Penicillins are the beta lactam antibiotics used to treat various conditions like pharyngitis, tonsilitis, endocarditis, diphtheria, anthrax and syphilis.
Pharmacology of Penicllins (Beta lactam antibiotics), description of their mechanism of action, mechanism of resistance, classification, indications and adverse effects
Pharmacology of Penicllins (Beta lactam antibiotics), description of their mechanism of action, mechanism of resistance, classification, indications and adverse effects
Pneumococci is a gram positive bacteria causing pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. prevented by vaccination and treated with penicilins and cephalosporins.
DEFINITION CHEMOTHERAPY & ANTIBIOTICS
CHEMOTHERAPY: Chemotherapy is the treatment of infections by substances which destroy or suppress bacteria and other microorganism. The substances / Agents used may natural synthetic or semi – synthetic in nature.
ANTIBIOTICS: An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by microorganism which prevents the growth of other microorganism or kills the other microorganism. These are natural substances
CHEMOTHERAPY
It is a method of therapy of infectious disease and cancer with chemical agents – chemotherapeutic medicines
ANTIBIOTICS CLASSIFIED AS:
According to the mode of action on Bacteria:
According to the type of Bacteria:
According to the effectiveness against microorganism:
According to the mode of action on Bacteria:
Bacteriostatic: These antibiotics inhibit the growth & multiplication of Bacteria. Eg. Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Sulphonamides, Dapsone, Erythromycin, Clindamycin.
Bactericidal: These antibiotics destroy or kill all the Bacteria in the process of multiplication. Eg. Penicillin, Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporin, Fluoroquinolones, Rifampicin, Metronidazole etc.
According to the type of Bacteria:
Gram Positive: Some Antibiotics are effective mainly against Gram Positive Bacteria Eg. Penicillin.
Gram Negative: Some Antibiotics are effective mainly against Gram Negative Bacteria Eg. Streptomycin.
According to the effectiveness against microorganism:
Broad Spectrum: The Antibiotics which acts against wide range of microorganisms. Eg. Tetracycline.
Narrow Spectrum: These Antibiotics are useful against limited microorganisms. Eg. Erythromycin
Toxic Effects: Gastrointestinal irritation, Nausea, Vomiting and diarrhea may occur when given by mouth.
Skin sensitivity may develop with Penicillin or streptomycin causing rashes.
Serious toxic effect may occur due to streptomycin on the vestibular & auditory nerve causing vertigo & deafness
Drug Resistance: Many bacteria soon develops resistance to particular drug after a period of treatment, so that the bacteria will not respond to the same drug for example tubercle bacillus develops resistance to streptomycin quickly.
Super infection: The antibiotics given by mouth kill the normal bacteria inhibiting the alimentary canal and permits the over growth of other insensitive organisms which can cause serious complications. Eg. Fungus cause thrush which may go to the lungs with fatal results.
Hypersensitivity Reaction: Chemotherapeutic agents can cause Hypersensitivity reactions from mild rashes to serve anaphylactic shock. Eg. Penicillin & Sulphonamides.
Vitamin Deficiency: Alteration in vitamin formation and absorption from the bowel take place . So there is deficiency of Vitamin B complex and Vitamin K.
Anemia: In susceptible persons chloramphenicol may produce Aplastic anemia or agranulocytosis. (Action must be taken through proper history about previous drug reaction before administering penicillin sulphonamide and cephalosporin
Cephalosporins are the broad spectrum antibiotics derived from fungus. Mainly used to treat bacterial infections like meningitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections and sepsis.
Pneumococci is a gram positive bacteria causing pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. prevented by vaccination and treated with penicilins and cephalosporins.
DEFINITION CHEMOTHERAPY & ANTIBIOTICS
CHEMOTHERAPY: Chemotherapy is the treatment of infections by substances which destroy or suppress bacteria and other microorganism. The substances / Agents used may natural synthetic or semi – synthetic in nature.
ANTIBIOTICS: An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by microorganism which prevents the growth of other microorganism or kills the other microorganism. These are natural substances
CHEMOTHERAPY
It is a method of therapy of infectious disease and cancer with chemical agents – chemotherapeutic medicines
ANTIBIOTICS CLASSIFIED AS:
According to the mode of action on Bacteria:
According to the type of Bacteria:
According to the effectiveness against microorganism:
According to the mode of action on Bacteria:
Bacteriostatic: These antibiotics inhibit the growth & multiplication of Bacteria. Eg. Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Sulphonamides, Dapsone, Erythromycin, Clindamycin.
Bactericidal: These antibiotics destroy or kill all the Bacteria in the process of multiplication. Eg. Penicillin, Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporin, Fluoroquinolones, Rifampicin, Metronidazole etc.
According to the type of Bacteria:
Gram Positive: Some Antibiotics are effective mainly against Gram Positive Bacteria Eg. Penicillin.
Gram Negative: Some Antibiotics are effective mainly against Gram Negative Bacteria Eg. Streptomycin.
According to the effectiveness against microorganism:
Broad Spectrum: The Antibiotics which acts against wide range of microorganisms. Eg. Tetracycline.
Narrow Spectrum: These Antibiotics are useful against limited microorganisms. Eg. Erythromycin
Toxic Effects: Gastrointestinal irritation, Nausea, Vomiting and diarrhea may occur when given by mouth.
Skin sensitivity may develop with Penicillin or streptomycin causing rashes.
Serious toxic effect may occur due to streptomycin on the vestibular & auditory nerve causing vertigo & deafness
Drug Resistance: Many bacteria soon develops resistance to particular drug after a period of treatment, so that the bacteria will not respond to the same drug for example tubercle bacillus develops resistance to streptomycin quickly.
Super infection: The antibiotics given by mouth kill the normal bacteria inhibiting the alimentary canal and permits the over growth of other insensitive organisms which can cause serious complications. Eg. Fungus cause thrush which may go to the lungs with fatal results.
Hypersensitivity Reaction: Chemotherapeutic agents can cause Hypersensitivity reactions from mild rashes to serve anaphylactic shock. Eg. Penicillin & Sulphonamides.
Vitamin Deficiency: Alteration in vitamin formation and absorption from the bowel take place . So there is deficiency of Vitamin B complex and Vitamin K.
Anemia: In susceptible persons chloramphenicol may produce Aplastic anemia or agranulocytosis. (Action must be taken through proper history about previous drug reaction before administering penicillin sulphonamide and cephalosporin
Cephalosporins are the broad spectrum antibiotics derived from fungus. Mainly used to treat bacterial infections like meningitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections and sepsis.
Sympathomimetics are the drugs that mimic effects of endogenous catecholamines. Used to treat various conditions. Includes Dobutamine, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine and Isoproterenol.
Oxytocin is a peptide hormone that activates receptors on Uterine smooth muscle leading to the increased frequency, strength and duration of Uterine Contraction..
Broncholytics or bronchial secretion inhibitors or medications to control airway secretions are used to treat nasal congestion, relieve chest congestion and for non productive cough.
Bronchodilators are group of medications that help breathing by keeping airways dilated through smooth muscle relaxation, dilation of narrowed airways and improved air flow.
Information about the importance of the platelet and functions.
Classification of drugs used for antiplatelet properties. And a brief discussion about the drugs.
A detailed information Thrombolytic or fibrinolytics. Comes under the Drugs affecting the blood and blood forming category. These drugs are used to lyse the clot.
A detailed information about the diuretics - classification of drugs, mechanism of action, side effects, dosage and indications.
Classification based on the efficacy of the diuretics.
1. High
2. Moderate
3. Weak
A brief introduction given about the nephron structure and its indications.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
18. ANTIBIOTICS: PENICILLINS
DRUG NAME penicillin G, penicillin V amoxicillin, ampicillin
dicloxacillin, nafcillin,
oxacillin
piperacillin-tazobactam
CLASS Basic Penicillins
Broad-Spectrum
Penicillins
(Aminopenicillins)
Penicillinase-Resistant
Penicillins
(Antistaphylococcal
Penicillins)
Extended-Spectrum
Penicillins
(Antipseudomonal
Penicillins)
MOA Inhibition of the enzyme in cell wall synthesis; bactericidal effect
INDICATIONS
•Upper respiratory infections
•Otitis media
•Pneumonia
•Rheumatic fever
•Skin and soft-tissue infections
•Gonorrhea and syphilis
•Treatment of infections:
• skin
• respiratory
• GI and GU
•Amoxicillin: gonorrhea
•Ampicillin: meningitis,
endocarditis, septicemia
•Infections caused by
Penicillin G–resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Infections caused by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
ROA
•Penicillin G: IM, IV
•Penicillin G benzathine: IM
•Penicillin V: PO
•Amoxicillin: PO
•Ampicillin: PO, IM, IV
•Dicloxacillin: PO
•Nafcillin, Oxacillin: IM, IV
•IV
SIDE EFFECTS
•Seizures
•Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
•Superinfections (e.g., CDI, candidiasis, vaginitis), Urticaria, pruritus, anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome
•Interstitial nephritis, renal tubular damage
•Penicillin G: Local pain at injection site, accidental intra-arterial injection or near a major peripheral nerve can cause
severe neurovascular damage and tissue necrosis
•Amoxicillin: Eosinophilia, anemia thrombocytopenia
19. ANTIBIOTICS: PENICILLINS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
AND CAUTIONS
•Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to penicillins.
Precautions: Hypersensitivity to cephalosporins and carbapenems, Pregnancy, breastfeeding
•Severe renal disease
•Boxed Warning: Penicillin G benzathine: IV use
Drug interactions:
Probenecid increases penicillin effect
•Tetracyclines decrease the effect of penicillins
•Penicillins increase effect of methotrexate
•Penicillins decrease the effect of oral contraceptives
•Broad-Spectrum Penicillins: Allopurinol increases risk of rash
•Penicillinase-resistant penicillins:
•Decrease effect of live virus vaccines, do not use together
•Food, carbonated drinks, and citrus fruit juices decrease absorption of penicillinase-resistant
penicillins
20. ANTIBIOTICS: PENICILLINS
ASSESSMENT AND
MONITORING
Vital signs
•Current signs and symptoms
•Laboratory test results: CBC, renal and hepatic function, VDRL
•Diagnostic test results: lumbar puncture
Administration
Ensure adequate hydration
•Patent IV and Indwelling urinary catheter
Insertion site; rotate regularly
•Side effects Hypersensitivity, Superinfection, Renal damage
•Evaluate: resolution of the infection; absence of symptoms
Client education
Purpose of the medication: treats the infection causing their symptoms
•Administered intravenously over two weeks
•Side effects
• Report pain or discomfort at the insertion site
• Abdominal pain
