Diseases of respiratory tract
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The respiratory system is on of the most important vital organ system of the human body. A healthy system will keep any breathing animal alive. It is vital to know about its anatomy and function as well as the common disease associations. This slides will give you a brief account of the diseases that are involved in the respiratory tract and some radiological aspects that we must know. Go through it and enjoy. Thank You!! and feel free to give your valuable comments.
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Bronchitis Disease
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by infections like the flu or cold, bacteria, or lung irritants. There are two main types - acute bronchitis involves a short-term infection with symptoms like coughing, phlegm, fever and fatigue, while chronic bronchitis is a serious long-term condition often caused by smoking with continuous coughing and difficulty breathing. Over time, bronchitis can damage the tiny cilia in the lungs responsible for clearing mucus, making the lungs vulnerable to infection and permanent damage leading to COPD.
Bronchitis
Acute bronchitis is an inflammatory condition of the trachea and main bronchi caused by viral infection. It is usually preceded by inflammation of the upper airways. The diagnosis is typically made clinically based on symptoms and history of upper respiratory infection. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, hydration, humidification, and avoiding irritants.
Treatment of bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the airways that bring air into the lungs, usually caused by viruses or bacteria. Physicians typically treat the symptoms like cough, fatigue, fever or chest pains to alleviate discomfort while the body fights the inflammation. Treatment may include vaccination and reducing exposure to pollution to decrease the risk of bronchitis.
Lecture 14 disorders of the respiratory system- Pathology
This document provides an overview of respiratory system disorders and diseases. It discusses various respiratory infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and influenza. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or aspiration and can be classified as typical (caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae) or atypical (caused by viruses or atypical bacteria). Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and forms granulomas in the lungs. Symptoms include cough and chest pain. Diagnosis involves tests like tuberculin skin tests and sputum cultures. Treatment requires a long course of multiple antibiotics.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viral or bacterial infection or irritants like smoke. It is classified as acute (lasting days to weeks) or chronic (lasting months). Acute bronchitis is usually caused by cold/flu viruses while chronic bronchitis is often caused by long-term smoke inhalation. Symptoms include cough, wheezing, chest tightness and mucus production. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, opening airways, treating infection if present, and addressing underlying causes like smoking.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that carry air from the lungs. Acute bronchitis is usually caused by viruses and develops from a cold or respiratory infection, while chronic bronchitis is often due to long-term smoking and causes constant irritation of the bronchial tubes. Risk factors for bronchitis include smoking cigarettes, exposure to air pollution, dust or toxic gases, and conditions that weaken the immune system such as colds, chronic illness, old age or young age.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi. Acute bronchitis causes cough and mucus production, often during a cold or flu. Chronic bronchitis is long-term cough and mucus production, usually caused by smoking or pollution. Acute bronchitis is usually viral but can be bacterial, while chronic bronchitis is caused by long-term airway irritation. Symptoms include cough, fatigue, and sore throat.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that carry air to the lungs. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, persisting for months. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by a mucus-producing cough for at least three months a year. Smoking is a major risk factor. Symptoms include cough, mucus production, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-rays, and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on antibiotics for bacterial infections, cough suppressants, bronchodilators, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Complications can include asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia.
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Bronchitis Disease
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by infections like the flu or cold, bacteria, or lung irritants. There are two main types - acute bronchitis involves a short-term infection with symptoms like coughing, phlegm, fever and fatigue, while chronic bronchitis is a serious long-term condition often caused by smoking with continuous coughing and difficulty breathing. Over time, bronchitis can damage the tiny cilia in the lungs responsible for clearing mucus, making the lungs vulnerable to infection and permanent damage leading to COPD.
Bronchitis
Acute bronchitis is an inflammatory condition of the trachea and main bronchi caused by viral infection. It is usually preceded by inflammation of the upper airways. The diagnosis is typically made clinically based on symptoms and history of upper respiratory infection. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, hydration, humidification, and avoiding irritants.
Treatment of bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the airways that bring air into the lungs, usually caused by viruses or bacteria. Physicians typically treat the symptoms like cough, fatigue, fever or chest pains to alleviate discomfort while the body fights the inflammation. Treatment may include vaccination and reducing exposure to pollution to decrease the risk of bronchitis.
Lecture 14 disorders of the respiratory system- Pathology
This document provides an overview of respiratory system disorders and diseases. It discusses various respiratory infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and influenza. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or aspiration and can be classified as typical (caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae) or atypical (caused by viruses or atypical bacteria). Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and forms granulomas in the lungs. Symptoms include cough and chest pain. Diagnosis involves tests like tuberculin skin tests and sputum cultures. Treatment requires a long course of multiple antibiotics.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viral or bacterial infection or irritants like smoke. It is classified as acute (lasting days to weeks) or chronic (lasting months). Acute bronchitis is usually caused by cold/flu viruses while chronic bronchitis is often caused by long-term smoke inhalation. Symptoms include cough, wheezing, chest tightness and mucus production. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, opening airways, treating infection if present, and addressing underlying causes like smoking.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that carry air from the lungs. Acute bronchitis is usually caused by viruses and develops from a cold or respiratory infection, while chronic bronchitis is often due to long-term smoking and causes constant irritation of the bronchial tubes. Risk factors for bronchitis include smoking cigarettes, exposure to air pollution, dust or toxic gases, and conditions that weaken the immune system such as colds, chronic illness, old age or young age.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi. Acute bronchitis causes cough and mucus production, often during a cold or flu. Chronic bronchitis is long-term cough and mucus production, usually caused by smoking or pollution. Acute bronchitis is usually viral but can be bacterial, while chronic bronchitis is caused by long-term airway irritation. Symptoms include cough, fatigue, and sore throat.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that carry air to the lungs. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, persisting for months. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by a mucus-producing cough for at least three months a year. Smoking is a major risk factor. Symptoms include cough, mucus production, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-rays, and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on antibiotics for bacterial infections, cough suppressants, bronchodilators, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Complications can include asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia.
Bronchitis powerpoint
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchioles, or airways, in the lungs. There are two main types: acute bronchitis, which lasts less than two weeks and is usually caused by infection, and chronic bronchitis, which lasts longer and is often caused by long-term smoking. Acute bronchitis causes symptoms like coughing, phlegm, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Chronic bronchitis can lead to permanent lung damage in long-term smokers and is treated with bronchodilators and pulmonary rehabilitation. Bronchitis is diagnosed through chest x-rays, sputum tests, and pulmonary function tests.
Tonsilitis (AHN)
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection. Symptoms include sore throat and fever. The document defines tonsillitis and describes the causes, signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnostic tests, potential complications, treatment options including medications and tonsillectomy, nursing diagnoses, and nursing interventions.
Pneumonia in equine 2017
Pneumonia in equine can be caused by various infectious agents like viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites. Clinical signs include rapid shallow breathing, cough, nasal discharge, abnormal breath odor and crackling lung sounds. Diagnosis involves history, clinical examination, endoscopy, nasal swabs and ultrasound. Treatment focuses on isolation of infected animals, use of appropriate antibiotics, bronchodilators, antiparasitics, antihistamines and corticosteroids depending on the cause of pneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia can result from careless drenching or vomiting and causes sudden death or pneumonia depending on material aspirated.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses, bacteria, or other irritants. There are two main types: acute bronchitis, which usually lasts a few weeks and follows a cold or flu, and chronic bronchitis, a long-term illness with daily cough and mucus production for at least 3 months per year. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, wheezing, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, chest x-rays, and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, cough medicine, bronchodilators, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Managing risk factors like smoking and avoiding pollutants can help prevent bronchitis.
Pathology of Pneumonia
Pathology of Pneumonia:
Broncho- pneumonia,
Lobar Pneumonia,
Lung Abscess,
Lung Fungal Absces,
Normal Lung
Please leave a comment after downloading.
THANK YOU ^^
Pulmonary pathology
This document summarizes various respiratory pathologies organized into categories including congenital anomalies, infections, obstructive/restrictive diseases, and tumors. Key points include descriptions of common conditions such as emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and pulmonary embolism. Specific pathological features and classifications are provided for different disease types.
Pneumonia ppt
Details about pneumonia, its demographics, classification, types, common symptoms, pathophysiology, brief introduction to different types of pneumonia
Chronic Bronchitis
Shahd Alali has chronic bronchitis, characterized by a chronic cough lasting over 2 years. Chronic bronchitis is common among smokers and is caused by smoking as well as air pollutants. It involves hypertrophy of the bronchial mucus glands leading to hypersecretion of mucus and inflammation in the large airways. On morphology, the large airways appear hyperemic, swollen, and covered in mucus secretions with increased goblet cells and inflammatory cells in the trachea and bronchi. Clinical features include a prominent cough producing sputum, cyanosis, increased risk of infection, and dyspnea.
TONSILLITIS
The document discusses tonsillitis, including:
1. Tonsils are lymphoid tissue in the throat that help fight infections. Tonsillitis is inflammation usually due to viruses or bacteria.
2. There are different types of tonsillitis including acute which tends to be short term and bacterial/viral and chronic which lasts a long time and is caused by bacteria.
3. Symptoms include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, earache, fever and enlarged lymph nodes. Treatment involves rest, fluids, pain medication and antibiotics. Complications can include abscesses if left untreated.
Diseases and disorders of the respiratory system and
This document discusses several respiratory diseases and conditions. It notes that smoking and air pollution can damage lung cells through chemicals like nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide. Secondhand smoke is also unhealthy. Common respiratory infections are caused by bacteria and viruses and can affect the nose, throat, and airways. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema involve long-term inflammation and damage to the lungs. Asthma features shortness of breath and wheezing from contracted airways. Lung cancer is often linked to smoking and tar acting as carcinogens that can cause uncontrolled cell growth.
1st science 16 causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment
Here are some responses to the assignment questions:
1. General ways to minimize or prevent respiratory ailments include maintaining good hygiene, getting adequate rest, and avoiding exposure to pollutants and irritants.
2. To inform the public about the dangers of smoking and lung cancer, one could create educational materials highlighting the health risks and statistics, give presentations, or participate in advocacy campaigns.
3. Traffic aides and factory workers wear masks to filter out pollutants and particles in the air that could otherwise be inhaled and potentially damage the lungs over time with prolonged exposure.
4. Your breathing rate increases in crowded areas due to higher levels of carbon dioxide from many people exhaling in a confined space.
C:\Documents And Settings\Administrator\桌面\13 Uri
The document summarizes various respiratory tract infections, including their etiology, clinical manifestations, treatment and prevention. It discusses upper respiratory infections like the common cold, acute infectious laryngitis and acute bronchitis. It also covers lower respiratory infections such as bronchiolitis, pneumonia caused by different pathogens like RSV, adenovirus and Staphylococcus aureus. Diagnosis, classifications, complications and management of pneumonia are described.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by infections that fill the air sacs with fluid or pus. There are two main types: primary pneumonia develops from direct inhalation of pathogens, while secondary pneumonia occurs due to another illness. Pneumonia has many causes including bacteria, viruses, and chemicals. It can range from mild to life-threatening, especially in young, old, or immune compromised patients. Treatment depends on the cause but often involves antibiotics, oxygen, fluids and rest. Vaccines can prevent some bacterial types of pneumonia.
Acute And Chronic Pharyngitis
Acute Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa and submucosa, mostly involving the pharyngeal lymphoid tissue. It is commonly caused by viruses or bacteria. Symptoms include fever, sore throat, pain when swallowing, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. Examination shows redness and swelling of the throat. Chronic Pharyngitis is a diffuse inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa that can develop from repeated acute infections. It may cause hypertrophy or atrophy of the mucosa. Treatment focuses on identifying and eliminating the cause, using local soothing treatments, and targeting hypertrophied tissues if needed. Therapy is often unsatisfactory due to high rates
Tonsillitis
This document discusses the anatomy, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of tonsillitis. It describes the anatomy of the palatine tonsils and their location in the oropharynx. It explains that tonsillitis is commonly caused by bacterial or viral infections, and presents as sore throat, difficulty swallowing and fever. The types of acute tonsillitis - catarrhal, follicular and membranous - are outlined. Treatment involves rest, fluids, analgesics and antibiotics. Complications and differential diagnoses are also summarized.
Laryngitis-Easy PPT for Nursing Students
Laryngitis-Easy PPT for Nursing Students
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
DEFINITION
CAUSES
CLINICAL FEATURES
TREATMENT
4)chronic pharyngeal infections
This document summarizes various chronic pharyngeal infections, including nonspecific chronic pharyngitis caused by smoking, irritants, and stress. It also discusses specific infections like syphilis, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, and candidiasis. Treatment options are provided for each infection. HIV/AIDS related head and neck presentations are also covered, such as Kaposi's sarcoma, opportunistic infections, and primary HIV infection.
Tonsilitis
This document discusses tonsillitis, an inflammation of the tonsils. It defines tonsillitis and lists its common causes as various bacteria like streptococcus, staphylococcus, and pneumococcus. Risk factors include poor oral hygiene, poor nutrition, and upper respiratory tract infections. The document outlines the clinical features of tonsillitis such as sore throat, dysphagia, fever, and enlarged tonsils. It also discusses the diagnosis, management with antibiotics and other treatments, and potential complications of tonsillitis like peritonsillar and parapharyngeal abscesses.
Complications of Respiratory tract infections
This document discusses various respiratory tract infections and their potential complications. It covers common colds, sinusitis, otitis media, influenza, pneumonia, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchitis, and bronchiolitis. Complications range from secondary infections like pneumonia, meningitis, and abscesses, to more serious issues such as respiratory failure, pulmonary hypertension, and death in severe cases if not properly treated. The document also outlines various drug therapies used to treat symptoms and underlying infections.
Respiratory System Paths.pptx
This document summarizes several respiratory system diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic restrictive pulmonary disease. It describes the four entities that comprise COPD - bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchiectasis. For each condition, it outlines characteristics, pathologic findings, and types. It also discusses several occupational lung diseases that fall under chronic restrictive pulmonary disease, including coal workers' pneumoconiosis, silicosis, and asbestosis.
Respiratory diseases
The document discusses various respiratory diseases including obstructive and restrictive diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). It describes the characteristics, causes, clinical features, investigations, and management of these conditions. Key points include that COPD involves chronic bronchitis and emphysema, asthma is characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, and pneumonia can be community-acquired or hospital-acquired such as VAP in ventilated patients.
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Bronchitis powerpoint
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchioles, or airways, in the lungs. There are two main types: acute bronchitis, which lasts less than two weeks and is usually caused by infection, and chronic bronchitis, which lasts longer and is often caused by long-term smoking. Acute bronchitis causes symptoms like coughing, phlegm, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Chronic bronchitis can lead to permanent lung damage in long-term smokers and is treated with bronchodilators and pulmonary rehabilitation. Bronchitis is diagnosed through chest x-rays, sputum tests, and pulmonary function tests.
Tonsilitis (AHN)
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection. Symptoms include sore throat and fever. The document defines tonsillitis and describes the causes, signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnostic tests, potential complications, treatment options including medications and tonsillectomy, nursing diagnoses, and nursing interventions.
Pneumonia in equine 2017
Pneumonia in equine can be caused by various infectious agents like viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites. Clinical signs include rapid shallow breathing, cough, nasal discharge, abnormal breath odor and crackling lung sounds. Diagnosis involves history, clinical examination, endoscopy, nasal swabs and ultrasound. Treatment focuses on isolation of infected animals, use of appropriate antibiotics, bronchodilators, antiparasitics, antihistamines and corticosteroids depending on the cause of pneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia can result from careless drenching or vomiting and causes sudden death or pneumonia depending on material aspirated.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses, bacteria, or other irritants. There are two main types: acute bronchitis, which usually lasts a few weeks and follows a cold or flu, and chronic bronchitis, a long-term illness with daily cough and mucus production for at least 3 months per year. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, wheezing, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, chest x-rays, and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, cough medicine, bronchodilators, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Managing risk factors like smoking and avoiding pollutants can help prevent bronchitis.
Pathology of Pneumonia
Pathology of Pneumonia:
Broncho- pneumonia,
Lobar Pneumonia,
Lung Abscess,
Lung Fungal Absces,
Normal Lung
Please leave a comment after downloading.
THANK YOU ^^
Pulmonary pathology
This document summarizes various respiratory pathologies organized into categories including congenital anomalies, infections, obstructive/restrictive diseases, and tumors. Key points include descriptions of common conditions such as emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and pulmonary embolism. Specific pathological features and classifications are provided for different disease types.
Pneumonia ppt
Details about pneumonia, its demographics, classification, types, common symptoms, pathophysiology, brief introduction to different types of pneumonia
Chronic Bronchitis
Shahd Alali has chronic bronchitis, characterized by a chronic cough lasting over 2 years. Chronic bronchitis is common among smokers and is caused by smoking as well as air pollutants. It involves hypertrophy of the bronchial mucus glands leading to hypersecretion of mucus and inflammation in the large airways. On morphology, the large airways appear hyperemic, swollen, and covered in mucus secretions with increased goblet cells and inflammatory cells in the trachea and bronchi. Clinical features include a prominent cough producing sputum, cyanosis, increased risk of infection, and dyspnea.
TONSILLITIS
The document discusses tonsillitis, including:
1. Tonsils are lymphoid tissue in the throat that help fight infections. Tonsillitis is inflammation usually due to viruses or bacteria.
2. There are different types of tonsillitis including acute which tends to be short term and bacterial/viral and chronic which lasts a long time and is caused by bacteria.
3. Symptoms include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, earache, fever and enlarged lymph nodes. Treatment involves rest, fluids, pain medication and antibiotics. Complications can include abscesses if left untreated.
Diseases and disorders of the respiratory system and
This document discusses several respiratory diseases and conditions. It notes that smoking and air pollution can damage lung cells through chemicals like nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide. Secondhand smoke is also unhealthy. Common respiratory infections are caused by bacteria and viruses and can affect the nose, throat, and airways. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema involve long-term inflammation and damage to the lungs. Asthma features shortness of breath and wheezing from contracted airways. Lung cancer is often linked to smoking and tar acting as carcinogens that can cause uncontrolled cell growth.
1st science 16 causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment
Here are some responses to the assignment questions:
1. General ways to minimize or prevent respiratory ailments include maintaining good hygiene, getting adequate rest, and avoiding exposure to pollutants and irritants.
2. To inform the public about the dangers of smoking and lung cancer, one could create educational materials highlighting the health risks and statistics, give presentations, or participate in advocacy campaigns.
3. Traffic aides and factory workers wear masks to filter out pollutants and particles in the air that could otherwise be inhaled and potentially damage the lungs over time with prolonged exposure.
4. Your breathing rate increases in crowded areas due to higher levels of carbon dioxide from many people exhaling in a confined space.
C:\Documents And Settings\Administrator\桌面\13 Uri
The document summarizes various respiratory tract infections, including their etiology, clinical manifestations, treatment and prevention. It discusses upper respiratory infections like the common cold, acute infectious laryngitis and acute bronchitis. It also covers lower respiratory infections such as bronchiolitis, pneumonia caused by different pathogens like RSV, adenovirus and Staphylococcus aureus. Diagnosis, classifications, complications and management of pneumonia are described.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by infections that fill the air sacs with fluid or pus. There are two main types: primary pneumonia develops from direct inhalation of pathogens, while secondary pneumonia occurs due to another illness. Pneumonia has many causes including bacteria, viruses, and chemicals. It can range from mild to life-threatening, especially in young, old, or immune compromised patients. Treatment depends on the cause but often involves antibiotics, oxygen, fluids and rest. Vaccines can prevent some bacterial types of pneumonia.
Acute And Chronic Pharyngitis
Acute Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa and submucosa, mostly involving the pharyngeal lymphoid tissue. It is commonly caused by viruses or bacteria. Symptoms include fever, sore throat, pain when swallowing, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. Examination shows redness and swelling of the throat. Chronic Pharyngitis is a diffuse inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa that can develop from repeated acute infections. It may cause hypertrophy or atrophy of the mucosa. Treatment focuses on identifying and eliminating the cause, using local soothing treatments, and targeting hypertrophied tissues if needed. Therapy is often unsatisfactory due to high rates
Tonsillitis
This document discusses the anatomy, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of tonsillitis. It describes the anatomy of the palatine tonsils and their location in the oropharynx. It explains that tonsillitis is commonly caused by bacterial or viral infections, and presents as sore throat, difficulty swallowing and fever. The types of acute tonsillitis - catarrhal, follicular and membranous - are outlined. Treatment involves rest, fluids, analgesics and antibiotics. Complications and differential diagnoses are also summarized.
Laryngitis-Easy PPT for Nursing Students
Laryngitis-Easy PPT for Nursing Students
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
DEFINITION
CAUSES
CLINICAL FEATURES
TREATMENT
4)chronic pharyngeal infections
This document summarizes various chronic pharyngeal infections, including nonspecific chronic pharyngitis caused by smoking, irritants, and stress. It also discusses specific infections like syphilis, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, and candidiasis. Treatment options are provided for each infection. HIV/AIDS related head and neck presentations are also covered, such as Kaposi's sarcoma, opportunistic infections, and primary HIV infection.
Tonsilitis
This document discusses tonsillitis, an inflammation of the tonsils. It defines tonsillitis and lists its common causes as various bacteria like streptococcus, staphylococcus, and pneumococcus. Risk factors include poor oral hygiene, poor nutrition, and upper respiratory tract infections. The document outlines the clinical features of tonsillitis such as sore throat, dysphagia, fever, and enlarged tonsils. It also discusses the diagnosis, management with antibiotics and other treatments, and potential complications of tonsillitis like peritonsillar and parapharyngeal abscesses.
Complications of Respiratory tract infections
This document discusses various respiratory tract infections and their potential complications. It covers common colds, sinusitis, otitis media, influenza, pneumonia, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchitis, and bronchiolitis. Complications range from secondary infections like pneumonia, meningitis, and abscesses, to more serious issues such as respiratory failure, pulmonary hypertension, and death in severe cases if not properly treated. The document also outlines various drug therapies used to treat symptoms and underlying infections.
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Respiratory System Paths.pptx
This document summarizes several respiratory system diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic restrictive pulmonary disease. It describes the four entities that comprise COPD - bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchiectasis. For each condition, it outlines characteristics, pathologic findings, and types. It also discusses several occupational lung diseases that fall under chronic restrictive pulmonary disease, including coal workers' pneumoconiosis, silicosis, and asbestosis.
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The document discusses various respiratory diseases including obstructive and restrictive diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). It describes the characteristics, causes, clinical features, investigations, and management of these conditions. Key points include that COPD involves chronic bronchitis and emphysema, asthma is characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, and pneumonia can be community-acquired or hospital-acquired such as VAP in ventilated patients.
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1) Respiratory diseases are mainly caused by inhalation of infectious agents, allergens, irritants, and carcinogens. The lungs are open to the environment and lack regenerative abilities.
2) Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) include chronic bronchitis, emphysema, bronchiectasis, and asthma. Tobacco smoke is a major cause and leads to airway obstruction.
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The document summarizes major respiratory diseases and conditions. It discusses:
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Major lung diseases are often caused by inhalation of irritants, infectious agents, or carcinogens. The lungs can be affected by diseases in other parts of the respiratory tract or body. Common lung diseases include infections like pneumonia, occupational diseases like black lung, and chronic conditions like COPD, lung cancer, and asthma. Loss of lung tissue cannot be recovered, so prevention and treatment of lung disease is important.
Obstructive Lung Diseases
1. The document discusses several obstructive lung diseases including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and bronchiectasis.
2. Emphysema is characterized by destruction of alveolar walls without significant fibrosis leading to enlarged air spaces. Chronic bronchitis involves thickening of bronchial walls and excess mucus production.
3. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease involving recurrent airway obstruction, inflammation, and hyperresponsiveness triggered by various stimuli. Bronchiectasis permanently dilates the bronchi and bronchioles due to destruction of muscles and tissues often caused by infection or obstruction.
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Bronchiectasis has various etiologies including primary infections, immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases, and developmental defects. It results from damage to the airways from infections or obstruction leading to irreversible dilatation. Common causes are cystic fibrosis, primary ciliary dyskinesia, infections from pathogens like pertussis and tuberculosis, and immunodeficiencies. The document describes various syndromes associated with ciliary dysfunction like Kartagener and Young's syndrome. Different classifications of bronchiectasis include follicular, saccular, and atelectatic types based on pathology findings.
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COPD is a progressive lung disease characterized by persistent airflow obstruction. It is an umbrella term used to describe conditions such as emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and others. Emphysema involves abnormal enlargement of the air spaces in the lungs and destruction of their walls. Major risk factors include smoking, air pollution, and genetic conditions. Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation of the airways and increased mucus production, often due to smoking. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways causing recurrent wheezing and shortness of breath. Bronchiectasis results from destruction of the bronchial walls due to recurring infections. The document provides details on the pathogenesis, morphology, and clinical features of these
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Emphysema is an obstructive lung disease characterized by permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles without significant fibrosis. There are three main types: centriacinar, panacinar, and paraseptal emphysema. The predominant symptoms are dyspnea and cough. Emphysema is usually caused by cigarette smoking and air pollution and presents in older adults. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, medications, oxygen therapy, surgery, and replacement therapies. The main causes of death relate to respiratory failure and heart disease.
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The document discusses various lower respiratory disorders including:
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2. Pulmonary tuberculosis, an infectious lung disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is usually spread through the air. Lung abscess, defined as necrosis of lung tissue and cavity formation caused by microbial infection, is also covered.
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Diseases of respiratory tract
- 2. Disorders of the upper respiratory tract Infectious and inflammatory disorders • Common cold and influenza • Sinusitis • Tonsillitis • Pharyngitis, laryngitis and tracheitis • Diphtheria • Hay fever (allergic rhinitis)
- 3. Sinusitis
- 4. Tonsillitis
- 5. Pharyngitis, laryngitis and tracheitis • Laryngotracheobronchitis - Croup in children is a rare but serious complication of upper respiratory tract infections. • Acute epiglotitis – A Severe life threatening upper respiratory tract infection. Rare because of immunization. • Diphtheria – A bacterial infection of the pharynx which may extend to the nasopharynx and trachea, caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae.Rare because of immunization.
- 7. Obstructive lung disorders • Bronchitis – Acute bronchitis – Chronic bronchitis • Emphysema – Pulmonary emphysema • Panacinar emphysema • Centrilobular emphysema – Interstitial emphysema
- 8. Bronchitis • Acute bronchitis - usually a secondary bacterial infection of the bronchi, usually preceded by a common cold or influenza. • Chronic bronchitis – is defined clinically when an individual has had a cough with sputum for 3 months in 2 successive years. – Most common cause -Cigarette smoking – Following episodes of acute bronchitis often caused by Haemophilus influenzae or Streptococcus pneumoniae – chronic exposure to airborne irritants such as urban fog, vehicular exhaust fumes or industrial pollutants
- 9. Chronic Bronchitis • Increased size and number of mucus glands • Oedema and other inflammatory changes • Reduction in number and function of ciliated cells • Fibrosis of the airways
- 10. Emphysema • Progressive destruction of supporting elastic tissue in the lung. • leads to irreversible distension of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli, reducing the surface area for the exchange of gases. • Causes – long-term inflammatory conditions or irritation of the airways, e.g. in smokers or coal miners – Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
- 11. Emphysema
- 12. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- 13. Asthma • Atopic (childhood onset, extrinsic) asthma • Non-atopic (adult onset, intrinsic) asthma
- 15. • Bronchiectasis • Cystic fibrosis
- 16. Restrictive disorders • Pneumoconiosis • Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis • Silicosis • Asbestosis • Extrinsic allergic alveolitis • Pulmonary toxins
- 17. Pneumoconiosis
- 18. Lung infections • Pneumonia – Lobar pneumonia – Bronchopneumonia • Lung abscess • Tuberculosis (TB) – Pulmonary tuberculosis • Primary tuberculosis • Secondary TB – Non-pulmonary TB • Miliary TB • Lymph node TB • Joint and bone TB
- 19. Pneumonia
- 20. Lung Abscess
- 21. Tuberculosis
- 22. Lung tumours • Bronchial carcinoma • Pleural mesothelioma
- 23. Lung collapse • Obstruction of an airway (absorption collapse) • Impaired surfactant function • Pressure collapse – Pneumothorax • Spontaneous pneumothorax • Traumatic pneumothorax • Tension pneumothorax – Haemothorax – Pleural effusion • Alveolar hypoventilation.
- 26. Normal Chest X Ray
- 28. Pulmonary TB
- 29. Lobar Pneumonia
- 30. Pleural Effusion
- 31. Lung collapse
- 32. Bronchiectasis
- 33. Consolidation
- 34. Lung Fibrosis
- 35. COPD
- 36. Pneumothorax
- 39. Bag and Mask
- 40. Airways • Oro-pharyngeal(Gaudal) airway • Naso-pharyngeal airway • Laryngeal mask airway • Endo-tracheal tube
- 44. Laryngoscope
- 46. ET tube
- 49. Procedures • Cricothyroid puncture • Tracheostomy • Intercostal tube
- 53. Intercostal tube
- 54. Safe triangle
- 56. Thank You