This document discusses various voice disorders including dysphonia, aphonia, diplophonia, puberphonia, phonasthenia, disorders of resonance, rhinolalia, hoarseness, and spasmodic dysphonia. It defines each disorder, discusses their etiology, symptoms, signs, investigations, and treatments. Specifically, it provides detailed information on dysphonia plicaventricularis, functional aphonia, puberphonia, phonasthenia, and treatments for spasmodic dysphonia including botulinum toxin injections for adductor and abductor forms.
This document provides a history of surgery for otosclerosis and stapes surgery from the late 1800s to modern times. It summarizes key developments such as the first stapedectomy performed by John Shea in 1956 using an oval window vein graft and nylon prosthesis. The goals, indications, contraindications, surgical techniques including stapedectomy and stapedotomy are described in detail. Potential problems during surgery like floating footplates, perilymph gushers, and overhanging facial nerves are also outlined along with post-operative care and complications. Long term results tend to show initial hearing improvements are often not maintained over decades with re-operation or hearing aid use often needed.
Inner ear malformations and ImplantationUtkal Mishra
This slide vividly describes relevant anatomy & embryology of cochlea. It gives the reader insights into various cochlear malformations & implantation.
Dr. Sanjay Maharjan's document discusses the history and surgical treatment of otosclerosis. It covers three eras in the evolution of otosclerosis surgery:
1) The mobilization era in the late 1800s, which involved attempts to mobilize the stapes bone.
2) The fenestration era from the 1920s-1950s, marked by the development of techniques like fenestration of the semicircular canals.
3) The stapedectomy era from the 1950s onward, highlighted by the first successful stapedectomy performed by Shea in 1956 using a Teflon prosthesis.
The document provides details on indications, contraindications,
This document discusses the history of stapes surgery and recent concepts. It covers the key individuals who advanced the field from the 1700s onwards, including the development of stapedectomy and stapedotomy procedures. It then describes different types of otosclerosis, techniques for stapes surgery including laser vs drill fenestration and prosthesis options. Potential complications of surgery are outlined such as perilymphatic gusher, sensorineural hearing loss and vertigo. Outcomes of stapedectomy versus stapedotomy are compared.
The document summarizes the development of the inner ear and classifications of congenital malformations that can occur. It describes how the otic placode invaginates during the third week to form the otic vesicle, and how this develops further over subsequent weeks to form the membranous labyrinth. It then classifies congenital malformations into two categories: those limited to the membranous labyrinth, and those involving both the osseous and membranous labyrinth. Examples of specific malformations are given such as incomplete partition of the cochlea, enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct, and abnormalities of the internal auditory canal.
The document discusses evaluation of voice disorders. It begins by outlining the functions of the larynx, including protection of the tracheobronchial tree, respiration, phonation, increasing intrathoracic pressure, swallowing, and coughing. It then explains why voice is important as it conveys subtle messages about a person. The document proceeds to describe how phonation occurs, including the vibratory cycle of the vocal folds and the cover/body theory. It concludes by outlining various components of a comprehensive voice evaluation, including patient scales, perceptual evaluation using auditory, visual and tactile assessments, and objective measures of elements like pitch, loudness and quality.
Meniere's disease is a disorder of the inner ear that causes episodes of vertigo accompanied by ringing in the ears and hearing loss. It is caused by endolymphatic hydrops, or a buildup of fluid in the inner ear. The classic symptoms are vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of fullness in the ear. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes and demonstrating these characteristic symptoms. Treatment ranges from lifestyle changes and medication to more invasive procedures like injections of gentamicin if conservative measures fail.
Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) is characterized by normal outer hair cell function but abnormal or absent auditory brainstem response, despite mild to profound hearing loss. A 27-year-old female presented with right-sided hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus for several years. Testing found normal outer hair cell function but abnormal auditory brainstem responses, consistent with progressive ANSD. Treatment options for ANSD are limited but may include hearing aids, cochlear implants, or speech therapy depending on the severity and progression of the hearing loss.
This document provides a history of surgery for otosclerosis and stapes surgery from the late 1800s to modern times. It summarizes key developments such as the first stapedectomy performed by John Shea in 1956 using an oval window vein graft and nylon prosthesis. The goals, indications, contraindications, surgical techniques including stapedectomy and stapedotomy are described in detail. Potential problems during surgery like floating footplates, perilymph gushers, and overhanging facial nerves are also outlined along with post-operative care and complications. Long term results tend to show initial hearing improvements are often not maintained over decades with re-operation or hearing aid use often needed.
Inner ear malformations and ImplantationUtkal Mishra
This slide vividly describes relevant anatomy & embryology of cochlea. It gives the reader insights into various cochlear malformations & implantation.
Dr. Sanjay Maharjan's document discusses the history and surgical treatment of otosclerosis. It covers three eras in the evolution of otosclerosis surgery:
1) The mobilization era in the late 1800s, which involved attempts to mobilize the stapes bone.
2) The fenestration era from the 1920s-1950s, marked by the development of techniques like fenestration of the semicircular canals.
3) The stapedectomy era from the 1950s onward, highlighted by the first successful stapedectomy performed by Shea in 1956 using a Teflon prosthesis.
The document provides details on indications, contraindications,
This document discusses the history of stapes surgery and recent concepts. It covers the key individuals who advanced the field from the 1700s onwards, including the development of stapedectomy and stapedotomy procedures. It then describes different types of otosclerosis, techniques for stapes surgery including laser vs drill fenestration and prosthesis options. Potential complications of surgery are outlined such as perilymphatic gusher, sensorineural hearing loss and vertigo. Outcomes of stapedectomy versus stapedotomy are compared.
The document summarizes the development of the inner ear and classifications of congenital malformations that can occur. It describes how the otic placode invaginates during the third week to form the otic vesicle, and how this develops further over subsequent weeks to form the membranous labyrinth. It then classifies congenital malformations into two categories: those limited to the membranous labyrinth, and those involving both the osseous and membranous labyrinth. Examples of specific malformations are given such as incomplete partition of the cochlea, enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct, and abnormalities of the internal auditory canal.
The document discusses evaluation of voice disorders. It begins by outlining the functions of the larynx, including protection of the tracheobronchial tree, respiration, phonation, increasing intrathoracic pressure, swallowing, and coughing. It then explains why voice is important as it conveys subtle messages about a person. The document proceeds to describe how phonation occurs, including the vibratory cycle of the vocal folds and the cover/body theory. It concludes by outlining various components of a comprehensive voice evaluation, including patient scales, perceptual evaluation using auditory, visual and tactile assessments, and objective measures of elements like pitch, loudness and quality.
Meniere's disease is a disorder of the inner ear that causes episodes of vertigo accompanied by ringing in the ears and hearing loss. It is caused by endolymphatic hydrops, or a buildup of fluid in the inner ear. The classic symptoms are vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of fullness in the ear. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes and demonstrating these characteristic symptoms. Treatment ranges from lifestyle changes and medication to more invasive procedures like injections of gentamicin if conservative measures fail.
Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) is characterized by normal outer hair cell function but abnormal or absent auditory brainstem response, despite mild to profound hearing loss. A 27-year-old female presented with right-sided hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus for several years. Testing found normal outer hair cell function but abnormal auditory brainstem responses, consistent with progressive ANSD. Treatment options for ANSD are limited but may include hearing aids, cochlear implants, or speech therapy depending on the severity and progression of the hearing loss.
This document provides step-by-step instructions for performing a basic mastoidectomy surgical procedure. It describes the relevant anatomical landmarks and identifies key structures at each stage of the dissection. The steps include: 1) Removing the mastoid cortex to expose underlying structures. 2) Identifying the mastoid antrum, lateral semicircular canal, and other areas. 3) Completing the dissection by fully exposing landmarks like the fossa incudis and surrounding areas. Precise identification of landmarks at each stage is emphasized to safely guide the surgeon to deeper structures.
otosclerosis....
stapedectomy vs stapedotomy
complication of otosclerotic surgery
management of otosclerotic surgery complications
techniques
latest trends
Acoustic immittance measurements objectively assess middle ear function using tympanometry, acoustic reflex thresholds, and acoustic reflex decay. Tympanometry involves placing a probe in the ear canal to measure how acoustic admittance changes as pressure is varied. Normal tympanograms are Type A, while abnormal types include flat (Type B), negative pressure (Type C), stiff (Type As), and flaccid (Type AD). Acoustic reflex thresholds measure the lowest level needed to elicit the stapedius muscle reflex, providing information about the middle ear, cochlea, auditory nerve and brainstem. Acoustic reflex decay tests the sustainability of the reflex over 10 seconds of continuous stimulation.
The document discusses the middle ear transformer mechanism and ossiculoplasty surgery. It covers:
1) The middle ear transforms sound via 3 mechanisms - the catenary lever of the ear drum, ossicular lever ratio, and hydraulic lever area ratio.
2) Ossiculoplasty surgically repairs the ossicular chain to restore conduction. Materials used include autografts, allografts, and synthetic grafts.
3) Techniques depend on the ossicular status and include using prostheses, autografts, or reattaching existing ossicles. The goal is optimal sound transmission.
Meniere's disease is an inner ear disorder causing vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus and pressure in the ear. It is caused by endolymphatic hydrops, a buildup of fluid in the inner ear that damages the balance and hearing functions. The main symptoms are episodic vertigo attacks lasting minutes to hours along with fluctuating hearing loss. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes and testing for these characteristic symptoms. Treatment includes medications and lifestyle changes during attacks, with options like surgery to control vertigo or preserve hearing if conservative measures fail long-term. Outcomes vary but many experience good control of vertigo and preservation of hearing with treatment.
The document discusses laryngeal cancer including epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging, treatment options and management. Key points include:
- Laryngeal cancer accounts for 2.6% of cancers and most commonly presents between ages 40-70.
- Main risk factors are smoking, alcohol consumption and HPV infection.
- Diagnosis involves laryngoscopy and biopsy to determine tumor extent and staging.
- Treatment depends on tumor stage but may include radiation therapy, surgery such as laryngectomy, or chemotherapy. Preservation of the larynx is prioritized when possible.
Lateral skull base anatomy and applied science by Dr, bomkar bamBomkar Bam
the lateral skull base is complex anatomy that is usually students finds difficult to understand. here concise literature is made to understand the skull base more easily.
Videostroboscopy is a useful technique for evaluating the larynx. It uses synchronized flashing light passed through an endoscope to visualize vocal fold vibration in slow motion. This allows examination of vocal fold biomechanics, laryngeal mucosa, and mucosal vibration. Videostroboscopy can detect vocal fold lesions and other pathologies, helping to plan surgery and treatments for voice problems. The procedure involves calibrating a microphone, inserting a rigid or flexible endoscope, and having the patient phonate so vocal fold vibration can be observed. Common findings include vocal cysts, polyps, and nodules, which impact mucosal wave and glottic closure.
The document discusses the mucosal folds of the middle ear, which develop as the primitive tympanic cavity expands into the middle ear cleft between 3-7 months of fetal development. This forms four primary sacs that enlarge and replace the mesenchyme, with their walls becoming the mucosal lining of the middle ear. Mucosal folds are the planes of contact between neighboring sacs and carry ligaments and blood vessels to the ossicles. There are 10 important mucosal folds described, including the anterior and posterior malleal folds, lateral malleal ligamental fold, and tensor tympani fold. The folds divide the epitympanum (attic) and orient the progression of
This document discusses voice disorders and their diagnosis and treatment. It covers the basics of normal voice production and the glottal cycle. Key aspects of stroboscopic examination are described, including amplitude of vibration, mucosal wave, symmetry, periodicity, and glottic closure patterns. Common voice disorders like tension dysphonia, laryngitis, vocal nodules, and vocal fold paralysis are mentioned. The document emphasizes taking a thorough history and examining the oral cavity, larynx, breathing, and voice quality during diagnosis of voice disorders. Stroboscopy aids in detecting subtle vocal fold abnormalities. Voice hygiene and lifestyle modifications are important aspects of treatment.
Stroboscopy is a technique used to visualize vocal fold vibration during phonation using synchronized flashing light. It allows observation of vibration in slow motion, providing real-time information about vibration and detection of vocal pathology. The flashing light is synchronized to the frequency of vocal fold vibration, producing a clear still image of the same portion of the vibratory cycle using the principles of persistence of vision and correspondence. Stroboscopy is essential for planning surgery and improving subtle laryngeal diagnoses. Key diagnostic findings include asymmetry of vibration with lesions like polyps and compromised glottic closure with nodules.
1. The document discusses the anatomy and infections of the neck spaces. It describes the layers of cervical fascia and the various neck spaces such as retropharyngeal, masticator, parotid, and submandibular spaces.
2. Common neck space infections discussed include retropharyngeal abscess, Ludwig's angina, parotid abscess, and submandibular space infections. Symptoms, causes, and treatment involving incision and drainage or needle aspiration are described for each infection.
3. Successful treatment of neck space infections requires identifying the involved space, administering antibiotics, and surgically draining any abscess while protecting the airway.
Middle ear ventilatory pathway and Mucosal folds.pptxSaneeshDamodaran
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the middle ear ventilation pathways. It describes the mucosal folds in the middle ear which develop during fetal development from sacs and pouches. Important folds include the tensor tympani fold, malleal folds, and incudal folds. These folds orient the spread of middle ear pathology. The tympanic isthmus and its blockage are also discussed, which can lead to attic dysventilation even with a normally functioning Eustachian tube. Preserving the tensor tympani fold during surgery is important to ensure ventilation of the attic region. A well-aerated mastoid and functioning Eustachian tube also help in maintaining proper middle ear ventilation
1. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) is defined as hearing loss of at least 30 dB over 3 consecutive frequencies within 72 hours. Clinicians should assess for bilateral SSHL, recurrent episodes, or focal neurological findings which may indicate specific underlying disorders.
2. A thorough history, physical exam including Weber and Rinne tests, and audiometry are used to distinguish SSHL from conductive hearing loss and identify potential causes such as viral infection, autoimmune disease, or vascular issues.
3. Modifying factors like bilateral SSHL, recurrent episodes, or neurological signs suggest conditions including meningitis, autoimmune inner ear disease, Lyme disease, or vertebrobasilar insufficiency that
ECochG is a variant of brainstem audio evoked response (ABR) where the recording electrode is placed as close as practical to the cochlea. We will use the abbreviation ECOG and ECochG interchangeably below. ECOG is preferable to us as it is shorter.
ECOG is intended to diagnose Meniere's disease, and particular, hydrops (swelling of the inner ear). ECOG may also be abnormal in perilymph fistula, and in superior canal dehiscence. The common feature connecting these illnesses is an imbalance in pressure between the endolymphatic and perilymphatic compartment of the inner ear.
ECOG can also be used to show that the cochlea is normal, in persons who are deaf. The cochlear microphonic of ECOG may be normal in auditory neuropathy (Santarelli and Arslan 2002) as well as other disorders in which the cochlea is preserved but the auditory nerve is damaged (Yokoyama, Nishida et al. 1999).
Finally, ECOG's have also been used to as a indicator of the temporary threshold shift that may follow noise injury (Nam et al, 2004).
The document discusses otosclerosis, a hereditary disorder affecting the bones of the inner ear. It causes conductive hearing loss when the stapes bone is involved, and sensorineural hearing loss if the cochlear bone is affected. The pathology involves abnormal bone remodeling leading to areas of resorption and new bone formation. Diagnosis is based on audiometry findings like Carhart's notch. Treatment is surgical when stapes fixation causes conductive hearing loss, with the goal of mobilizing the stapes.
Eustachian tube final PP ANATOMY,EMBRYOLOGY,FUNCTIONS,DYSFUNCTIONS TREATMENT,...social service
The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear cavity to the nasopharynx. It has important functions like regulating middle ear pressure and ventilation, protecting the middle ear, and facilitating mucociliary clearance and drainage. Dysfunction of the Eustachian tube can lead to negative pressure in the middle ear, retraction of the tympanic membrane, fluid accumulation, and acute otitis media. Tests for Eustachian tube function include the Valsalva maneuver, Toynbee's maneuver, and tympanometry. Treatment options for Eustachian tube dysfunction include medical management with nasal decongestants or steroids, as well as surgical procedures like my
Mucosal folds and ventilation of middle ear AlkaKapil
The document discusses the anatomy and embryology of the middle ear spaces and mucosal folds.
1. The middle ear develops from the tubotympanic recess which buds into sacs including the saccus anticus, medius, superior and posterior. Remnants of mesenchyme become ligaments and blood vessels.
2. The middle ear is divided into several compartments by mucosal folds including the protympanum, mesotympanum, epitympanum, hypotympanum, and retrotympanum.
3. The epitympanum or attic is further divided by mucosal folds into the upper unit above
This document discusses the pneumatic system of the temporal bone, specifically:
1. It describes classifications of pneumatization from extensively to non-pneumatized.
2. Surgical techniques like canal wall up vs. canal wall down mastoidectomy are chosen based on pneumatization. More pneumatized ears are suitable for canal wall up.
3. Theories on pneumatization include both hereditary and environmental factors influencing development. Middle ear disease in childhood may impact future pneumatization.
Tinnitus is the perception of sound within the human ear in the absence of corresponding external sound. It affects approximately 10-15% of the population and can be caused by hearing loss, noise exposure, ear injury, certain medications, dental problems, neurological disorders, and other factors. While there is no cure for tinnitus, treatment options aim to make the condition less noticeable and disruptive, including sound therapy, counseling, relaxation techniques, and in some cases medication or surgery. Tinnitus is a complex neurological phenomenon involving changes in the brain related to loss of normal auditory input, and it continues to be an active area of research seeking more effective treatment and management strategies.
This document discusses various disorders of voice including dysphonia, aphonia, diplophonia, puberphonia, phonasthenia, disorders of resonance like rhinolalia aperta and rhinolalia clausa, hoarseness, muscle tension dysphonia, spasmodic dysphonia, and sulcus vocalis. It describes the definition, etiology, symptoms, signs, investigations, and treatment of each disorder. Evaluation of hoarseness includes detailed history taking and examination of the larynx, neck, and other systems to determine the underlying cause. Botulinum toxin injections are the mainstay of treatment for spasmodic dysphonia while voice therapy is recommended for
This document defines and describes various voice and speech disorders. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of normal voice production. It then defines and describes various types of voice disorders like dysphonia, dysarthria, hoarseness, vocal register issues, and specific disorders like vocal nodules, vocal polyps, laryngeal paralysis, and functional disorders. Evaluation and treatment approaches for some common voice disorders are also mentioned.
This document provides step-by-step instructions for performing a basic mastoidectomy surgical procedure. It describes the relevant anatomical landmarks and identifies key structures at each stage of the dissection. The steps include: 1) Removing the mastoid cortex to expose underlying structures. 2) Identifying the mastoid antrum, lateral semicircular canal, and other areas. 3) Completing the dissection by fully exposing landmarks like the fossa incudis and surrounding areas. Precise identification of landmarks at each stage is emphasized to safely guide the surgeon to deeper structures.
otosclerosis....
stapedectomy vs stapedotomy
complication of otosclerotic surgery
management of otosclerotic surgery complications
techniques
latest trends
Acoustic immittance measurements objectively assess middle ear function using tympanometry, acoustic reflex thresholds, and acoustic reflex decay. Tympanometry involves placing a probe in the ear canal to measure how acoustic admittance changes as pressure is varied. Normal tympanograms are Type A, while abnormal types include flat (Type B), negative pressure (Type C), stiff (Type As), and flaccid (Type AD). Acoustic reflex thresholds measure the lowest level needed to elicit the stapedius muscle reflex, providing information about the middle ear, cochlea, auditory nerve and brainstem. Acoustic reflex decay tests the sustainability of the reflex over 10 seconds of continuous stimulation.
The document discusses the middle ear transformer mechanism and ossiculoplasty surgery. It covers:
1) The middle ear transforms sound via 3 mechanisms - the catenary lever of the ear drum, ossicular lever ratio, and hydraulic lever area ratio.
2) Ossiculoplasty surgically repairs the ossicular chain to restore conduction. Materials used include autografts, allografts, and synthetic grafts.
3) Techniques depend on the ossicular status and include using prostheses, autografts, or reattaching existing ossicles. The goal is optimal sound transmission.
Meniere's disease is an inner ear disorder causing vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus and pressure in the ear. It is caused by endolymphatic hydrops, a buildup of fluid in the inner ear that damages the balance and hearing functions. The main symptoms are episodic vertigo attacks lasting minutes to hours along with fluctuating hearing loss. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes and testing for these characteristic symptoms. Treatment includes medications and lifestyle changes during attacks, with options like surgery to control vertigo or preserve hearing if conservative measures fail long-term. Outcomes vary but many experience good control of vertigo and preservation of hearing with treatment.
The document discusses laryngeal cancer including epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging, treatment options and management. Key points include:
- Laryngeal cancer accounts for 2.6% of cancers and most commonly presents between ages 40-70.
- Main risk factors are smoking, alcohol consumption and HPV infection.
- Diagnosis involves laryngoscopy and biopsy to determine tumor extent and staging.
- Treatment depends on tumor stage but may include radiation therapy, surgery such as laryngectomy, or chemotherapy. Preservation of the larynx is prioritized when possible.
Lateral skull base anatomy and applied science by Dr, bomkar bamBomkar Bam
the lateral skull base is complex anatomy that is usually students finds difficult to understand. here concise literature is made to understand the skull base more easily.
Videostroboscopy is a useful technique for evaluating the larynx. It uses synchronized flashing light passed through an endoscope to visualize vocal fold vibration in slow motion. This allows examination of vocal fold biomechanics, laryngeal mucosa, and mucosal vibration. Videostroboscopy can detect vocal fold lesions and other pathologies, helping to plan surgery and treatments for voice problems. The procedure involves calibrating a microphone, inserting a rigid or flexible endoscope, and having the patient phonate so vocal fold vibration can be observed. Common findings include vocal cysts, polyps, and nodules, which impact mucosal wave and glottic closure.
The document discusses the mucosal folds of the middle ear, which develop as the primitive tympanic cavity expands into the middle ear cleft between 3-7 months of fetal development. This forms four primary sacs that enlarge and replace the mesenchyme, with their walls becoming the mucosal lining of the middle ear. Mucosal folds are the planes of contact between neighboring sacs and carry ligaments and blood vessels to the ossicles. There are 10 important mucosal folds described, including the anterior and posterior malleal folds, lateral malleal ligamental fold, and tensor tympani fold. The folds divide the epitympanum (attic) and orient the progression of
This document discusses voice disorders and their diagnosis and treatment. It covers the basics of normal voice production and the glottal cycle. Key aspects of stroboscopic examination are described, including amplitude of vibration, mucosal wave, symmetry, periodicity, and glottic closure patterns. Common voice disorders like tension dysphonia, laryngitis, vocal nodules, and vocal fold paralysis are mentioned. The document emphasizes taking a thorough history and examining the oral cavity, larynx, breathing, and voice quality during diagnosis of voice disorders. Stroboscopy aids in detecting subtle vocal fold abnormalities. Voice hygiene and lifestyle modifications are important aspects of treatment.
Stroboscopy is a technique used to visualize vocal fold vibration during phonation using synchronized flashing light. It allows observation of vibration in slow motion, providing real-time information about vibration and detection of vocal pathology. The flashing light is synchronized to the frequency of vocal fold vibration, producing a clear still image of the same portion of the vibratory cycle using the principles of persistence of vision and correspondence. Stroboscopy is essential for planning surgery and improving subtle laryngeal diagnoses. Key diagnostic findings include asymmetry of vibration with lesions like polyps and compromised glottic closure with nodules.
1. The document discusses the anatomy and infections of the neck spaces. It describes the layers of cervical fascia and the various neck spaces such as retropharyngeal, masticator, parotid, and submandibular spaces.
2. Common neck space infections discussed include retropharyngeal abscess, Ludwig's angina, parotid abscess, and submandibular space infections. Symptoms, causes, and treatment involving incision and drainage or needle aspiration are described for each infection.
3. Successful treatment of neck space infections requires identifying the involved space, administering antibiotics, and surgically draining any abscess while protecting the airway.
Middle ear ventilatory pathway and Mucosal folds.pptxSaneeshDamodaran
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the middle ear ventilation pathways. It describes the mucosal folds in the middle ear which develop during fetal development from sacs and pouches. Important folds include the tensor tympani fold, malleal folds, and incudal folds. These folds orient the spread of middle ear pathology. The tympanic isthmus and its blockage are also discussed, which can lead to attic dysventilation even with a normally functioning Eustachian tube. Preserving the tensor tympani fold during surgery is important to ensure ventilation of the attic region. A well-aerated mastoid and functioning Eustachian tube also help in maintaining proper middle ear ventilation
1. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) is defined as hearing loss of at least 30 dB over 3 consecutive frequencies within 72 hours. Clinicians should assess for bilateral SSHL, recurrent episodes, or focal neurological findings which may indicate specific underlying disorders.
2. A thorough history, physical exam including Weber and Rinne tests, and audiometry are used to distinguish SSHL from conductive hearing loss and identify potential causes such as viral infection, autoimmune disease, or vascular issues.
3. Modifying factors like bilateral SSHL, recurrent episodes, or neurological signs suggest conditions including meningitis, autoimmune inner ear disease, Lyme disease, or vertebrobasilar insufficiency that
ECochG is a variant of brainstem audio evoked response (ABR) where the recording electrode is placed as close as practical to the cochlea. We will use the abbreviation ECOG and ECochG interchangeably below. ECOG is preferable to us as it is shorter.
ECOG is intended to diagnose Meniere's disease, and particular, hydrops (swelling of the inner ear). ECOG may also be abnormal in perilymph fistula, and in superior canal dehiscence. The common feature connecting these illnesses is an imbalance in pressure between the endolymphatic and perilymphatic compartment of the inner ear.
ECOG can also be used to show that the cochlea is normal, in persons who are deaf. The cochlear microphonic of ECOG may be normal in auditory neuropathy (Santarelli and Arslan 2002) as well as other disorders in which the cochlea is preserved but the auditory nerve is damaged (Yokoyama, Nishida et al. 1999).
Finally, ECOG's have also been used to as a indicator of the temporary threshold shift that may follow noise injury (Nam et al, 2004).
The document discusses otosclerosis, a hereditary disorder affecting the bones of the inner ear. It causes conductive hearing loss when the stapes bone is involved, and sensorineural hearing loss if the cochlear bone is affected. The pathology involves abnormal bone remodeling leading to areas of resorption and new bone formation. Diagnosis is based on audiometry findings like Carhart's notch. Treatment is surgical when stapes fixation causes conductive hearing loss, with the goal of mobilizing the stapes.
Eustachian tube final PP ANATOMY,EMBRYOLOGY,FUNCTIONS,DYSFUNCTIONS TREATMENT,...social service
The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear cavity to the nasopharynx. It has important functions like regulating middle ear pressure and ventilation, protecting the middle ear, and facilitating mucociliary clearance and drainage. Dysfunction of the Eustachian tube can lead to negative pressure in the middle ear, retraction of the tympanic membrane, fluid accumulation, and acute otitis media. Tests for Eustachian tube function include the Valsalva maneuver, Toynbee's maneuver, and tympanometry. Treatment options for Eustachian tube dysfunction include medical management with nasal decongestants or steroids, as well as surgical procedures like my
Mucosal folds and ventilation of middle ear AlkaKapil
The document discusses the anatomy and embryology of the middle ear spaces and mucosal folds.
1. The middle ear develops from the tubotympanic recess which buds into sacs including the saccus anticus, medius, superior and posterior. Remnants of mesenchyme become ligaments and blood vessels.
2. The middle ear is divided into several compartments by mucosal folds including the protympanum, mesotympanum, epitympanum, hypotympanum, and retrotympanum.
3. The epitympanum or attic is further divided by mucosal folds into the upper unit above
This document discusses the pneumatic system of the temporal bone, specifically:
1. It describes classifications of pneumatization from extensively to non-pneumatized.
2. Surgical techniques like canal wall up vs. canal wall down mastoidectomy are chosen based on pneumatization. More pneumatized ears are suitable for canal wall up.
3. Theories on pneumatization include both hereditary and environmental factors influencing development. Middle ear disease in childhood may impact future pneumatization.
Tinnitus is the perception of sound within the human ear in the absence of corresponding external sound. It affects approximately 10-15% of the population and can be caused by hearing loss, noise exposure, ear injury, certain medications, dental problems, neurological disorders, and other factors. While there is no cure for tinnitus, treatment options aim to make the condition less noticeable and disruptive, including sound therapy, counseling, relaxation techniques, and in some cases medication or surgery. Tinnitus is a complex neurological phenomenon involving changes in the brain related to loss of normal auditory input, and it continues to be an active area of research seeking more effective treatment and management strategies.
This document discusses various disorders of voice including dysphonia, aphonia, diplophonia, puberphonia, phonasthenia, disorders of resonance like rhinolalia aperta and rhinolalia clausa, hoarseness, muscle tension dysphonia, spasmodic dysphonia, and sulcus vocalis. It describes the definition, etiology, symptoms, signs, investigations, and treatment of each disorder. Evaluation of hoarseness includes detailed history taking and examination of the larynx, neck, and other systems to determine the underlying cause. Botulinum toxin injections are the mainstay of treatment for spasmodic dysphonia while voice therapy is recommended for
This document defines and describes various voice and speech disorders. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of normal voice production. It then defines and describes various types of voice disorders like dysphonia, dysarthria, hoarseness, vocal register issues, and specific disorders like vocal nodules, vocal polyps, laryngeal paralysis, and functional disorders. Evaluation and treatment approaches for some common voice disorders are also mentioned.
A presentation about spasmodic dysphonia. this presentation composed of the definition, types, causes, pathophysiology, clinical feature, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of spasmodic dysphonia.
This document provides information about spasmodic dysphonia, a neurological voice disorder characterized by involuntary contractions of the laryngeal muscles during speech. It defines the main types as adductor or abductor spasmodic dysphonia. Diagnosis involves a team evaluating the patient's voice symptoms, medical history, and performing examinations like laryngoscopy and speech testing to differentiate it from other causes of voice problems. While the exact cause is unknown, it is thought to involve abnormal functioning of the basal ganglia and its effects on motor control of the larynx during speech.
This document provides information on hearing tests and deafness. It begins by classifying deafness into conductive, sensorineural, and mixed types. Conductive deafness occurs when sound transmission to the cochlea is impaired, while sensorineural deafness results from damage to the cochlea or auditory nerve. Mixed deafness affects both the middle and inner ear. Common causes of each type are described. The document then explains various hearing tests, including tuning fork tests, pure tone audiometry, and brainstem auditory evoked responses, which assess the functional status of the auditory pathway. Treatment options for deafness such as hearing aids and cochlear implants are also summarized.
DEFINATION
ATIOPATHOGENESIS
FEATURE AND PREDISPOSING FACTER
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
DEFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Also known as Singer’s or Screamer's Nodes
Vocal cord nodules are benign growths on both vocal cords that are caused by vocal abuse
They appear symmetrically on the free edge of vocal cord
At the junction of anterior 1/3 and posterior 2/3 *area of maximum vibration of vocal cord.
The document discusses the physical examination of the ear, including inspection of the external ear, otoscopy, and evaluation of gross auditory acuity. It also outlines several diagnostic evaluations used to indirectly measure the auditory and vestibular systems, such as audiometry, tympanometry, auditory brainstem response testing, electronystagmography, and sinusoidal harmonic acceleration testing. Middle ear endoscopy is also described as a method to examine the middle ear structure.
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Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) is caused by exposure to loud noises over time. It typically affects the higher frequencies and can be either temporary or permanent. The mechanisms of hearing involve sound being collected by the pinna and vibrations being transmitted through the ossicles to the cochlea, where hair cells convert it to electrical signals sent to the brain. Epidemiological studies show NIHL is very common occupationally and recreationally. Risk factors include occupational and recreational noise exposure as well as smoking. Pathology shows damage initially to outer hair cells. Clinical features are tinnitus, hearing loss, and normal exams. Diagnosis involves audiometry showing high frequency notches. Prevention focuses on limiting noise exposure and
description of various audiological assessment tests at bedside and via instruments for measurement of degree of hearing loss and help in identifying cause for hearing loss and type of hearing loss.
This document discusses various conditions related to abnormal auditory perception including tinnitus, hyperacusis, diploacusis, and objective tinnitus. Tinnitus is the perception of sound without an external source and can be subjective or objective. Hyperacusis is a reduced tolerance to noise. Diploacusis is altered sound perception that can cause sounds to be perceived differently between ears. Objective tinnitus originates from sources near the ear like blood vessels, muscles, or the temporomandibular joint. The document examines the epidemiology, causes, evaluation, and management of these conditions.
This document discusses various voice disorders including dysphonia, dysarthria, dysarthrophonia, and hoarseness. It describes the main causes of voice disorders as inflammatory, neoplastic/structural, neuromuscular, and muscle tension imbalance. Treatment options discussed include vocal hygiene and lifestyle advice, voice therapy, medical treatment such as for acid reflux, phonosurgery procedures, and in some cases Botulinum toxin injections. Specific voice disorders covered in detail include vocal fold polyps, nodules, Reinke's edema, and muscle tension dysphonia.
A 4-month-old girl presented with progressively worsening noisy breathing for 3 weeks. On examination, she was well-developed and comfortable, with normal respiratory rate and no signs of distress. Flexible laryngoscopy revealed bilateral vocal fold paralysis causing stridor. She was diagnosed with bilateral vocal fold immobility and planned for injection laryngoplasty to improve her breathing.
Disorders of voice, dr.sithanandha kumar, 19.09.2016ophthalmgmcri
This document discusses various disorders of voice and speech. It defines phonation and its components, and describes different types of speech and language disorders including fluency disorders like stuttering, articulation disorders, and voice disorders affecting pitch, quality and loudness. It then examines specific voice disorders in more detail such as hoarseness, dysphonia, puberphonia, spasmodic dysphonia, and their causes, evaluations, and treatments.
This document provides information on vocal cord paralysis, including:
1. Vocal cord paralysis is defined as total interruption of nerve impulses resulting in no movement of laryngeal muscles, while paresis is partial interruption causing weak movement.
2. Causes of laryngeal paralysis can be supranuclear, nuclear, related to high or low vagal lesions, or systemic. Paralysis may be unilateral, bilateral, or involve the recurrent laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal nerve, or both.
3. In unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, the vocal cord assumes a median position and does not move laterally on inspiration. Bilateral paralysis causes stridor and dyspnea due to
Vocal cord paralysis occurs when there is interruption of nerve impulses to the laryngeal muscles, resulting in impaired or absent movement of the vocal cords. It can be caused by issues with the recurrent laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal nerve, or both. Unilateral paralysis may cause hoarseness while bilateral paralysis risks airway obstruction and aspiration. Treatment depends on severity and includes watchful waiting, injection augmentation, framework surgery, and in severe cases, tracheostomy. Proper evaluation involves assessing symptoms, medical history, and direct laryngeal examination along with imaging tests.
- A cochlear loss typically results in acoustic reflexes present at normal hearing levels (below 100 dB HL), but at reduced sensation levels (less than 65 dB above the hearing threshold). Significant reflex decay is not expected.
- A conductive loss usually results in absent ipsilateral acoustic reflexes in the ear with the loss. A contralateral reflex may be present if the loss is unilateral and not severe. Any reflex found would be at a normal sensation level but a higher hearing level due to the elevated threshold.
- A retrocochlear loss may result in absent reflexes or ones present at elevated hearing and sensation levels. Early on a reflex may be present but reflex decay would be found.
This topic is meant for the study purpose for the final year undergraduate Physiotherapy students, who are studying under The Tamilnadu Dr.MGR Medical University (Govt University).
The document provides information on the anatomy and embryology of the larynx. It discusses the following key points:
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- The framework includes cartilages like the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages which form joints like the cricothyroid joint.
- Muscles like the thyrohyoid and laryngeal muscles attach to structures like the thyroid cartilage, hyoid bone, and vocal folds and control phonation and airway protection.
- The larynx matures
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of exercise on memory and thinking abilities in older adults. The study found that regular exercise can help reduce the decline in thinking abilities that often occurs with age. Specifically, aerobic exercise was shown to improve executive function and memory in the study participants between the ages of 60-75 who exercised at least 30 minutes per day for 6 months.
A 65-year-old male presented with a 6-month history of difficulty swallowing that progressed from solids to liquids. He also had a neck swelling for 2 months that increased in size to that of an orange. Examination found a ulceroproliferative growth in the left pyriform fossa and aryepiglottic fold, as well as a 5x3cm fixed and immobile left level 2 lymphadenopathy. The provisional diagnosis was malignancy of the hypopharynx with neck metastases.
The infratemporal fossa is the space beneath the skull between the pharynx and ramus of the mandible. It contains muscles like the lateral and medial pterygoid, blood vessels like the maxillary artery and vein, and neural structures like the mandibular nerve. The lateral pterygoid muscle originates from the sphenoid bone and inserts on the mandible, opening the mouth. The mandibular nerve enters through the foramen ovale and gives off branches to the muscles of mastication.
The document provides information on the anatomy and embryology of the larynx. It discusses how the larynx develops from the foregut and branchial arches during embryonic development. It describes the cartilage structures that make up the framework of the larynx, including the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages. It also discusses the joints and muscles that allow movement of the vocal folds and protection of the airway.
Dysphagia refers to difficulty swallowing and can affect any part of the swallowing pathway. There are two main types - oropharyngeal dysphagia where food gets stuck in the mouth or throat, and esophageal dysphagia where food gets stuck in the lower throat or chest. Dysphagia has many potential causes including neurological issues, infections, inflammation, tumors, and motility disorders of the esophagus. Evaluation involves a thorough history and physical exam as well as tests like barium swallow, endoscopy, and manometry. Zenker's diverticulum is a common esophageal diverticulum that can cause dysphagia, and treatment options include an external surgical approach
Rate Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, Activation Modulated Drug Delivery Systems, Mechanically activated, pH activated, Enzyme activated, Osmotic activated Drug Delivery Systems, Feedback regulated Drug Delivery Systems systems are discussed here.
This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
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Mental Benefits: Explains the psychological advantages, including stress reduction, improved mood, and better sleep.
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INFECTION OF THE BRAIN -ENCEPHALITIS ( PPT)blessyjannu21
Neurological system includes brain and spinal cord. It plays an important role in functioning of our body. Encephalitis is the inflammation of the brain. Causes include viral infections, infections from insect bites or an autoimmune reaction that affects the brain. It can be life-threatening or cause long-term complications. Treatment varies, but most people require hospitalization so they can receive intensive treatment, including life support.
2. • The intrinsic muscles of the larynx and their
actions. Heavy arrows indicate the direction of
muscle
• action; fine arrows indicate the motion of vocal
ligaments; and open arrows indicate the
motion of cricoid and thyroid cartilages.
3.
4. DISORDERS OF VOICE
1.Dysphonia:
General change in voice quality.
Dysphonia plica ventricularis.
2. Aphonia:
No sound is emanated from vocal folds when there is lack of vocal cord approximation or lack of
air passing through the glottis.
Functional (hysterical)
Organic
3. Diplophonia:
When vocal cords are affected differently they vibrate at two different frequencies.
5. DISORDERS OF VOICE
4.Puberphonia (mutational falsetto voice).
5.Phonasthenia
6.Disorders of resonance
7.Rhinolalia
Rhinolalia aperta (hypernasality)
Rhinolalia clausa (hyponasality).
6. HOARSENESS
• Hoarseness is defined as roughness of voice resulting
from variations of periodicity and/or intensity of
consecutive sound waves.
• For production of normal voice, vocal cords should:
1. Be able to approximate properly with each other.
2. Have a proper size and stiffness.
3. Have an ability to vibrate regularly in response to air
column.
• Any condition that interferes with the above functions
causes hoarseness.
7. • (a) Loss of approximation may be seen in vocal cord paralysis or fixation
or a tumour coming in between the vocal cords.
• (b) Size of the cord may increase in oedema of the cord or a tumour; there
is a decrease in partial surgical excision or fibrosis.
• (c) Stiffness may decrease in paralysis, increase in spastic dysphonia or
fibrosis.
• Cords may not be able to vibrate properly in the presence of congestion,
submucosal haemorrhages, nodule or a polyp.
9. EVALUATION OF HOARSENESS
1. History. Mode of onset and duration of illness, patient’s occupation, habits and associated
complaints are important and would often help to elucidate the cause. Any hoarseness
persisting for more than 2 weeks deserves examination of larynx. Malignancy should be
excluded in patients above 40 years.
2. Indirect laryngoscopy. Many of the local laryngeal causes can be diagnosed.
3. Examination of neck, chest, cardiovascular and neurological system would help to find
cause for laryngeal paralysis.
4. Laboratory investigations and radiological examination should be done as per dictates of the
cause suspected on clinical examination.
5. Direct laryngoscopy and microlaryngoscopy help in detailed examination, biopsy of the
lesions and assessment of the mobility of cricoarytenoid joints.
6. Bronchoscopy and oesophagoscopy may be required in cases of paralytic lesions of the
cord to exclude malignancy.
10. DYSPHONIA PLICA VENTRICULARIS (VENTRICULAR DYSPHONIA)
DEFINITION:
Voice produced by apposition of false vocal cord
ETIOLOGY:
• Secondary
• Functional
SYMPTOMS:
• Voice-Harsh, low pitched with crackling rumbling sound.
• Disturbed phonation
• Good voice(ventricular band compensates)
• Diplophonia
12. FUNCTIONAL APHONIA
(HYSTERICAL APHONIA)
DEFINITION:
Abrupt onset of loss of voice following emotional crisis giving rise to
functional paralysis of adductors during phonation.
ETIOLOGY:
• Psychological conditions-emotionally unstable individuals
SYMPTOMS:
• Aphonia
• Faint whisper
• Young female, psychological trauma.
• Laughing,crying,coughing-Normal
13. SIGNS:
Failure of vocal cords to oppose on phonation
VC oppose closely but without production of sound
Pharyngeal reflexes insensitive
Glottic closure-completely on attempted coughing
TREATMENT:
• Persuasion
Relapse common
• speech therapy
• Psychotherapy
14. PUBERPHONIA (MUTATIONAL FALSETTO VOICE)
Definition:
A functional voice disorder of pitch control where adolescent male
voice fails to descend to a normal pitch level at puberty.
Etiology:
Emotional stress
Personality disorder
Psychological changes during puberty
Pathology:
Hyperkinetic function and spasm of cricothyroid muscle.
16. Investigations:
• Stroboscopy
• Radiology of neck-narrowing of cricothyroid space.
Treatment:
• Vocal Rehabilitation & re-education
• Botox Injection into Cricothyroid Muscle
• Isshiki Thyroplasty type 3
17. PHONASTHENIA
DEFINITION:
Characterized by functional weakness of voice-Thyroarytenoid and interarytenoids or
both may be affected.
ETIOLOGY:
Faulty use of voice
Following laryngitis.
Emotionally labile individuals
SYMPTOMS:
• Unpleasant sensation around neck,throat,larynx
• Doctors, teachers are more prone
• Voice weak
20. SPASMODIC DYSPHONIA
DEFINITION:
• SD is a voice disorder arising from a focal dystonia involving certain
laryngeal muscles but reflecting central motor processing
issues/abnormalities.
• Background of normal speech overlain by vocal spasms that are not
under voluntary control (strained & strangled speech pattern).
ETIOLOGY:
• Unknown /idiopathic
• patient may relate onset to a specific event (eg: flulike syndrome or an
emotionally traumatic event).
• combination of genetic predisposition interacting with acquired factors
later in life.
21. SYMPTOMS:
• SOCIAL IMPLICATONS-impacts on the patient’s quality of life.
• phonation breaks and strangled quality of the voice.
• task-specific dystonia
SIGNS:
ENDOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: At rest—normal
At attempted phonation-Spasm of laryngeal muscles seen & heard.
Worsened by anxiety, telephone conversation
Symptoms ameliorated by Alcohol.
AIRWAY NOT COMPROMISED
23. ADDUCTOR SD
• 90% of patients with SD
• The characteristic adductor spasm results in a strangled and
staccato voice.
• Mistaken for muscle tension dysphonia.
• characterized by phonation breaks associated with vowels, in
particular words ending with a vowel and being followed on by a
word starting with a vowel (we – eat’) and words with two vowels
in tandem (for example, eighty-year – eels). The vowels /i/ (‘ee’)
and /a/ (‘ah’) are particularly problematic.
• Relatively normal phonation on a continuous vowel sound.
• Hyper-functional voice and psychogenic voice disorder may be
confused with SD. Spastic UMN conditions may also be
misdiagnosed as SD.
24. Abductor SD
• 10% of individuals presenting with voice dystonias.
• SD have particular difficulty with voice onset after voiceless consonants at
the beginnings of words or phrases (words starting with /w/, /b/,/s/, /t/, /p/,
/f/, etc.), often leading to problems with vocal fold closure for the following
sound.
• examples -‘who has hidden Harry’s hat?’.
• Attempts to pronounce such sounds lead to voiceless voice breaks.
• Abductor SD should be differentiated from psychogenic voice disorders
such as whisper dysphonia and neurologic disorders.
25. DIAGNOSIS
• The diagnosis of SD is made on clinical grounds, and usually solely
by the listening skills of an experienced clinician.
• Electromyography (EMG) will demonstrate bursts of involuntary
spasms of electrical activity overlaid on normal interference pattern.
In adductor SD, increased thyroarytenoid activity is observed during
these bursts.
• Assessment of SD requires evaluation by a multidisciplinary team.
• Nasendoscopic inspection and recording with playback to the patient
is the gold standard.
• The voice assessment includes repetition of sentences loaded with
voiced segments and vowels, as this will provoke (worsen)
symptoms (i.e. more strain, voice breaks)
26. TREATMENT OF SPASMODIC
DYSPHONIA
• Speech therapy: little role
• Medical therapy:
Isolated SD, no role.
SD associated with other dystonias (facial dystonia, for
example), low-dose benzodiazepines useful.
• Botulinum toxin:
• The mainstay of treatment of SD is repeated botulinum toxin
injections.
• In clinical practice in the UK, most clinicians use botulinum
toxin type A.
27.
28. ADDUCTOR SD – BOTULINUM TOXIN
INJECTIONS
• The injections of the thyroarytenoid muscle with botulinum toxin may be performed permucosally
(under local or general anaesthetic) or, more commonly, transcutaneously.
• The transcutaneous injection technique approaches the thyroarytenoid muscle through the
cricothyroid membrane.
• The needle is advanced in the midline through the cricothyroid membrane.
• Having entered the skin and passed through the cricothyroid membrane, the needle is angled 15
degrees cranially and 30 degrees laterally and then advanced into the body of the thyroarytenoid
muscle.
• electromyographic (EMG) monitoring to ensure that the tip of the injection needle is appropriately
placed in the thyroarytenoid muscle.
• When the needle tip is thought to be in the muscle, the patient is asked to phonate (/i/) – this causes
a characteristic burst of activity on the EMG monitor, and the botulinum toxin can be rapidly delivered
in to the muscle.
• In general, patients will receive a low dose of botulinum toxin (between 3 and 10 units of dysport
(equal approximately to between 1 and 3 units of botox)) into one or both thyroarytenoid muscles. In
practice, a newly diagnosed patient will usually receive a small dose of botulinum toxin into one or
other vocal fold.
• The frequency of dosing is variable.
29. ABDUCTOR SD – BOTULINUM TOXIN
INJECTIONS
• More technically challenging.
• It may be approached transcutaneously by manually rotating the larynx into a position
where the posterior cricoid ring can be accessed.
• If the PCA is injected transcutaneously, EMG guidance is essential; the muscle can be
difficult to locate, and EMG confirmation (by asking the patient to abduct the vocal folds with
a forced sniff) is required to confirm needle placement.
• prefer to perform PCA injections under general anesthetic.
• Care must be taken to direct the injection laterally; erroneous injection of both PCA muscles
might result in complete failure of the patient to be able to abduct both vocal folds.
• Less effective than for adductor SD. A larger dose is usually required to achieve adequate
results.
30. SURGERY
Recurrent laryngeal nerve section/crush:
• Unilateral RLN section for Adductor SD Long term results not maintained.
Recurrent laryngeal nerve selective denervation and reinnervation:
• first, the muscle may be prone to atrophy; and second, there is a likelihood of
reinnervation by the cut end of the RLN.
• Selectively denervating the thyroarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles,
followed by providing tone to the muscles with an ansa cervicalis anastomosis,
might preserve muscle tone
Thyroarytenoid myotomy:
• Thyroarytenoid inactivity has been proposed by coagulating the muscle with a
laser.
Type 2 thyroplasty:
• Isshiki has proposed a type 2 thyroplasty as treatment for adductor SD
31. HYPONASALITY (RHINOLALIA
CLAUSA)
• Blockage of the nose or nasopharynx results in lack of nasal resonance for “m”,
“n” and “ing” sounds.
• Articulation substitutions of “b”, “d” and “g” are common
Etiology
• Rhinosinusitis
• Allergic and nonallergic rhinitis
• Nasal masses such as polyps and tumors
• Nasopharyngeal mass and adenoids
• Familial or habitual speech pattern
• Other causes: Deviated nasal septum (DNS), choanal atresia and turbinate
hypertrophy.
Treatment
• After treating the cause, the patient is sent for voice therapy.
32. HYPERNASALITY (RHINOLALIA
APERTA)
• The failure of the nasopharynx to cut off from oropharynx or undue
passage between the oral and nasal cavities results in nasal
resonance of all the words.
Etiology:
• Velopharyngeal insufficiency)/velopharyngeal dysfunction
• Oronasal fistula
• Familial or habitual speech pattern.
Treatment:
• Treatment of the cause is important. Voice therapy helps in
functional causes.
33. STUTTERING
• Stuttering is a neurologic, movement disorder in which abnormal,
involuntary and inappropriate use of the speech muscles results in
dysfluency.
• Result of increased muscle tension in the three subsystems of
speech.
Risk Factors
• Too much attention or reprimands to childhood dysfluency between 2
years and 4 years.
Clinical Features
• characterized by hesitation to initiate, repetitions, prolongations or
blocks in speech flow.
• The patient later on may develop secondary mannerisms.
34. Factors Relieving Stuttering
• Factors, which may increase fluency for a period of time, are:
Emotional arousal or sensory stimuli
Motor actions such as walking
Use of rhythmic patterns such as a metronome or monotone.
Singing or speaking in a sing-song voice
Shouting
Foreign accent or slurred articulation.
Factors Aggravating Stuttering
• The factors, which may increase stuttering include communicative
pressures.
35. Treatment
• Speech therapy and training.
• Antidepressants
• injection botulinum toxin (1 unit or less, bilaterally) produce
improvement in 50% cases.
• “SpeechEasy”:Using both delayed and frequency-altered
auditory feedback in the ear devices (a frequency shift of +500
Hz with delayed auditory feedback of 60 m/sec) has shown
significant improvement in fluency and normalcy of speech in
both youth and adult subjects. It is marketed under the
trademark “SpeechEasy”.
36. MUSCLE TENSION DYSPHONIA
• Functional voice disorder.
• Excessive tension in the extrinsic laryngeal muscles affects intrinsic
laryngeal muscles and vocal cord mucosa and leads to abnormality
in phonatory process.
• The supraglottic larynx becomes hyperfunctional for attempting to
compensate for the GI. MTD has two types: primary and secondary.
• Primary MTD: It is common in females. Vocal cords show atypical or
abnormal movement during phonation but there is no organic vocal
cord pathology. It is associated with excessive supraglottic
hyperfunction.
• Secondary MTD: It is the result of compensation for underlying GI.
37. Endoscopic supraglottic findings
classification:
• MTD type 1: Posterior open chink due to hypertonic state of
posterior cricoarytenoid muscle; laryngeal isometric
contractions.
• MTD type 2: Adducted vestibular folds.
• MTD type 3: Anteroposterior contractions bringing epiglottis
closer to arytenoids; posterior shift of base of tongue.
• MTD type 4: Extreme anteroposterior contractions squeeze the
supraglottis and larynx cannot be viewed.
• Differential diagnosis: For spasmodic dysphonia
38. SULCUS VOCALIS
• common in Indian subcontinent.
• Irreversible loss of viscoelasticity of SLP (Reinke’s space).
• Etiology: Not certain
• Clinical features:
• Patient has breathy voice. The characteristic finding is a furrow
or sulcus at the free edge of vocal cord leading to abnormal
vocal cord vibrations and GI.
• History of voice abuse is common. Significant loss of tissue can
cause GI.
39. • Types: On the basis of depth and shape of the sulcus, it is
grouped into three types:
• Type I: Superficial sulcus with no symptoms
• Type IIa: With moderate dysphonia
• Type IIb: With severe dysphonia.
• Treatment: Injection augmentation or permanent implant
provides vocal projection and volume and may correct GI.
40. MYOCLONUS
• Myoclonus is a disease of central nervous system. It consists of sudden,
brief, shock-like involuntary movements, which are caused by either
muscular contractions (positive myoclonus) or inhibitions (negative
myoclonus, asterixis).
• Laryngeal Features
• Broken speech pattern and respiratory dysrhythmia (ventilatory
dysfunction).
• Vocal cords often show slow rhythmic adduction and abduction at the
same timing and frequency as the palatal, pharyngeal and occasionally
diaphragmatic contractions.
• Treatment
• Pharmacotherapy: Though given serotonin, carbamazepine, clonazepam,
tetrabenazine and trihexyphenidyl are generally unresponsive.
• Local injection of botulinum toxin into the thyroarytenoid muscles has been
tried successfully.
41. TOURETTE’S SYNDROME
• This tic disorder is characterized by involuntary vocalizations of
articulate words or inarticulate sounds. It may be associated with
multiple tics of several body parts. Lingual tics present as hisses and
nasal tics as sniffs and snorts.
• Clinical Features
• Onset may be in childhood or adolescence.
• Obsessive-compulsive behavior.
• Laryngeal tics: Inappropriate coughing, barking, throat clearing,
hooting and grunting.
• The chronic voice abuse may make the voice harsh and results in
polypoid changes of the vocal mucosa.
42. • Treatment
• Phenothiazines such as haloperidol.
• Alpha-2-adrenergic agonist such as clonidine.
• Benzodiazepine such as clonazepam.
• Local injections of botulinum toxin to manage rapid facial tics
and dystonic tics such as refractory loud barking sounds.
43. PARKINSON’S DISEASE
• Clinical features: Voice becomes monopitch, weak or breathy.
Speech intelligibility decreases.
Treatment:
• Lee Silverman Voice Therapy improves vocal quality, intensity and
speech intelligibility. Therapy focuses
• on following five concepts:
1. Think loud
2. High effort across the speech system
3. Intensive therapy
4. Recalibrate sensory deficits
5. Quantify improvement.
Editor's Notes
Slow recovery occurs by proximal sprouting of axons and muscle reinnervation
by the formation of a new neurotransmitter junction, with ultimate regeneration of the original neuromuscular junction