This document outlines a DNA barcoding protocol for Census of Marine Life (CoML) investigators to determine DNA barcodes from collected specimens. The protocol recommends preserving specimens in 95% ethanol, amplifying and sequencing the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene as the primary barcode marker, and submitting sequences to public databases linked to specimen data. Alternate targets may be needed for some taxa. The goal is to provide a uniform method for species identification that will aid CoML research and have broader scientific applications.
Johannes Bergsten lecture on Thursday, Sept 17, 2009, for the Biodiversity Informatics Course, a Swedish Taxonomy Initiative (Svenska Artprojektet) course at the Swedish Natural History Museum, Stockholm, supported by the Swedish Species Service (ArtDatabanken) and the Swedish GBIF node.
DNA barcoding was first proposed by Paul Herbert in 2003.
Basic Principle
Dna Barcoding is based on premise that a short standardized sequence can distinguish individuals of a specie because genetic variation between specie exceeds that within specie.
Genome: The entire chromosomal genetic material of an organism.
Sequencing a genome: Determining the identity and order of nucleotides in the genetic material – usually DNA, sometimes RNA, of an organism.
Johannes Bergsten lecture on Thursday, Sept 17, 2009, for the Biodiversity Informatics Course, a Swedish Taxonomy Initiative (Svenska Artprojektet) course at the Swedish Natural History Museum, Stockholm, supported by the Swedish Species Service (ArtDatabanken) and the Swedish GBIF node.
DNA barcoding was first proposed by Paul Herbert in 2003.
Basic Principle
Dna Barcoding is based on premise that a short standardized sequence can distinguish individuals of a specie because genetic variation between specie exceeds that within specie.
Genome: The entire chromosomal genetic material of an organism.
Sequencing a genome: Determining the identity and order of nucleotides in the genetic material – usually DNA, sometimes RNA, of an organism.
Whole genome sequencing of arabidopsis thalianaBhavya Sree
arabidopsis is the representative of plant kingdom or the 'model plant'.it is the first plant genome sequenced. the sequences lead to the overall understanding of the plant kingdom, better understanding of various genes,the important metabolic pathways, evolution etc
New insights into the human genome by ENCODE project Senthil Natesan
It’s been ten years since scientists sequenced the human genome. But what do all these letters?
Researchers could identify in its 3 billion letters many of the regions that code for proteins, but those make
up little more than 1% of the genome, contained in around 21,000 genes a few familiar objects in an otherwise stark and unrecognizable landscape. Many biologists suspected that the information responsible
for the wondrous complexity of humans lay somewhere in the ‘deserts’ between the genes (The ENCODE Project Consortium, 2012).
Interpreting the human genome sequence is one of the leading challenges of 21st century biology
(Collins et al., 2003). In 2003, the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) embarked on an
ambitious project the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE), aiming to delineate all of the functional elements encoded in the human genome sequence (The ENCODE Project Consortium 2004). To further
this goal, NHGRI organized the ENCODE Consortium, an international group of investigators with diverse
backgrounds and expertise in production and analysis of high-throughput functional genomic data. In a pilot project phase spanning 2003–2007, the Consortium applied and compared a variety of experimental and computational methods to annotate functional elements in a defined 1% of the human genome (The ENCODE Project Consortium, 2007)
Centre of innovation, Agricultural College and Research Institute,MaduraiSenthil Natesan
Establishment Central Instrumentation facility with the cost of 6.03 crore to take up multidisciplinary research project at AC&RI,Madurai. The analytical platform includes UP-HPLC for amino acid analysis, XRF for micronutrient analysis and GC-MS for metabolic profiling. The imaging facilities like upright, inverted and Florence microscope established for imaging pathogen & Insects. The molecular biology lab with real time PCR will help for the gene expression studies.
DNA barcoding is a tool to identify insects. It includes various steps like DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing and data analysis. In data analysis we shall match the recognized sequence with the available database to find the specimen collected.
Next Generation Sequencing and its Applications in Medical Research - Frances...Sri Ambati
The so-called “next-generation” sequencing (NGS) technologies allows us, in a short time and in parallel, to sequence massive amounts of DNA, overcoming the limitations of the original Sanger sequencing methods used to sequence the first human genome. NGS technologies have had an enormous impact on biomedical research within a short time frame. This talk will give an overview of these applications with specific examples from Mendelian genomics and cancer research. #h2ony
Use of DNA barcoding and its role in the plant species/varietal Identifica...Senthil Natesan
Plant DNA barcoding research is shifting beyond performance comparisons of different DNA regions towards practical applications. The main aim of DNA barcoding is to establish a shared community resource of DNA sequences that can be used for organismal identification and taxonomic clarification. This approach was successfully pioneered in animals using a portion of the cytochrome oxidase 1(CO1) mitochondrial gene. In plants, establishing a standardized DNA barcoding system has been more challenging. The studies on cucumis sp for the application of DNA barcode shows the possibility of discrimination at species level not the varietal level using the matK gene barcode. The phylogenetic tree constructed by using matK gene sequences clearly differentiated the species C. sativus and C. melo which will help for the future application in cucumis taxonomy and phylogeny studies
'Genomics' is nothing but the study of entire genetic compliment of an organism. Plant genomics is study of plant genome. This is my topic of M.Sc. course 'Plant biotechnology'.
This is a compilation of the Yeast genome project from the different databases and sources.
By:
Nazish Nehal,
M. Tech (Biotechnology),
University School of Biotechnology (USBT),
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU),
New Delhi (INDIA)
Whole genome sequencing of arabidopsis thalianaBhavya Sree
arabidopsis is the representative of plant kingdom or the 'model plant'.it is the first plant genome sequenced. the sequences lead to the overall understanding of the plant kingdom, better understanding of various genes,the important metabolic pathways, evolution etc
New insights into the human genome by ENCODE project Senthil Natesan
It’s been ten years since scientists sequenced the human genome. But what do all these letters?
Researchers could identify in its 3 billion letters many of the regions that code for proteins, but those make
up little more than 1% of the genome, contained in around 21,000 genes a few familiar objects in an otherwise stark and unrecognizable landscape. Many biologists suspected that the information responsible
for the wondrous complexity of humans lay somewhere in the ‘deserts’ between the genes (The ENCODE Project Consortium, 2012).
Interpreting the human genome sequence is one of the leading challenges of 21st century biology
(Collins et al., 2003). In 2003, the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) embarked on an
ambitious project the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE), aiming to delineate all of the functional elements encoded in the human genome sequence (The ENCODE Project Consortium 2004). To further
this goal, NHGRI organized the ENCODE Consortium, an international group of investigators with diverse
backgrounds and expertise in production and analysis of high-throughput functional genomic data. In a pilot project phase spanning 2003–2007, the Consortium applied and compared a variety of experimental and computational methods to annotate functional elements in a defined 1% of the human genome (The ENCODE Project Consortium, 2007)
Centre of innovation, Agricultural College and Research Institute,MaduraiSenthil Natesan
Establishment Central Instrumentation facility with the cost of 6.03 crore to take up multidisciplinary research project at AC&RI,Madurai. The analytical platform includes UP-HPLC for amino acid analysis, XRF for micronutrient analysis and GC-MS for metabolic profiling. The imaging facilities like upright, inverted and Florence microscope established for imaging pathogen & Insects. The molecular biology lab with real time PCR will help for the gene expression studies.
DNA barcoding is a tool to identify insects. It includes various steps like DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing and data analysis. In data analysis we shall match the recognized sequence with the available database to find the specimen collected.
Next Generation Sequencing and its Applications in Medical Research - Frances...Sri Ambati
The so-called “next-generation” sequencing (NGS) technologies allows us, in a short time and in parallel, to sequence massive amounts of DNA, overcoming the limitations of the original Sanger sequencing methods used to sequence the first human genome. NGS technologies have had an enormous impact on biomedical research within a short time frame. This talk will give an overview of these applications with specific examples from Mendelian genomics and cancer research. #h2ony
Use of DNA barcoding and its role in the plant species/varietal Identifica...Senthil Natesan
Plant DNA barcoding research is shifting beyond performance comparisons of different DNA regions towards practical applications. The main aim of DNA barcoding is to establish a shared community resource of DNA sequences that can be used for organismal identification and taxonomic clarification. This approach was successfully pioneered in animals using a portion of the cytochrome oxidase 1(CO1) mitochondrial gene. In plants, establishing a standardized DNA barcoding system has been more challenging. The studies on cucumis sp for the application of DNA barcode shows the possibility of discrimination at species level not the varietal level using the matK gene barcode. The phylogenetic tree constructed by using matK gene sequences clearly differentiated the species C. sativus and C. melo which will help for the future application in cucumis taxonomy and phylogeny studies
'Genomics' is nothing but the study of entire genetic compliment of an organism. Plant genomics is study of plant genome. This is my topic of M.Sc. course 'Plant biotechnology'.
This is a compilation of the Yeast genome project from the different databases and sources.
By:
Nazish Nehal,
M. Tech (Biotechnology),
University School of Biotechnology (USBT),
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU),
New Delhi (INDIA)
DNA barcoding is a standardized approach to identifying plants and animals by minimal sequences of DNA, called DNA barcodes.
DNA barcode - short gene sequences taken from a standardized portion of the genome that is used to identify species
and this presentation gives much introducing about DNA barcodes developed for Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
Various barcoding genes which are evolutionary conserved.
techniques to develop a DNA bar-code and its future perspectives
Current technologies and future technologies of DNA barcoding. Applications regarding environment awareness. it also contains 2-3 case studies
DNA Barcoding of Stone Fish Uranoscopus Oligolepis: Intra Species Delineation...journal ijrtem
Abstract: The present study addresses this issue by examining the patterning of Cytochrome Oxidase I diversity in the stone fish Uranoscopus oligolepis the structurally diverse group of Family Uranoscopidae. The sequences were analyzed for their species identification using BOLD’s identification engine. The COI sequences of U. oligolepis from different geographical regions were extracted from NCBI for intra species variation analysis. All sequences were aligned using Clustal W. The sequences were trimmed using software and phylogenetic tree was constructed with bootstrap test. The results showed that the cytosine content was high (31%). The least molar concentration was observed in guanine (19.5%) and Adenine (19.6%). Thymine was the second predominant in molar concentration next to thymine which is followed by adenine. The G+C content was found to be 49.6% and A+T content was 50.4%. Leucine and Alanine content was high in the amino acid composition. From the study it is assumed that the mitochondrial gene COI can be the potential barcoding region to identify an organism up to the species level. Keywords: COI, intra species, Uranoscopus oligolepis, barcoding, phylogenetic
Molecular Systematics provides a solid conceptual basis for the evolutionary history of organisms. Molecular systematics is the study of DNA and RNA sequences to infer evolutionary links across organisms. Molecular approaches/ techniques provide excellent resources for the study of evolution and phylogeny.
DNA SEQUENCING METHODS AND STRATEGIES FOR GENOME SEQUENCINGPuneet Kulyana
This presentation will give you a brief idea about the various DNA sequencing methods and various strategies used for genome sequencing and much more vital information related to gene expression and analysis
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
Dn abarcode
1. Home—Background and Rationale—Methods—References and Resources--
Acknowledgements--Contact
Census of Marine Life
DNA Barcoding Protocol
This paper: http://phe.rockefeller.edu/PDF_FILES/DNAbarcode.pdf
CoML URL: http://www.coml.org
This is an evolving protocol that will be updated regularly. Comments are welcome.
Purpose. The purpose of this protocol is to encourage investigators working with the
Census of Marine Life to determine DNA barcodes of collected specimens. DNA
barcoding of CoML specimens will provide immediately useful results and will have
long-term applications for CoML investigators and the general scientific community.
Background and Rationale. DNA sequence analysis of a uniform target gene to enable
species identification has been referred to as DNA barcoding, by analogy with the UPC
bar codes used to identify manufactured goods (1). A remarkably short DNA sequence
should contain more than enough information to distinguish 10 or even 100 million
species. For example, a 600-nucleotide segment of a protein-coding gene contains 200
codon third nucleotide positions. At these sites, substitutions are (usually) selectively
neutral and mutations accumulate through random drift. Even assuming that a group of
organisms is completely biased to AT or GC at third nucleotide positions, there are then
2 possible bases at 200 positions, or 2 200 = 10 60 possible sequences based on third
nucleotide positions alone. Proof of principle for DNA barcoding has been provided by
comparison of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences among
closely related species and across diverse phyla in the animal kingdom (2).
DNA barcoding has the potential to be a practical method for identification of the
estimated 10 million species of eukaryotic life on earth. As a uniform method for species
identification, DNA barcoding will have broad scientific applications. It will be of great
utility in conservation biology, including biodiversity surveys. It could also be
applied where traditional methods are unrevealing, for instance identification of eggs
and immature forms, and analysis of stomach contents or excreta to determine food
webs. In addition to enabling species identification, DNA barcoding will aid phylogenetic
analysis and help reveal the evolutionary history of life on earth.
An appropriate target gene for DNA barcoding is conserved enough to be amplified with
broad-range primers and divergent enough to allow species discrimination. The initial
target for DNA barcoding described in this protocol is mitochondrial cytochrome c
oxidase subunit I (COI). Selection of an appropriate gene is a critical strategic and
practical decision, with significant consequences for the overall success of this project.
A number of genes may be likely to meet one or more of our goals (discrimination and
identification of species, discovery of new and cryptic species, reconstruction of
evolutionary relationships among species and higher taxa). Our selection of COI as a
target gene is supported by published and ongoing work, which demonstrates that
barcoding via COI will meet the project goals for a wide diversity of animal taxa (1-3).
2. Limitations. An important outcome of this project will be to identify the groups in which
alternate targets are needed and to define what those targets should be. Cnidarians
(sea anemones, corals, and some jellyfish) for example, have little mitochondrial
sequence diversity, perhaps due to a supplemental mitochondrial DNA repair system,
and a nuclear gene target will likely be needed. Recently diverged species and species
that have arisen through hybridization may not be resolved by COI sequencing.
Information regarding the success or lack thereof of COI barcoding is welcome and will
be incorporated into this site.
This protocol addresses DNA barcoding of animal species. Alternate targets or
protocols will likely be needed for DNA barcoding of other eukaryotes. Plants have too
little mitochondrial sequence diversity, probably due to hybridization and introgression
(potential targets include matK, a chloroplast gene, and ITS (internal transcribed
spacer), a nuclear gene). The mitochondrial DNA of fungi contains introns, which can
complicate DNA amplification (this could be circumvented by applying RT-PCR). For
protists, the utility of COI sequencing has not been explored in depth.
Methods. The essential points are 1) specimen preservation in 95% ethanol (not
formalin) to facilitate DNA isolation, 2) amplification and sequencing of uniform target
gene(s), and 3) databasing of DNA sequences linked to specimens including ancillary
data. We welcome information regarding useful techniques (e.g. ZooGene protocol for
zooplankton) (3).
1. Specimen Preservation. To allow DNA isolation, 95% ethanol should be used—DNA
is difficult to extract from formalin-preserved specimens. The ethanol should generally
be poured off and replaced with new 95% ethanol within a few days of collection to
optimize DNA preservation.
DNA has been successfully extracted from formalin-preserved tissue, including relatively
ancient samples and these techniques may be important in examining previously
archived specimens (4,5).
2. Specimen labeling. The usefulness of DNA barcoding depends on linking the
sequence to a specimen and its associated data (collector, taxonomic confirmation,
date, georeference coordinates, etc.).
3. DNA isolation. In addition to standard methods, there are commercial kits (e.g.
Sigma-Aldrich product number GDI-3) that are inexpensive and have high success in
recovering DNA.
4. Gene target(s). The initial target sequence is the 5’ segment of COI, as described
below.
Barcoding Basic: Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, 5’ segment (COI-5’).
Broad range primers are available that will amplify an approximately 700-bp segment
from diverse invertebrates (including Annelida, Arthropoda, Coelenterata,
Echinodermata, Echiura, Mollusca, Nemertina, Platyhelminthes, Pogonophora,
Sipuncula, and Tardigrada) (6):
5’ primer (5’-ggtcaacaaatcataaagatattgg-3’)
3’ primer (5’-taaacttcagggtgaccaaaaaatca-3’)
3. These primers will also amplify COI-5’ from some chordates. Additional primers, with
broad application for chordates and GC-rich species, are under evaluation and will be
added to this site.
If COI-5’ is not sufficient for species discrimination, other rapidly evolving gene(s) may
need to be analyzed as potential barcoding targets. Possible supplementary sequences
include the complete COI gene, other mitochondrial genes (e.g. 16S rRNA, cytochrome
b), and/or ITS (internal transcribed spacer), which is a nuclear gene located between
rRNA genes.
Barcoding Elective I: Small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA). SSU rRNA,
also referred to as 18s rRNA, is a slowly evolving gene useful for deeper phylogenetic
analysis. In addition to the analysis of COI-5’, we encourage CoML investigators to
determine SSU rRNA sequences from specimens. SSU rRNA is the basis for the Tree of
Life and other comprehensive examinations of evolution of life. The following primers
will amplify SSU rRNA (approximately 1800 bp) from most eukaryotes (7):
5’ primer (5’-aacctggttgatcctgccagt-3’)
3’ primer- (5’tgatccttctgcaggttcacctac-3’)
5. Databasing results. CoML Barcode sequences should be submitted to GenBank. We
encourage investigators to post results to the Ocean Biogeographic Information System
(OBIS), including a link on OBIS species pages to the relevant sequence deposited in
GenBank. In addition, a Barcode of Life database will soon be launched under the
auspices of the Hebert laboratory that integrates sequence data with taxonomic and
specimen information.
References
1. Hebert PDN, Cywinska A, Ball SL, deWaard JR. 2003. Biological Identifications
through DNA barcodes. Proc R Soc Lond B 270:313-322.
2. Hebert PDN, Ratnasingham, deWaard JR. 2003. Barcoding animal life: cytochrome c
oxidase subunit 1 divergences among closely related species. Proc R Soc Lond
B (in press).
3. Bucklin A, Frost, BW, Braqdfor-Grieve J, Allen LD, Copley NJ. 2003. Molecular
systematic and phylogenetic assessment of 34 calanoid copepod species of
Calanidae and Clausocalanidae. Mar Biol 142:333-343.
4. Fang SG, Wan QH, Fijihara N. 2002. Formalin removal from archival tissue by critical
point drying. BioTechniques 33:604-611.
5. France SC, Kocher TD. 1996. DNA sequencing of formalin-fixed crustaceans from
archival research collections. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol 5:304-313.
6. Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, Vrigenhoek R. 1994. DNA primers for
amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse
metazoan invertebrates. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol 3:294-299.
7. Medlin L, Elwood HJ, Stickel S, Sogin ML. 1988. The characterization of enzymatically
amplified eukaryotic 16S-like rRNA-coding regions. Gene 71:491-499.
Resources
The Paul Hebert Laboratory website includes an informative explication of barcoding and
4. links to pdf files of published works.
The European Ribosomal RNA Database is a curated database that contains, in
addition to sequence data, information about primers, phylogenetic trees, and software
for sequence alignment and tree construction.
The ZooGene site contains information on zooplankton (calanoid copepods
and euphausiids) genomics, including utility of COI sequencing and protocols for
specimen preparation and DNA isolation.
Acknowledgements. The genesis of this protocol is a “Taxonomy and DNA” conference
held March 9-12, 2003 at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York. The conference
participants included CoML investigators and other specialists in animal, microbial, and
plant taxonomy, molecular biology, and informatics. This protocol was prepared by Ann
Bucklin, Paul Hebert, Nancy Knowlton, and Mark Stoeckle.
Comments, additions, and/or revisions are welcome (contact
MarkStoeckle@nyc.rr.com).