Formaldehyde is available as a gas or 40% aqueous solution called formalin. It acts as a disinfectant by alkylating proteins and nucleic acids. A 1:200 formalin solution is highly effective against bacteria, viruses and fungi, while higher concentrations and longer exposure are needed to eliminate spores. Formaldehyde has a strong odor and irritates mucous membranes. Sodium hypochlorite, commonly known as bleach, is a broad-spectrum disinfectant effective against viruses, bacteria, fungi and mycobacteria but not bacterial spores. For liquid biological waste, a 0.5% bleach solution made with a 1:10 bleach dilution is appropriate, while a 1% solution with a 1

1. Disinfectant
By
Dr. Dinesh Kumar G
Pharm. D

2. FORMALDEHYDE
Formaldehyde, a gas at room temperature, is used as a fumigant or as
a 40% w/v aqueous solution containing methanol (Formalin). It acts by
alkylation of proteins and nucleic acids. The solution, in the
concentration of 1:200, is a highly effective disinfectant against several
bacteria, viruses and fungi; a higher concentration and prolonged
exposure are necessary to eliminate spores. Formaldehyde solution has a
pungent odour and is extremely irritant to the mucous membranes. It
precipitates tissue proteins in high concentration. When applied to the
unbroken skin, it hardens the epidermis.

3. Uses: A 10% solution is used for disinfection of excreta, sputa and
brush bristles. It is sometimes used in dentistry as a mummifying agent
for residual pulp tissue. A 3% solution is available for removal of warts
on the palms and soles, and a 20 to 30% solution is employed to treat
hyperhidrosis. A 4% solution in saline is a common preservative for
pathological specimens.
Formaldehyde gas is obtained by heating formaldehyde solution or
formalin tablets. It is used for sterilisation of those articles which cannot
be wetted with solutions or subjected to high temperatures. It does not
damage metal, plastics or fabrics.

4. SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
Sodium hypochlorite, commonly known as bleach, is most frequently
used as a disinfecting agent. It is a broad-spectrum disinfectant that is
effective for the disinfection of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and
mycobacterium. However, sodium hypochlorite is NOT effective in the
disinfection of bacterial spores

5. CONCENTRATION & CONTACT TIME
The appropriate concentration of sodium hypochlorite for disinfecting general
liquid biological waste is 5000 ppm, approximately 0.5%. Household bleach
is 5 - 6 % sodium hypochlorite; therefore a 1:10 (v/v) dilution of bleach to
liquid biological waste is appropriate. For biological waste containing a high
organic load (e.g., blood, proteins, or lipids) the appropriate concentration of
sodium hypochlorite is 10000ppm, approximately 1%, therefore a 1:5 (v/v)
dilution of bleach to liquid biological waste is appropriate.
Minimum Contact time:
Surface disinfection - 1 min
Liquid waste disinfection - 20 min
Sodium hypochlorite is known to be corrosive to metals, therefore, it
important to wipe down metal surfaces with water or ethanol after treating
them with a bleach solution.

6. STABILITY & STORAGE
Bleach should be stored between 2-8°C (50-70°F). According to Clorox,
undiluted household bleach has a shelf life of six months to one year
from the date of manufacture, after which bleach degrades at a rate of
20% each year until totally degraded to salt and water, and a 1:10 bleach
solution has a shelf life of 24 hours.
Bleach must be stored separately from corrosives, soaps, detergents or
other cleaning products

7. HEALTH & SAFETY
• Skin corrosion/irritation
• Serious eye damage/eye irritation
• Acute aquatic toxicity
• Chronic aquatic toxicity
If sodium hypochlorite comes in contact with other cleaners containing
ammonia or chlorine compounds, fatal levels for ammonia gas or
chlorine gas can be produced. Never mix bleach with other chemicals.

8. HEALTH & SAFETY
Minimum Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) that MUST be worn
when preparing or handling a sodium hypochlorite solution:
 Nitrile Rubber Gloves; and
 Safety Glasses; and
 Respiratory protection should be used any time there is the potential
for exposure to vapor and/or dust and a fume hood cannot be used;
and
 Lab coat.

9. Thank you