The document discusses various diseases that can affect the buccal cavity and associated organs in animals. It covers diseases of the muzzle, salivary glands, pharynx, and esophagus. Some of the key conditions mentioned include stomatitis (inflammation of the oral mucosa), parotitis (inflammation of the salivary glands), pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharynx), pharyngeal obstruction, pharyngeal paralysis, esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus), and esophageal obstruction. For each condition, the document discusses etiology, pathogenesis, clinical findings, diagnosis, and treatment options.
Allergic rhinitis is a very much prevalent condition in the community. This presentation hopes to spread a ray of hope in treating allergic and intrinsic rhinitis.
The most definite way to diagnose peptic ulcer is by a barium x-ray or upper endoscopy. Sometimes, if you have very convincing symptoms of an ulcer, I may test you for the H pylori bacteria and may treat you with ulcer medications before doing any other tests. For More details you camn visit at http://sripathikethumd.com/digestive-conditions/peptic-ulcer/
Allergic rhinitis is a very much prevalent condition in the community. This presentation hopes to spread a ray of hope in treating allergic and intrinsic rhinitis.
The most definite way to diagnose peptic ulcer is by a barium x-ray or upper endoscopy. Sometimes, if you have very convincing symptoms of an ulcer, I may test you for the H pylori bacteria and may treat you with ulcer medications before doing any other tests. For More details you camn visit at http://sripathikethumd.com/digestive-conditions/peptic-ulcer/
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF or OSF) is a chronic, complex, premalignant (1% transformation risk) condition of the oral cavity, characterized by juxta-epithelial inflammatory reaction and progressive fibrosis of the submucosal tissues (the lamina propria and deeper connective tissues). As the disease progresses, the jaws become rigid to the point that the person is unable to open the mouth.
The condition is remotely linked to oral cancers and is associated with areca nut or betel quid chewing, a habit similar to tobacco chewing, is practiced predominantly in Southeast Asia and India, dating back thousands of years.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF or OSF) is a chronic, complex, premalignant (1% transformation risk) condition of the oral cavity, characterized by juxta-epithelial inflammatory reaction and progressive fibrosis of the submucosal tissues (the lamina propria and deeper connective tissues). As the disease progresses, the jaws become rigid to the point that the person is unable to open the mouth.
The condition is remotely linked to oral cancers and is associated with areca nut or betel quid chewing, a habit similar to tobacco chewing, is practiced predominantly in Southeast Asia and India, dating back thousands of years.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
4. 4
Stomatitis
• Inflammation of oral mucosa which include glossitis,palatitis and gingivitis
1
2
Key Word
Clinically characterized
Loss of appetite
smacking of lips
profuse salivation, etc..
Etiology
Physical agents
o Trauma
o Laceration of the tongue
o Foreign body injury
o Malocclusion of teeth
o Spines on plants
o Eating frozen feed and drinking hot
water
Chemical agents
o Irritant drugs & substances
(Chloral hydrate, Phenolic compounds)
o Systemic poisoning
(Mercury, Bracken fern)
Infectious agents
oOral necrobacillosis
oActinobacillosis
oRhinosporidiosis
oPapillomatosis
5. Stomatitis (cont..)
5
• Anorexia ( partial / complete )
• Painful mastication
• Chewing movements
• Smacking of lips
• Frothy or profuse drooling of saliva with
epithelial threads
• Foetid odour
• Enlargement lymphnodes
• Swelling of face
• Toxemia (secondary)
3 Clinical findings
6. 6
4
Stomatitis (cont..)
Treatment
o Affected animals should be isolated, fed and watered from separate utensils
(if infectious agent is suspected)
o Provide specific treatment based on etiology
o Nonspecific treatment- application of a mild antiseptic collutory
( 2% solution of copper sulfate / 2 % borax / 1 % suspn sulfonamide in glycerin)
o Antibiotics
o I/V alimentation
o Cauterization with a silver nitrate stick / tincture iodine
8. Parotitis
8
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
SYMPTOMS
TREATMENT
Parotitis is inflammation of any of the salivary glands
• Localization of a blood
borne Infection
(Sporadically)
• Irritation
• Salivary calculi
• Avitaminosis
• Penetrating wounds
ETIOLOGY
• Only one gland involved
• No loss of salivary function
• Signs are restricted to
inflammed gland
PATHOGENESIS
• Early stages,
enlargement of gland
• Warmth
• Pain on palpation
• Local edema
SYMPTOMS
• Systemic treatment with
sulfonamides or antibiotics
• Abscesses may require
draining
TREATMENT
9. DISEASES OF THE PHARYNX
AND ESOPHAGUS
• Pharyngitis
• Pharyngeal obstruction
• Pharyngeal paralysis
• Esophagitis
• Esophageal obstruction
10. Pharyngitis
10
Inflammation of pharynx
(Coughing, painful swallowing, variable appetite, regurgitation through the nostrils, drooling of saliva)
1. Physlcal :
Injury during oral medication
Endotracheal intubation
Improper administration of reticular magnet
Accidental ingestion of irritant, hot /cold substances
2. lnfectious:
Oral necrobacillosis
Actinobacillosis
IBR
Pharyngeal phlegmon
ETIOLOGY
• Inflammation of pharynx led to painful swallowing
and disinclination to eat
• Swelling of mucosa and wall is severe- virtual
obstruction of pharynx (RP lymph node enlarged)
PATHOGENESIS
11. 11
Refuse to eat or drink
Manual compression of throat from exterior causes paroxysmal coughing
Mucopurulent nasal discharge contains blood and spontaneous cough
Regurgitation of fluid and food through nostrils
Stand with head extended
Drool saliva
Tentative jaw movements
If local swelling is severe, there may be obstruction of respiration
Visible swelling of the throat
Retropharyngeal and parotid lymph nodes enlarged
CLINICAL FINDINGS
Pharyngitis (cont..)
12. 12
Pharyngitis (cont..)
Treatment
Diagnosis
Culture and sensitivity
visual examination of the pharynx
(hyperemia, lymphoid, hyperplasia and erosions)
Palpation of the pharynx
(Presence of accumulated ruminal ingesta in diverticulae on either side of the glottis)
Endoscopy
Ultrasonographic examination
Antibiotics
Fluids
Surgery
13. Pharyngeal obstruction
13
Accompained by stertorous respiration, coughing and difficult swallowing
Foreign bodies or tissue swellings are the usual causes
ETIOLOGY
Reduction in caliber of the pharyngeal lumen interferes with swallowing and respiration
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL FINDINGS
Painful swallowing, snoring respiration (head from outside), Auscultation – inspiratory stertor
DIAGNOSIS
Tuberculin test
15. Pharyngeal paralysis
15
Inability to swallow, absence of signs of pain and respiratory obstruction
Peripheral nerve injury
o Trauma to the throat region
Secondary to specific diseases
o Rabies and other encephalitides
o Botulism
ETIOLOGY
o Inability to swallow and regurgitation
o Associated laryngeal paralysis - accompanied by 'roaring'
o Cud-dropping - partial pharyngeal paralysis
PATHOGEN ESIS
16. Pharyngeal paralysis (cont..)
16
CLINICAL FINDINGS
o Dropping of food from mouth
o Coughing
o Regurgitation through the nostrils
o Salivation
o Swallowing cannot be stimulated
o Pneumonia may follow aspiration (gurgling sounds - auscultation)
TREATMENT
o Local application of heat may be attempted
o Feeding by nasal tube
o Intravenous alimentation
17. Esophagitis
17
ETIOLOGY
Inflammation of the esophagus
o Chemical or physical irritant
o Laceration of mucosa foreign body
o Gastro- esophageal reflex during anaesthesia
o Administration of sustained release anthelmintic boluses
PATHOGENESIS
o Inflammation of the esophagus combined
o Local edema and swelling - functional obstruction – difficulty swallowing
o Traumatic injury – edema – hemorrhage laceration of mucosa
o Perforation of esophagus - periesophageal cellulitis
o Perforation of the thoracic esophagus – pleuritis
o Extensivecellulitis - presence of ingest - severe toxemia
o Dysphagia cause aspiration pneumonia.
18. 18
Esophagitis (cont..)
DIAGNOSIS
o Endoscopy
o Marked neutrophilia
TREATMENT
o Feed should withheld for 2-3 days
o Fluid and electrolyte therapy
o Antimicrobials
o Moistened feed to be fed
CLINICAL FINDINGS
o Salivation
o Attempts to swallow - cause severe pain
o Regurgitation, coughing, pain, retching activities
o Vigorous contractions (cervical and abdominal muscles)
o Local pain and swelling
19. Esophageal obstruction
19
1 2
Acute Chronic
Inability to swallow, regurgitation of feed and water, continuous drooling of saliva and bloat
ETIOLOGY
Intraluminal
Swallowed material
Solid obstructions
Trichobezoar
Extraluminal
Tuberculous/ neoplastic lymph Nodes (base of lung)
Cervical or mediastinal abscess
Persistent right aortic arch
Thymoma
Esophageal paralysis
Megaesophagus
Esophageal strictures
Carcinoma of stomach
20. 20
Esophageal obstruction (cont..)
PATHOGENESIS
o Physical inability to swallow
o Inability to eructate results bloat
o Complications – rupture, esophagitis, stricture, diverticulum
CLINICAL FINDINGS
Acute obstruction or choke
o Suddenly stops eating
o Shows anxiety and restlessness
o Forceful attempts to swallow
o Regurgitate, salivation, coughing
o Continuous chewing movements
o Bloating occurs ( complete)
o Ruminal movements are continuous and forceful
o Systolic murmur audible on auscultation of heart
Other than bloat will
disappear in few hours
(relaxation of initial
spasm)
21. 21
Esophageal obstruction (cont..)
Chronic obstruction
No acute signs
Earliest sign is chronic bloat
Rumen contractions in normal range
Swallowing movements - usually normal
Dilatation of the esophagus - pronounced swelling - base of neck
Swelling at the stenotic area - when ingest food
Esophageal diverticulum - Projectile expulsion of ingested food
Paralysis of the esophagus, regurgitation does not occur but
esophagus fills, overflows, and saliva drools
Diagnosis
o Symptoms
o Radiographic examination - site of stenosis, diverticulum or dilatation
o Radiographic examination – barium
o Fiberoptic endoscope
o Electromyography