1) Respiratory diseases are mainly caused by inhalation of infectious agents, allergens, irritants, and carcinogens. The lungs are open to the environment and lack regenerative abilities.
2) Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) include chronic bronchitis, emphysema, bronchiectasis, and asthma. Tobacco smoke is a major cause and leads to airway obstruction.
3) Pneumonia can result from impaired pulmonary defenses and host resistance. Bacterial and viral pathogens are common causes and treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care.
This document discusses pneumonia and emphysema. It provides details on pneumonia, including the pathogenesis, etiology, classification, and features of lobar pneumonia. Pneumonia is defined as acute lung inflammation distal to the terminal bronchioles. It is commonly caused by bacteria, viruses, or other factors. Lobar pneumonia specifically involves inflammation of an entire lung lobe. It is usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and presents as distinct pathological phases from congestion to resolution. Complications can include organization of exudate, pleural effusions, empyema, or lung abscesses.
The document describes the anatomy and function of the respiratory system. It outlines the major components of the respiratory tract from the trachea down to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs. It then discusses common lung diseases including pneumonia, lung abscess, tuberculosis, and obstructive/restrictive lung diseases. In particular, it provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
This document summarizes various pathologies of the lung including atelectasis, acute lung injury, ARDS, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, bronchiectasis, pneumonia, lung abscess, Good Pasture's syndrome, lung tumors, and a therapeutic classification of lung cancers. It describes the causes, symptoms, and pathology of each condition in detail over multiple paragraphs.
This document summarizes various respiratory pathologies organized into categories including congenital anomalies, infections, obstructive/restrictive diseases, and tumors. Key points include descriptions of common conditions such as emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and pulmonary embolism. Specific pathological features and classifications are provided for different disease types.
Diffuse pulmonary diseases can be classified as either obstructive or restrictive. Obstructive diseases involve increased airflow resistance and include emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and bronchiectasis. Restrictive diseases involve reduced lung expansion and decreased total lung capacity. Common restrictive diseases are interstitial lung diseases which involve fibrosis of the lung parenchyma, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and pneumoconiosis. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by a patchy interstitial fibrosis pattern known as usual interstitial pneumonia.
The document discusses pulmonary infections including pneumonia, tuberculosis, influenza, and acute bronchitis. It provides details on the epidemiology, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of each infection. For tuberculosis, it recommends isoniazid for 6-12 months as treatment for a household member of an active TB patient.
This document provides an overview of the respiratory system, including the anatomy and physiology of the upper and lower respiratory tract. It discusses the pathophysiology of various respiratory diseases, including infectious diseases like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and SARS. It covers obstructive lung diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, and lung cancer. It also discusses restrictive lung diseases, vascular disorders of the lungs, and various respiratory infections that commonly affect children.
This document discusses various pulmonary infections including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and their classifications. It describes bronchopneumonia as a patchy pneumonia localized around bronchioles and surrounding alveoli. Lobar pneumonia involves consolidation of an entire lobe and is often caused by pneumococcus. Interstitial pneumonia shows inflammation predominantly in alveolar walls. The document outlines etiologies, pathogenesis, histopathology, and clinical features of different pulmonary infections.
This document discusses pneumonia and emphysema. It provides details on pneumonia, including the pathogenesis, etiology, classification, and features of lobar pneumonia. Pneumonia is defined as acute lung inflammation distal to the terminal bronchioles. It is commonly caused by bacteria, viruses, or other factors. Lobar pneumonia specifically involves inflammation of an entire lung lobe. It is usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and presents as distinct pathological phases from congestion to resolution. Complications can include organization of exudate, pleural effusions, empyema, or lung abscesses.
The document describes the anatomy and function of the respiratory system. It outlines the major components of the respiratory tract from the trachea down to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs. It then discusses common lung diseases including pneumonia, lung abscess, tuberculosis, and obstructive/restrictive lung diseases. In particular, it provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
This document summarizes various pathologies of the lung including atelectasis, acute lung injury, ARDS, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, bronchiectasis, pneumonia, lung abscess, Good Pasture's syndrome, lung tumors, and a therapeutic classification of lung cancers. It describes the causes, symptoms, and pathology of each condition in detail over multiple paragraphs.
This document summarizes various respiratory pathologies organized into categories including congenital anomalies, infections, obstructive/restrictive diseases, and tumors. Key points include descriptions of common conditions such as emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and pulmonary embolism. Specific pathological features and classifications are provided for different disease types.
Diffuse pulmonary diseases can be classified as either obstructive or restrictive. Obstructive diseases involve increased airflow resistance and include emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and bronchiectasis. Restrictive diseases involve reduced lung expansion and decreased total lung capacity. Common restrictive diseases are interstitial lung diseases which involve fibrosis of the lung parenchyma, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and pneumoconiosis. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by a patchy interstitial fibrosis pattern known as usual interstitial pneumonia.
The document discusses pulmonary infections including pneumonia, tuberculosis, influenza, and acute bronchitis. It provides details on the epidemiology, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of each infection. For tuberculosis, it recommends isoniazid for 6-12 months as treatment for a household member of an active TB patient.
This document provides an overview of the respiratory system, including the anatomy and physiology of the upper and lower respiratory tract. It discusses the pathophysiology of various respiratory diseases, including infectious diseases like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and SARS. It covers obstructive lung diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, and lung cancer. It also discusses restrictive lung diseases, vascular disorders of the lungs, and various respiratory infections that commonly affect children.
This document discusses various pulmonary infections including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and their classifications. It describes bronchopneumonia as a patchy pneumonia localized around bronchioles and surrounding alveoli. Lobar pneumonia involves consolidation of an entire lobe and is often caused by pneumococcus. Interstitial pneumonia shows inflammation predominantly in alveolar walls. The document outlines etiologies, pathogenesis, histopathology, and clinical features of different pulmonary infections.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on pathology of the respiratory system. It begins with general objectives to overview diseases affecting the domestic animal respiratory system, with emphasis on recognizing morphological changes, common diseases, and arriving at diagnoses. It then covers anatomical divisions of the respiratory tract and defense mechanisms. Examples of specific conditions discussed include atrophic rhinitis in pigs, granulomatous rhinitis in dogs, guttural pouch mycosis in horses, and chronic bronchiolitis in horses. Images are included from various sources to illustrate pathological changes.
This document provides information on various diseases of the lungs including atelectasis, bronchiectasis, emphysema, bronchial asthma, adenocarcinoma lung, pulmonary edema, and bronchopneumonia. For each condition, it discusses etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical manifestation, morphology, and management. It also includes histopathology slides illustrating various lung pathologies such as alveolar collapse, inflammatory changes, fibrotic changes, and remodelling of airways in asthma.
Lecture 28. common repratory pathological condirtion part 3ayeayetun08
Simple coal worker's pneumoconiosis is caused by inhalation of carbon particles and presents as small black macules near respiratory bronchioles. Progressive massive fibrosis develops from coalescence of coal nodules and scarring, forming large intensely blackened lesions over years. Bronchiectasis is characterized by permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles caused by repeated cycles of obstruction and infection, clinically presenting as chronic cough and copious purulent sputum. Pneumoconiosis describes occupational lung diseases from mineral dust inhalation like silicosis, with pathogenesis involving particle-induced macrophage activation and pulmonary fibrosis.
BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPOR...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
DR BASHIR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPORE KASHMIR PRESENTLY WORKING IN MALAYSIA TEACHING MEDICAL STUDENTS THE ART OF TREATING PATIENTS SPEAKS ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY TAKING.MEDICAL STUDENTS AND DOCTORS should probe more deeply WHILE TAKING HISTORY OF A PATIENT as it gives the useful information in formulating a diagnosis and providing medical care to the patient.
The document discusses various lung pathologies including:
1. Congenital anomalies such as cystic diseases and tracheal/bronchial anomalies.
2. Traumas from mechanical injuries or bone fractures caused by traffic accidents or firearms.
3. Vascular diseases such as pulmonary congestion and edema from left heart failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome from diffuse capillary damage, and pulmonary embolism from deep vein thrombosis.
C:\Documents And Settings\Administrator\桌面\13 UriSumit Prajapati
The document summarizes various respiratory tract infections, including their etiology, clinical manifestations, treatment and prevention. It discusses upper respiratory infections like the common cold, acute infectious laryngitis and acute bronchitis. It also covers lower respiratory infections such as bronchiolitis, pneumonia caused by different pathogens like RSV, adenovirus and Staphylococcus aureus. Diagnosis, classifications, complications and management of pneumonia are described.
This document discusses respiratory pathology and pathophysiology, focusing on major pulmonary diseases. It begins by outlining common presenting symptoms of pulmonary disease like cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, and chest pain. It then examines specific conditions, including respiratory infections, pneumonias, tuberculosis, obstructive lung diseases like COPD and asthma, restrictive lung diseases, cystic fibrosis, and lung cancers. For each, it discusses etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
Bronchiectasis is an abnormal, permanent dilatation of the bronchi. It was first discovered in 1819 by René Laennec, the inventor of the stethoscope. Common causes include cystic fibrosis, childhood infections like pertussis and measles, and obstructive lung diseases. Patients present with chronic cough, sputum production, and recurrent lung infections. Diagnosis is made through chest imaging like CT scan which can classify the type of bronchiectasis. Treatment involves airway clearance techniques, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and surgery in some severe cases. The goal is to treat infections, clear secretions, and reduce inflammation.
The patient is a 58-year-old male who presents with progressive shortness of breath, cough with green sputum, wheezing, fever, and loss of appetite. On examination, he has signs of respiratory distress, decreased breath sounds, and crackles in the lower left chest. Differential diagnoses include pneumonia.
The document discusses respiratory diseases and provides an overview of:
1. The most important respiratory diseases including infections, obstructive pulmonary diseases, restrictive lung diseases, cystic fibrosis, and lung cancer.
2. The five major categories of pulmonary disease: obstructive, restrictive, vascular, infectious, and tumors.
3. Common presenting symptoms of respiratory disease such as cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, chest pain.
This document provides an overview of lung pathology, including:
- The anatomy and physiology of the lungs, mechanics of breathing, and common pathological processes.
- Descriptions of various obstructive lung diseases like asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchiectasis.
- Restrictive lung diseases including fibrosis, granulomatous diseases, and smoking-related conditions.
- Pulmonary vascular diseases, infections, tumors, and pleural diseases. Details are given on pathology, presentation, and microscopic features of many common lung conditions.
The document discusses restrictive pulmonary diseases and interstitial lung diseases. It describes how restrictive diseases are characterized by reduced lung expansion and decreased total lung capacity. The major causes of restrictive lung disease include chest wall disorders, pleural diseases, neuromuscular disorders, and acute or chronic interstitial lung diseases such as ARDS and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Interstitial lung diseases involve inflammation and scarring of the lungs. Common types include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pneumoconiosis caused by inhaling occupational dusts like coal, silica, and asbestos, and pulmonary involvement in connective tissue diseases.
The document discusses the anatomy and pathology of the lungs. It covers normal lung anatomy and histology. Key topics include congenital lung abnormalities, acute and chronic lung injuries, obstructive and restrictive lung diseases such as COPD, pulmonary infections, neoplasms, and vascular diseases of the lungs. Specific lung pathologies like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and lung cancers are examined in detail.
Chapter 3 Lower Respiratory Tract InfectionsDeep Deep
This document provides an overview of lower respiratory tract infections, including acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and community-acquired pneumonia. It discusses the typical causes, symptoms, and presentation of each condition. For acute bronchitis, the most common causes are viruses, though Bordetella pertussis can also cause cases. Chronic bronchitis is defined by excessive sputum production for at least two years and is mainly caused by cigarette smoking. Acute exacerbations are often due to viruses or non-infectious factors. Bronchiectasis is characterized by dilated airways and is associated with recurrent infections or conditions like cystic fibrosis. Community-acquired pneumonia has many causes and remains an important
The document provides information about interstitial lung disease (ILD), including:
- ILD affects the interstitium, a lace-like network of tissue in the lungs. Common symptoms include shortness of breath.
- There are many types of ILD, which can be caused by infections, autoimmune diseases, environmental exposures like asbestos, or idiopathic factors.
- Diagnosis involves imaging tests and may require a lung biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but can include antibiotics, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, immunosuppressants, or lung transplant in severe cases. Managing risk factors and lifestyle changes can also help.
The document provides information on different types of pneumonia, including viral, bacterial, fungal, and others. It discusses symptoms, assessments, and treatment interventions for each type. Common causative organisms are described along with appropriate antibiotic treatments. The document concludes with Philippine community-acquired pneumonia guidelines that recommend empiric therapy based on a patient's risk level.
This document defines occupational lung disorders as diseases of the lung arising from or during employment. It discusses various occupational lung diseases including asbestosis, silicosis, and coal workers' pneumoconiosis. For asbestosis, the document describes the pathology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tools including chest x-rays and CT scans, management, and complications such as lung cancer and mesothelioma. For silicosis, it discusses the classification including acute, accelerated and chronic forms, associated occupations, determinants, complications including tuberculosis, and management focusing on symptom relief. For coal workers' pneumoconiosis, it outlines the pathology, clinical features, and relationship to chronic bronchitis.
This document provides information on pneumonia, lung abscess, and bronchiectasis. It discusses the clinical classification, pathophysiology, etiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of pneumonia. It also covers the etiology, symptoms and diagnosis, and management of lung abscess. Finally, it discusses the introduction, etiology, clinical manifestations and diagnosis, and management of bronchiectasis.
COPD is a chronic obstructive lung disease characterized by obstruction of airflow from the lungs. It encompasses emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Emphysema involves destruction of lung tissue and abnormal enlargement of airspaces, while chronic bronchitis is defined by a cough producing mucus for at least 3 months per year. Smoking is the leading cause of COPD and causes an imbalance between lung elastase and alpha-1 antitrypsin, damaging lung elastic tissue over time and leading to airflow obstruction. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chronic cough, and wheezing.
1) Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and bronchiectasis are obstructive lung diseases. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are often grouped together as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) since most patients have features of both, likely due to cigarette smoking.
2) COPD is a major public health problem and the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. Heavy cigarette smoking and environmental pollutants are significant risk factors.
3) Emphysema is characterized by irreversible destruction of lung tissue and airspace enlargement. It is classified according to anatomical location within the lung lobe. Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation and mucus buildup in the bronchi.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung condition caused by infection that can be fatal. It has many types depending on location in the lungs and cause. Risk factors include age, smoking, and medical conditions. Symptoms include cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves physical exam, labs, imaging and microbiology tests. Complications can include empyema or lung abscess if not treated with antibiotics, oxygen, breathing exercises, and posture changes.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on pathology of the respiratory system. It begins with general objectives to overview diseases affecting the domestic animal respiratory system, with emphasis on recognizing morphological changes, common diseases, and arriving at diagnoses. It then covers anatomical divisions of the respiratory tract and defense mechanisms. Examples of specific conditions discussed include atrophic rhinitis in pigs, granulomatous rhinitis in dogs, guttural pouch mycosis in horses, and chronic bronchiolitis in horses. Images are included from various sources to illustrate pathological changes.
This document provides information on various diseases of the lungs including atelectasis, bronchiectasis, emphysema, bronchial asthma, adenocarcinoma lung, pulmonary edema, and bronchopneumonia. For each condition, it discusses etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical manifestation, morphology, and management. It also includes histopathology slides illustrating various lung pathologies such as alveolar collapse, inflammatory changes, fibrotic changes, and remodelling of airways in asthma.
Lecture 28. common repratory pathological condirtion part 3ayeayetun08
Simple coal worker's pneumoconiosis is caused by inhalation of carbon particles and presents as small black macules near respiratory bronchioles. Progressive massive fibrosis develops from coalescence of coal nodules and scarring, forming large intensely blackened lesions over years. Bronchiectasis is characterized by permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles caused by repeated cycles of obstruction and infection, clinically presenting as chronic cough and copious purulent sputum. Pneumoconiosis describes occupational lung diseases from mineral dust inhalation like silicosis, with pathogenesis involving particle-induced macrophage activation and pulmonary fibrosis.
BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPOR...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
DR BASHIR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPORE KASHMIR PRESENTLY WORKING IN MALAYSIA TEACHING MEDICAL STUDENTS THE ART OF TREATING PATIENTS SPEAKS ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY TAKING.MEDICAL STUDENTS AND DOCTORS should probe more deeply WHILE TAKING HISTORY OF A PATIENT as it gives the useful information in formulating a diagnosis and providing medical care to the patient.
The document discusses various lung pathologies including:
1. Congenital anomalies such as cystic diseases and tracheal/bronchial anomalies.
2. Traumas from mechanical injuries or bone fractures caused by traffic accidents or firearms.
3. Vascular diseases such as pulmonary congestion and edema from left heart failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome from diffuse capillary damage, and pulmonary embolism from deep vein thrombosis.
C:\Documents And Settings\Administrator\桌面\13 UriSumit Prajapati
The document summarizes various respiratory tract infections, including their etiology, clinical manifestations, treatment and prevention. It discusses upper respiratory infections like the common cold, acute infectious laryngitis and acute bronchitis. It also covers lower respiratory infections such as bronchiolitis, pneumonia caused by different pathogens like RSV, adenovirus and Staphylococcus aureus. Diagnosis, classifications, complications and management of pneumonia are described.
This document discusses respiratory pathology and pathophysiology, focusing on major pulmonary diseases. It begins by outlining common presenting symptoms of pulmonary disease like cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, and chest pain. It then examines specific conditions, including respiratory infections, pneumonias, tuberculosis, obstructive lung diseases like COPD and asthma, restrictive lung diseases, cystic fibrosis, and lung cancers. For each, it discusses etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
Bronchiectasis is an abnormal, permanent dilatation of the bronchi. It was first discovered in 1819 by René Laennec, the inventor of the stethoscope. Common causes include cystic fibrosis, childhood infections like pertussis and measles, and obstructive lung diseases. Patients present with chronic cough, sputum production, and recurrent lung infections. Diagnosis is made through chest imaging like CT scan which can classify the type of bronchiectasis. Treatment involves airway clearance techniques, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and surgery in some severe cases. The goal is to treat infections, clear secretions, and reduce inflammation.
The patient is a 58-year-old male who presents with progressive shortness of breath, cough with green sputum, wheezing, fever, and loss of appetite. On examination, he has signs of respiratory distress, decreased breath sounds, and crackles in the lower left chest. Differential diagnoses include pneumonia.
The document discusses respiratory diseases and provides an overview of:
1. The most important respiratory diseases including infections, obstructive pulmonary diseases, restrictive lung diseases, cystic fibrosis, and lung cancer.
2. The five major categories of pulmonary disease: obstructive, restrictive, vascular, infectious, and tumors.
3. Common presenting symptoms of respiratory disease such as cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, chest pain.
This document provides an overview of lung pathology, including:
- The anatomy and physiology of the lungs, mechanics of breathing, and common pathological processes.
- Descriptions of various obstructive lung diseases like asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchiectasis.
- Restrictive lung diseases including fibrosis, granulomatous diseases, and smoking-related conditions.
- Pulmonary vascular diseases, infections, tumors, and pleural diseases. Details are given on pathology, presentation, and microscopic features of many common lung conditions.
The document discusses restrictive pulmonary diseases and interstitial lung diseases. It describes how restrictive diseases are characterized by reduced lung expansion and decreased total lung capacity. The major causes of restrictive lung disease include chest wall disorders, pleural diseases, neuromuscular disorders, and acute or chronic interstitial lung diseases such as ARDS and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Interstitial lung diseases involve inflammation and scarring of the lungs. Common types include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pneumoconiosis caused by inhaling occupational dusts like coal, silica, and asbestos, and pulmonary involvement in connective tissue diseases.
The document discusses the anatomy and pathology of the lungs. It covers normal lung anatomy and histology. Key topics include congenital lung abnormalities, acute and chronic lung injuries, obstructive and restrictive lung diseases such as COPD, pulmonary infections, neoplasms, and vascular diseases of the lungs. Specific lung pathologies like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and lung cancers are examined in detail.
Chapter 3 Lower Respiratory Tract InfectionsDeep Deep
This document provides an overview of lower respiratory tract infections, including acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and community-acquired pneumonia. It discusses the typical causes, symptoms, and presentation of each condition. For acute bronchitis, the most common causes are viruses, though Bordetella pertussis can also cause cases. Chronic bronchitis is defined by excessive sputum production for at least two years and is mainly caused by cigarette smoking. Acute exacerbations are often due to viruses or non-infectious factors. Bronchiectasis is characterized by dilated airways and is associated with recurrent infections or conditions like cystic fibrosis. Community-acquired pneumonia has many causes and remains an important
The document provides information about interstitial lung disease (ILD), including:
- ILD affects the interstitium, a lace-like network of tissue in the lungs. Common symptoms include shortness of breath.
- There are many types of ILD, which can be caused by infections, autoimmune diseases, environmental exposures like asbestos, or idiopathic factors.
- Diagnosis involves imaging tests and may require a lung biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but can include antibiotics, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, immunosuppressants, or lung transplant in severe cases. Managing risk factors and lifestyle changes can also help.
The document provides information on different types of pneumonia, including viral, bacterial, fungal, and others. It discusses symptoms, assessments, and treatment interventions for each type. Common causative organisms are described along with appropriate antibiotic treatments. The document concludes with Philippine community-acquired pneumonia guidelines that recommend empiric therapy based on a patient's risk level.
This document defines occupational lung disorders as diseases of the lung arising from or during employment. It discusses various occupational lung diseases including asbestosis, silicosis, and coal workers' pneumoconiosis. For asbestosis, the document describes the pathology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tools including chest x-rays and CT scans, management, and complications such as lung cancer and mesothelioma. For silicosis, it discusses the classification including acute, accelerated and chronic forms, associated occupations, determinants, complications including tuberculosis, and management focusing on symptom relief. For coal workers' pneumoconiosis, it outlines the pathology, clinical features, and relationship to chronic bronchitis.
This document provides information on pneumonia, lung abscess, and bronchiectasis. It discusses the clinical classification, pathophysiology, etiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of pneumonia. It also covers the etiology, symptoms and diagnosis, and management of lung abscess. Finally, it discusses the introduction, etiology, clinical manifestations and diagnosis, and management of bronchiectasis.
COPD is a chronic obstructive lung disease characterized by obstruction of airflow from the lungs. It encompasses emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Emphysema involves destruction of lung tissue and abnormal enlargement of airspaces, while chronic bronchitis is defined by a cough producing mucus for at least 3 months per year. Smoking is the leading cause of COPD and causes an imbalance between lung elastase and alpha-1 antitrypsin, damaging lung elastic tissue over time and leading to airflow obstruction. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chronic cough, and wheezing.
1) Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and bronchiectasis are obstructive lung diseases. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are often grouped together as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) since most patients have features of both, likely due to cigarette smoking.
2) COPD is a major public health problem and the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. Heavy cigarette smoking and environmental pollutants are significant risk factors.
3) Emphysema is characterized by irreversible destruction of lung tissue and airspace enlargement. It is classified according to anatomical location within the lung lobe. Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation and mucus buildup in the bronchi.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung condition caused by infection that can be fatal. It has many types depending on location in the lungs and cause. Risk factors include age, smoking, and medical conditions. Symptoms include cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves physical exam, labs, imaging and microbiology tests. Complications can include empyema or lung abscess if not treated with antibiotics, oxygen, breathing exercises, and posture changes.
Pneumonia is characterized by the emergence of new lung infiltrates, accompanied by clinical signs such as fever, purulent sputum, leukocytosis, and decreased oxygenation and Nosocomial Pneumonia is a non-incubating lower respiratory infection that presents clinically two or more days after hospitalization. In this presentation "Nosocomial Pneumonias" has been described including their causes, therapy, Principles, diagnosis, symptoms, management, etc. For more information, please contact us: 9779030507.
Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation in the lungs. There are two main types: lobar pneumonia, which affects one lung lobe, and bronchopneumonia, which causes patches throughout both lungs. Pneumonia is usually caused by bacteria or viruses and risks factors include age, smoking, and pre-existing medical conditions. Symptoms may include fever, cough, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays and cultures. Treatment focuses on antibiotics and symptom relief. Complications can include lung abscesses or fluid in the chest cavity.
Pathology basic introduction to pathology of common lung diseases for underg...Sufia Husain
The document provides an overview of common lung diseases for undergraduate dental students and nurses. It discusses the pathology of diseases such as bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, bronchiectasis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and lung tumors. For bronchial asthma, it describes the characteristic airway inflammation and reversible airway constriction. It notes that chronic bronchitis and emphysema often co-exist and are commonly caused by cigarette smoking. Emphysema involves the permanent enlargement of airspaces due to alveolar wall destruction. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and forms characteristic granulomas. Lung tumors are often carcinomas, with non-small
The document provides an overview of respiratory disorders and diseases. It discusses diagnostic tests for respiratory conditions like spirometry and blood gas tests. Common respiratory diseases covered include upper respiratory infections like the common cold, sinusitis, pneumonia, lung cancer, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Specific conditions like emphysema and chronic bronchitis are also examined, outlining their pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition defined by abnormal dilatation of the bronchi. It can be caused by infections, genetic conditions, or other lung diseases that damage the airways. People with bronchiectasis commonly produce large amounts of sputum and experience recurrent lung infections. Diagnosis is made through chest imaging like CT scans. Treatment focuses on airway clearance and controlling infections with antibiotics. Surgical options are available for severe cases involving hemorrhage or localized disease.
The document discusses pneumonia, including its definition, classification, host defenses in the lung, factors in pathogenesis, pathology, etiology, risk factors, symptoms, signs, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis. It provides extensive details on community-acquired pneumonia, its causes, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation and considerations.
This document provides an overview of pneumonia, including:
- Definitions of pathological and clinical pneumonia and classifications based on location and causative factors.
- Host defenses in the lung and factors involved in pathogenesis like routes of infection and microbial/host factors.
- Details on pathology, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.
- Risk factors, laboratory tests, imaging approaches and differential diagnosis are discussed. Common causative organisms and diagnostic tests are outlined.
COPD is a chronic obstructive lung disease characterized by obstruction of airflow from the lungs. It encompasses emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Emphysema involves destruction of lung tissue and abnormal enlargement of airspaces, while chronic bronchitis is defined by a cough producing mucus for at least 3 months per year. Smoking is the leading cause of COPD and causes an imbalance between lung elastase and alpha-1 antitrypsin, damaging lung elastic tissue over time and leading to airflow obstruction. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chronic cough, wheezing, and increased susceptibility to infection.
Common suppurative diseases of lung- Bronchiectasis...!Sharmin Susiwala
Bronchiectasis is a condition characterized by irreversible dilation of part of the bronchial tree due to damage to elastic and muscular components, usually from acute or chronic infection. It requires both an infectious insult and impaired drainage or airway obstruction. Symptoms include daily cough and sputum production. Diagnosis involves chest imaging showing abnormal lung signs and high-resolution CT scanning. Treatment focuses on controlling infections with antibiotics and clearing secretions. Complications can include lung damage and recurrent pneumonia.
The document summarizes respiratory diseases and conditions. It begins with an introduction to the respiratory system and its functions. It then discusses various respiratory diseases including sinusitis, viral upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, asthma, and classifications of respiratory diseases. For each condition, it describes clinical findings, management, and in some cases oral health considerations. The highest level information is that the document classifies and describes several common respiratory diseases and infections, focusing on symptoms, causes, and treatment approaches for each.
1. Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma that presents with recent radiological shadowing. It can be misdiagnosed, mistreated, and under estimated.
2. Pneumonia is classified by aetiology (community acquired, hospital acquired, aspiration) and anatomy (lobar, bronchopneumonia).
3. Risk factors include age, comorbidities, respiratory conditions, lifestyle factors, and immunosuppressant therapy.
Respiratory diseases and associated with dental managment Student طالب جامعي
The document provides an overview of respiratory diseases. It begins by describing the functions of the respiratory system and its main components. It then discusses specific respiratory conditions like sinusitis, viral infections, bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, asthma and COPD. For each condition, it describes the causes, clinical findings, management and oral health considerations. The document aims to comprehensively cover the major respiratory diseases and related topics.
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia.
Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening. It is most serious for infants and young children, people older than age 65, and people with health problems or weakened immune systems.
Lung abscess is a localized area of lung destruction caused by infection, typically by aspiration of oropharyngeal bacteria. It appears on imaging as a cavity containing air-fluid levels. The infection can start as necrotizing pneumonia that progresses to microabscesses and larger cavitary lesions over time. Risk factors include dental/sinus infections, impaired swallowing, or pre-existing lung disease. Treatment involves antibiotics targeting common aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Therapy typically lasts 4-6 weeks until imaging shows resolution, though surgery may be needed for large or resistant abscesses. Complications can include empyema, bronchopleural fistula, or distant infections if not properly treated.
1. The document discusses several obstructive lung diseases including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and bronchiectasis.
2. Emphysema is characterized by destruction of alveolar walls without significant fibrosis leading to enlarged air spaces. Chronic bronchitis involves thickening of bronchial walls and excess mucus production.
3. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease involving recurrent airway obstruction, inflammation, and hyperresponsiveness triggered by various stimuli. Bronchiectasis permanently dilates the bronchi and bronchioles due to destruction of muscles and tissues often caused by infection or obstruction.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to a group of lung diseases including chronic bronchitis and emphysema that are characterized by persistent airflow limitation. The main causes of COPD are tobacco smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, and air pollution. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function tests, and chest imaging. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, medications to relieve symptoms and prevent exacerbations, pulmonary rehabilitation, and managing complications.
1. The document discusses obstructive lung diseases, which are characterized by increased resistance to airflow due to obstruction in the airways. The two main categories are chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma.
2. COPD commonly results from cigarette smoking and is characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction. The two main disorders that constitute COPD are emphysema and chronic bronchitis, which often overlap.
3. Emphysema involves destruction of alveolar walls leading to enlarged air spaces. Cigarette smoke and an imbalance of proteases cause lung damage and inflammation. On pathology, emphysema shows destruction of alveolar walls without fibrosis.
Similar to Respiratory dis. presentation1 for gen path copy (2) (20)
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Respiratory dis. presentation1 for gen path copy (2)
1. Prof. dr. Bacani
By
Kazemi Mohammad
Sadegh
Dmd2ee
2013
RESPIRATORY
DISEASE
2. Major Determinants of
Disease
• Diseases of one lung compartment tend to
affect the others
• The lungs are open to the environment,
exposing them to infectious agents,
allergens, irritants, & carcinogens
• Most lung disease is caused by inhalation
of material; the most common exception is
autoimmune lung disease
3. • Lost pulmonary membrane is not
recoverable
• Smoking is a major cause of lung
disease
• The heart & lungs are a functional unit;
lung disease usually affects the heart; &
heart disease usually affects the lungs
5. Chronic Bronchitis
• Chronic bronchitis is defined clinically. It is
present in any patient who has persistent
cough with sputum production for at least 3
months in at least 2 consecutive years, in the
absence of any other identifiable cause.
(1) Progress to chronic obstructive airway
disease
(2) Lead to cor-pulmonale and heart failure
(3) Cause atypical metaplasia and dysplasia of
the respiratory epithelium
6. Pathogenesis
• Tobacco smoke
– 90% of patients are smokers.
• Grain, cotton, and silica dust
• Air pollution
• Infection
– Bacterial and viral infections are important
intriggering acute exacerbation of the disease.
• Others
7. Chronic bronchitis. The lumen of the bronchus is above. Note the marked
thickening of the mucous
gland layer (approximately twice normal) and squamous metaplasia of lung
epithelium. (From the teaching collection of the Department of Pathology,
University of Texas, Southwestern Medical School,
Dallas, Texas.)
8. Clinical Course
• Prominent cough
• Production of sputum
• Hypercapnia, hypoxemia, and cyanosis
• Pulmonary hypertension and cardiac failure
• Recurrent infections and respiratory failure
9. Emphysema
• Definition
– Emphysema is a condition of the lung
characterized by abnormal permanent
enlargement of the airspaces distal to the
terminal bronchiole, accompanied by
destruction of their walls and without
obvious fibrosis.
10. Pathogenesis
• The genesis of emphysema is not
completely understood.
• A consequence of two critical imbalances
– The protease-antiprotease imbalance
– Oxidant-antioxidant imbalance
11. Pathogenesis of emphysema. The protease-antiprotease
imbalance and
oxidant-antioxidant imbalance are additive in their effects and
contribute to tissue damage. α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT) deficiency
can be either congenital or "functional" as a result of oxidative
inactivation.
12. Types of Emphysema
• According to its anatomic distribution within
the lobule
• Four major types
– Centriacinar
– Panacinar
– Paraseptal
– Irregular
• Only the first two cause clinically significant
airflow obstruction.
13. A, Centriacinar emphysema. Central areas show
marked emphysematous damage (E), surrounded by
relatively spared alveolar spaces.
B, Panacinar emphysema involving the entire
pulmonary architecture.
14. Microscopically at high magnification, the loss of
alveolar walls with emphysema is demonstrated.
Remaining airspaces are dilated.
15. Clinical Course
• Dyspnea is usually the first symptom
• Steadily progressive
• Cough and wheezing
• Weight loss
• Pulmonary function tests
– The ratio of FEV1 to FVC is reduced
17. Anatomic distribution of pure chronic bronchitis and pure emphysema. In
chronic bronchitis the small-airway disease (chronic bronchiolitis) results in
airflow obstruction, while the large-airway disease is primarily responsible for
the mucus hypersecretion.
18. Bronchiectasis
• The permanent dilation of bronchi and
bronchioles caused by destruction of the
muscle and elastic supporting tissue.
19. Pathogenesis
• Obstruction
• Chronic persistent infection
– Damage to bronchial walls, leading to
weakening and dilation.
– Obstructive secretions, inflammation
throughout the wall
20. Morphology
• Affects the lower lobes bilaterally
• The airways dilated
• Histologically
– Intense acute and chronic inflammatory
exudate within the walls of the bronchi and
bronchioles
– The desquamation of lining epithelium
cause extensive areas of ulceration
– Fibrosis of the bronchial and bronchiolar
walls and peribronchiolar fibrosis
21. This is the microscopic appearance of bronchiectasis.
Bronchiectasis is not a specific disease, but a
consequence of another disease process that destroys
airways.
22. Clinical Course
• Severe, persistent cough with expectoration
of mucopurulent
– Fetid, sputum.
– The sputum may contain flecks of blood
• Hypoxemia, hypercapnia, pulmonary
hypertension, and (rarely) cor pulmonale.
27. Pathophysiology
Asthma trigger
- Inflammation & edema of the mucous
membranes.
- Accumulation of tenacious secretions
from mucous glands.
- Spasm of the smooth muscle of the
bronchi & bronchioles decreases
the caliber of the bronchioles.
28. • Coughing
• Wheezing, a whistling
sound
• Shortness of breath
• Chest tightness
• Sneezing & runny
nose
• Itchy and inflamed
eyes
29. Asthma
Therapeutic Drug therapy:
management B- adrenergic,
Theophyllin, &
corticosteroids
- Allergic control preparations + chest
to prevent physiotherapy (only
attacks. in between attacks).
30. Clinical Anatomic Major Etiology Signs/
Term Site Pathologic Symptoms
Changes
Chronic Bronchus Mucous gland Tobacco Cough,
bronchitis hyperplasia, smoke, air sputum
hypersecretion pollutants production
Bronchiectasis Bronchus Airway dilation Persistent or Cough,
and scarring severe purulent
infections sputum, fever
Emphysema Acinus Airspace Tobacco Dyspnea
enlargement; smoke
wall
destruction
Asthma Bronchus Smooth Immunologic Episodic
muscle or undefined wheezing,
hyperplasia, causes cough,
excess mucus, dyspnea
inflammation
31. Lower Respiratory Tract Infections:
Bronchiolitis (RSV Infection)
• 2-12 month
• Caused by syncytial virus
• Transmitted by oral droplet
• Predisposing factors (asthma, smoking)
• Causes necrosis and inflammation of small bronchi and
bronchioles
• Signs and dyspnea
– Wheezing
– Rapid, shallow respirations
– Cough
– Rales
– Chest retractions
– Fever
• Treatment and symptomatic
– Supportive
32. Pulmonary Infections
• Pneumonia can result
whenever these defense
mechanisms are impaired
or whenever the
resistance of the host in
general is lowered.
• Most deadly infectious disease in the U.S.
• 6th leading cause of death
34. Pulmonary Infections or
Pneumonia
• Pneumonia can be very broadly defined
as any infection in the lung. It may
present as acute, fulminant clinical
disease or as chronic disease with a
more protracted course.
35. Pathogenesis
• Streptococcus Pneumoniae
– The most common cause of acute pneumonia.
– Examination of Gram-stained sputum is an important step
in the diagnosis of acute pneumonia.
– Pneumococcal pneumonias respond readily to penicillin
treatment, but there are increasing numbers of
penicillinresistant
strains of pneumococci.
• Haemophilus Influenzae
– A major cause of life-threatening acute lower respiratory
tract
infections and meningitis in young children.
• Moraxella Catarrhalis
36. Lung cancer
•Lung cancer is currently the most
frequently diagnosed major cancer in the
world and the most common cause of
cancer mortality worldwide.
• Cancer of the lung occurs most often
between ages 40 and 70 years, with a
peak incidence in the fifties or sixties.
• The 5-year rate for all stages combined is
only 15%.
37. • Cigarette smoking
– Passive smoking
increases the risk of
developing lung cancer to
approximately twice
that of nonsmokers.
• Industrial Hazards
• Air Pollution
• Molecular Genetics
38. • Squamous cell
carcinoma (25% to
40%)
• Adenocarcinoma
(25% to 40%)
• Small cell carcinoma
(20% to 25%)
• Large cell carcinoma
(10% to 15%)
39. • Insidious onset
• Normally metastized
before diagnosis
• 4 possible categories
of signs of lung cancer
–Direct effects of
tumor
–Systemic effects of
cancer
–Paraneoplastic
syndromes
–Metastizes at other
sites
41. • Surgery on localized
lesions
• Chemotherapy and
radiation
• Poor prognosis unless
tumor in early stages
of development
42. What is tuberculosis (TB)?
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by
bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The TB bacteria can affect any part of the
body, but usually affects the lungs.
If not treated properly, a person who has TB
infection can develop TB disease.
If a person develops TB disease and does
not get appropriate medical treatment he/she
can die.
44. What are the symptoms of TB?
Symptoms of TB disease include:
feelings of sickness or weakness,
weight loss, fever, and night sweats.
When TB disease affects the lungs,
additional symptoms may include: a bad
cough that lasts longer than 2 weeks,
shortness of breath, pain in the chest and
coughing up blood.
45. Remember…
TB infection occurs when a person has
breathed in the TB germ, but the person is not
sick.
TB disease can develop in a person with
TB infection if they do not get medical
treatment.
A person with TB disease is sick and may
have several symptoms of the disease.
If left untreated, persons with TB disease
can die from TB.
46. How is TB treated?
TB disease can usually be cured
by taking several medicines for 6-12 months.
It is very important that people who have TB
disease take the medication exactly as
prescribed.
If you stop taking the medication too soon,
you can become sick again.
Also, if you do not take the medication
correctly, the germs may become resistant to
those medications and become more difficult to
treat.
47. An inflammation of the larynx.
It causes hoarse voice or the
complete loss of the voice
because of irritation to the
vocal folds.
48. Colds or flu. This is the
most common cause
What are the symptoms?
The main symptom of laryngitis
is hoarseness. Your voice may
sound raspy, be deeper than
normal, or break now and then.
You may lose your voice
completely. Other symptoms
may include a dry or sore
throat, coughing, and trouble
swallowing.
49. How is it treated?
With most cases of laryngitis, home treatment is
all that you need. Try to rest your voice, add
moisture to the air in your home with a
humidifier or vaporizer, and drink plenty of
fluids. Don't smoke, and stay away from other
people’s smoke.
Chronic laryngitis may need more treatment. If
you keep getting laryngitis because of a problem
with the way you talk or sing, you may need
speech training. This can help you change
habits that can cause laryngitis. It can also help
your larynx heal.
You may need surgery if your vocal cords have
been damaged, such as by sores or polyps.
50. Bronchitis
•Bronchitis is an inflammation of the main air
passages to the lungs
•Most prevalent in winter
•Generally part of an acute URI
•It may develop after a common cold or
other viral infection of the nasopharynx,
throat, or bronchi
•Often with secondary bacterial infection
54. Tonsillitis
What is tonsillitis?
• Tonsillitis is a viral or bacterial infection in
the throat that causes inflammation of the
tonsils. Tonsils are small glands (lymphoid
tissue) in the pharyngeal cavity.
• In the first six months of life tonsils
provide a useful defense against
infections. Tonsillitis is one of the most
common ailments in pre-school children,
but it can also occur at any age.
56. Tonsillitis is caused by a variety of
contagious viral and bacterial
infections. It is spread by close
contact with other individuals and
occurs more during winter
periods. The most common
bacterium causing tonsillitis is
streptococcus.
57. Tonsillitis caused by bacteria
Antibiotics are prescribed for
tonsillitis caused by strep
bacteria. A strep infection will
usually go away on its own,
but antibiotic treatment is
needed because untreated
strep throat can cause
serious complications
58. Surgery
Surgical removal of the
tonsils (tonsillectomy) is
still a common procedure,
particularly for children