The document discusses various distillation techniques including: - Extractive distillation which uses a solvent to separate mixtures that would otherwise not be easy to separate. - Azeotropic distillation which uses an entrainer to break an azeotrope and form a new lower-boiling azeotrope to improve separation. - Liquid-liquid extraction which exploits differences in solubility between compounds rather than boiling points to separate mixtures through the addition of an entrainer that induces liquid-liquid immiscibility.

2.  The distillation boundary indicates that if the feed composition to the column is in
one distillation region, then a column operating at total reflux would be unable to
separate the mixture into the three distinct compounds
 Removing inorganic compounds.
 Hardness of a con-taminated water

3.  A residue curve describes the change of the composition of the liquid phase of a
chemical mixture.
 At Condition of vapor–liquid equilibrium (open distillation).
 Composition trajectories.
 Feasibility of a separation of mixtures.

5.  Extractive distillation is defined as distillation in the presence of a miscible, high-
boiling, relatively non-volatile component,
 The solvent, that forms no azeotrope.
 Not easy to separate by simple means.
 Solvent Selection.
 Benzene, Aniline and Cyclohexane.

7.  Azeotropic distillation (AD) is a process to break azeotrope.
 Where another volatile component, entrainer, solvent, mass separating
agent (MSA), is added to form a new lower-boiling azeotrope that is
heterogeneous.
 To improve separation.
 Water and Benzene.

9.  Separation of homogeneous fluid mixtures.
 Exploits differences in boiling point.
 Principle: The addition of the entrainer results in a ternary phase equilibrium
diagram promising for separation.
 Conventional single-feed column.
 Limited : promising phase diagrams are rare.
 hydrochloric acid/water + sulphuric acid, nitric acid/water + sulphuric water

11.  The distillation is used to separate non ideal mixtures using entrainer to form
ternary azeotrope with minimum boiling temperature.
 Principle: Liquid-liquid immiscibility.
 Applicability: Industry
 Dehydration of ethanol by using benzene, diethyl ether or pentane,
 Separate acetic acid/water by using ethyl acetate