Managerial(Amazon principles)
- Ownership (Saw your friend and colleague in problem and helped)
- Deliver results (When you have not only met the goal but exceeded expectation)
- Earn trust (Critical feedback from colleague and how you worked)
Round 4 Managerial (Amazon principles)
- Customer obsession (Difficult situation with customer and how you faced)
- Bias for action (You worked on deadline and did not had option to take decison)
- Learn to curious (Your team challenged you to think different and how you have tackled)
AMAZON INTERVIEW EXPERIENCE

11. Networking :
Make sure you have a big picture understanding of how networks work - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9BGWrLiT9qs
TCP/IP - 3-way handshake - https://support.microsoft.com/en-in/help/172983/explanation-of-the-three-way-handshake-via-tcpT-ip
HTTP - https://hpbn.co/
SSL/TLS - https://blog.cloudflare.com/keyless-ssl-the-nitty-gritty-technical-details/ ; https://www.ssl.com/article/ssl-tls-handshake-overview/
IP addressing: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/routing-information-protocol-rip/13788-3.html ; https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-
versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/dd379547(v=ws.10)
NAT: https://www.slashroot.in/linux-nat-network-address-translation-router-explained ; https://netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/NAT-HOWTO.html#toc6.1
SNAT: https://netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/NAT-HOWTO-6.html#ss6.2
DNS: https://www.verisign.com/en_US/website-presence/online/how-dns-works/index.xhtml ; https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-
pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/dd197427(v=ws.10)
DHCP: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Dp7YoR0SLE ; https://vinitpandey.com/2015/06/17/dora-process-of-dhcp/
ARP: https://networklessons.com/cisco/ccnp-route/arp-address-resolution-protocol-explained
MSS/MTU: https://www.imperva.com/blog/mtu-mss-explained/
Devops:
Docker:
Containerizing applications: https://docs.docker.com/engine/examples/
Customizing docker daemon: https://docs.docker.com/config/daemon/
Logging drivers: https://docs.docker.com/config/containers/logging/configure/
Storage drivers: https://docs.docker.com/storage/storagedriver/select-storage-driver/
Networking modes: https://docs.docker.com/network/
Troubleshooting: https://docs.docker.com/toolbox/faqs/troubleshoot/
Container References:
https://training.play-with-docker.com/
https://www.katacoda.com/
https://docker-curriculum.com/
Kubernetes:
K8's architecture and components of master and worker nodes: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/kubernetes/kubernetes_architecture.htm ; https://x-
team.com/blog/introduction-kubernetes-architecture/
Troubleshooting: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/troubleshooting/
CI/CD:
Concept: https://medium.com/@nirespire/what-is-cicd-concepts-in-continuous-integration-and-deployment-4fe3f6625007
CICD Tools overview: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/ci-cd-tools-comparison-jenkins-gitlab-ci-buildbot-drone-and-concourse
Troubeshooting: https://openedx.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/TE/pages/102367626/Troubleshooting+Jenkins+Builds
Overview of Build and release: https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Overview_of_the_Build_and_Release_Process
Configuration Management:
Introduction to Ansible: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/ansible/ansible_introduction
Chef overview: https://docs.chef.io/chef_overview.html
Troubleshooting Cookbooks: https://docs.chef.io/errors.html
Infra as code:
Terraform introduction: https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Overview_of_the_Build_and_Release_Process

12. E2E FLOW
Stage 1 - Developer commits the JAVA code in GITHUB with Dockerfile
Stage 2 - Jenkins will check for changes with webhook(Trigger)
Stage 3 - Maven build happens with command (mvn clean install)
Stage 4 - Docker build command is given in Jenkins (docker build .)
Stage 4.1 -The docker image is created with the help of dockerfile
Stage 4.2 - Docker push to dockerregistry or Jfrog
Stage 5(Deploy App) - ANSIBLE (Which will pull the image from dockerregistry
and deploy into K8s)

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