This article describes firstly a wind power production line, principally a wind turbine constitutes her and brushless doubly fed induction generator (BDFIG). The models of these components are developed, and control objective of BDFIG is to achieve a dynamic performance similar to the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) using a stator flux field oriented control (FOC) and direct power control (DPC) strategy. After, the simulation program using Matlab/Simulink has been developed. The performances of this strategy are evaluated and analyzed, so the results show a good robustness great dynamic and a precision of speed.
This paper presents the modeling and simulation of wind energy Conversion System using the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The objectives are: to extract the maximum power of the wind speed by controlling the electromagnetic torque of the PMSG, to maintain constant the DC-link voltage despite the wind speed variations and to attain the unity power factor. In order to ensure a regulation with high performance and a good robustness against the internal and the external disturbances, a new control strategy called the Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is used. Therefore, the Analysis and simulation of the ADRC and PI controllers are developed with MATLAB/Simulink software. The performance of these controllers is compared in term of references tracking, robustness and grid faults.
In this paper, we focus on the modeling and control of a wind power system based on a double-fed induction generator DFIG. We proposed a technique of active and reactive power control to improve the performance and dynamics of variable speed wind system. The objective of the modeling is to apply the direct and indirect vector control stator flux orientation to control independently, the active and reactive power generated doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). The simulation results are tested and compared in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed system.
In recent years, applications of facts systems have been developed for the compensation of active and reactive power. Facts systems are electronics devices that are connected to the wind farm. This paper presents the impacts of some of these devices on the stability of a wind farm, especially D-STATCOM, Static Var Compensator and Fuzzy SVC controller. First, a presentation of D-STATCOM, SVC, then fuzzy logic controller. In simulation study, the D-STATCOM ensures the stability of the voltage and current at the point of connection with the electrical grid. Finally, Comparing the SVC to the F-SVC simulations, we notice that the F-SVC is more performed than SVC for the compensation of the active and reactive power.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Wind energy has many advantages, it does not pollute and it is an inexhaustible source. However, the cost of this energy is still too high to compete with traditional fossil sources. The yield of a wind turbine depends on three parameters: the power of the wind, the turbine power curve and the ability of the generator to respond to fluctuations in the wind. This article presented the MPPT of a wind turbine system equipped with an asynchronous generator has dual power under MatlabSimulink program, in the first time we simulated all the conversion chain with complete model of DFIG and vector control in second stepthen applied the extracted maximum power MPPT strategists, this command is effective and has several advantages it offered to kept the maximum power delivered to network despite all the parameter is change.
This paper presents the modeling and simulation of wind energy Conversion System using the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The objectives are: to extract the maximum power of the wind speed by controlling the electromagnetic torque of the PMSG, to maintain constant the DC-link voltage despite the wind speed variations and to attain the unity power factor. In order to ensure a regulation with high performance and a good robustness against the internal and the external disturbances, a new control strategy called the Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is used. Therefore, the Analysis and simulation of the ADRC and PI controllers are developed with MATLAB/Simulink software. The performance of these controllers is compared in term of references tracking, robustness and grid faults.
In this paper, we focus on the modeling and control of a wind power system based on a double-fed induction generator DFIG. We proposed a technique of active and reactive power control to improve the performance and dynamics of variable speed wind system. The objective of the modeling is to apply the direct and indirect vector control stator flux orientation to control independently, the active and reactive power generated doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). The simulation results are tested and compared in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed system.
In recent years, applications of facts systems have been developed for the compensation of active and reactive power. Facts systems are electronics devices that are connected to the wind farm. This paper presents the impacts of some of these devices on the stability of a wind farm, especially D-STATCOM, Static Var Compensator and Fuzzy SVC controller. First, a presentation of D-STATCOM, SVC, then fuzzy logic controller. In simulation study, the D-STATCOM ensures the stability of the voltage and current at the point of connection with the electrical grid. Finally, Comparing the SVC to the F-SVC simulations, we notice that the F-SVC is more performed than SVC for the compensation of the active and reactive power.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Wind energy has many advantages, it does not pollute and it is an inexhaustible source. However, the cost of this energy is still too high to compete with traditional fossil sources. The yield of a wind turbine depends on three parameters: the power of the wind, the turbine power curve and the ability of the generator to respond to fluctuations in the wind. This article presented the MPPT of a wind turbine system equipped with an asynchronous generator has dual power under MatlabSimulink program, in the first time we simulated all the conversion chain with complete model of DFIG and vector control in second stepthen applied the extracted maximum power MPPT strategists, this command is effective and has several advantages it offered to kept the maximum power delivered to network despite all the parameter is change.
Load Frequency Control of DFIG-isolated and Grid Connected ModeIJAPEJOURNAL
Wind energy is one of the extraordinary promising sources of renewable energy due to its clean character, free availability and economic viability. A Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) feeds power from both the stator and the rotor windings at speeds above synchronous speed of the machine. This paper deals the load frequency control of doubly fed induction generator in isolated mode and grid connected mode. The wind turbine model is obtained using MATLAB/ SIMULINK which consists of DFIG, rotor side rectifier, grid side inverter and grid. This model is controlled by conventional controllerand proposed Load Frequency Control (LFC) method. The results are proven that frequency control gives better results in all the aspects
Real time simulation of nonlinear generalized predictive control for wind ene...ISA Interchange
In order to make a wind power generation truly cost-effective and reliable, an advanced control techniques must be used. In this paper, we develop a new control strategy, using nonlinear generalized predictive control (NGPC) approach, for DFIG-based wind turbine. The proposed control law is based on two points: NGPC-based torque-current control loop generating the rotor reference voltage and NGPC-based speed control loop that provides the torque reference. In order to enhance the robustness of the controller, a disturbance observer is designed to estimate the aerodynamic torque which is considered as an unknown perturbation. Finally, a real-time simulation is carried out to illustrate the performance of the proposed controller.
This paper describes the testing of boost rectification required in the back-to-
back converter used in doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind energy
conversion systems (WECS). In this work testing is carried out on the single phase rectifier
section of back-to-back converter. Detail design of components of back to back converter is
explained. The hardware module of this back-to-back converter is fabricated in the
departmental laboratory. dSPACE and Microcontroller 8051 is used for implementing the
control. Results show that required boosting is satisfactorily obtained.
GRID SIDE CONVERTER CONTROL IN DFIG BASED WIND SYSTEM USING ENHANCED HYSTERES...ecij
The standard grid codes suggested, that the wind generators should stay in connected and reliable active and reactive power should be provided during uncertainties. This paper presents an independent control of Grid Side Converter (GSC) for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). A novel GSC controller has been designed by incorporating a new Enhanced hysteresis comparator (EHC) that utilizes the hysteresis band to produce the suitable switching signal to the GSC to get enhanced controllability during grid unbalance. The EHC produces higher duty-ratio linearity and larger fundamental GSC currents with
lesser harmonics. Thus achieve fast transient response for GSC. All these features are confirmed through time domain simulation on a 15 KW DFIG Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS).
The paper proposes a complete modeling and control technique of variable speed wind turbine system (WTS) based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). Two levels back-to-back converter is used to ensure the energy transfer between the DFIG rotor and the grid. The wind turbine to operate efficiently, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is implemented. Then, direct power control (DPC) strategy has been combined with the MPPT technique in order to guarantee the selection of the appropriate rotor voltage vectors and to minimize the active and reactive power errors. Finally, the simulation is performed by using MATLAB/simulink platform basing on 7.5KW DFIG wind generation system, and the results prove the effectiveness of our proposed control technique.
Ijaems apr-2016-29 Application of STATCOM for Enhancing Steady and Dynamic Pe...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The paper presents the application of Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) for enhancing steady and dynamic performance of distribution system with Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind power generation. The mathematical models of STATCOM, wind energy conversion system such as wind, wind turbine, drive train, DFIG, and converter are systematically derived. The dynamic behavior of the power system with STATCOM controller is also investigated by using MATLAB/Simulink. It was found in the simulation results that the STATCOM can improve the dynamic behavior of the system.
Load / Frequency balancing Control systems studyCAL
In this project, the load and frequency control problem on the power generator at 'Britannia sugar factory' is investigated under different governor action. The existing system employs a Mechanical-hydraulic governor. It is desired to improve the system's response to load disturbances on the interconnected power grid.
Performance Evaluation of Photo-Voltaic fed Brushless Direct Current Motor fo...IJERA Editor
This work presents an effective approach towards reduction of steps in power conversion from solar
photovoltaic system to load. When a Photovoltaic system is fed to an induction motor, it requires MPPT
controller and an Inverter circuit in first and second stages since Induction motor works with a.c supply. By
eliminating the Inverter circuit and employing a BLDC motor the efficiency of the system can be improved. The
BLDC motor works under Electronic commutation principle with VSI embedded in the motor. A PV Panel fed
to the "R" load with Hill Climbing MPPT is considered along with practical irradiance data. Simulation is
carried out by formulating the mathematical model for the photovoltaic source, MPPT, Motor. System
performance‟s are investigated under different levels of solar insolation.
In this work, we are interested in improving the performance of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind system, by applying a sliding mode control strategy. The objective is the regulation of the active and reactive power, also the voltage and the frequency of the signal injected into the distribution network. The model proposed for the control is based on the sliding mode technique with performance estimators. The proposed model was validated by a simulation on MATLAB/Simulink.
Neural Network Based Voltage and Frequency Controller for standalone Wind Pow...ijsrd.com
This paper deals with an artificial neural network based control of the voltage and frequency (VF) of autonomous wind power generation using an isolated asynchronous generator (IAG). The proposed controller has bidirectional active and reactive power flow capability along with battery energy storage system by which it controls the system voltage and frequency with variation of consumer loads and speed of wind. The proposed system is modelled and simulated in MATLAB using Simulink .The proposed controller has additional capability of harmonic elimination and load balancing and hence power quality can be improved.
Indirect Control of a Doubly-Fed Induction Machine for Wind Energy ConversionIAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, a grid connected wind power generation scheme using a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is studied. The aims of this paper are: The modelling and simulation of the operating in two quadrants (torque-speed) of a DFIG, the analysis employs a stator flux vector control algorithm to control rotor current, the system enables optimal speed tracking for maximum energy capture from the wind and high performance active and reactive power regulation using the PI regulator. The simulation calculations were achieved ®®
using MATLAB -SIMULINK package. Lastly, the obtained results are presented, for different operating points, illustrating the good control performances of the system
Control of DFIG Stator Voltage on Autonomous Micro Hydro Power PlantIJPEDS-IAES
An autonomous micro hydro power plant was proposed to utilize the small
hydro power potency as a run-of-river. It consisted of a PMSG, a DFIG, and
a converter and should be operated in the off-grid configuration. In a
previous research, the DFIG stator voltages couldn’t be controlled. In this
paper, the novel control algorithm that is able to maintain the DFIG stator
voltages of the autonomous micro hydro power plant in the off-grid
configuration is proposed. The control algorithm was proposed to use the
actual DFIG stator voltages and currents as feedback signals. The controller
was tested by varying three input signals, i.e. the DC-link voltage, the DFIG
stator voltage reference, and the external stator load which simulated the offgrid
configuration. The result of the simulation showed that the DFIG stator
voltages could be controlled and were always in accordance with the
reference.
A Performance Comparison of DFIG using Power Transfer Matrix and Direct Power...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a direct power control and power transfer matrix model for a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy system (WES). Control of DFIG wind turbine system is traditionally based on either stator- flux-oriented or stator-voltage-oriented vector control. The performance of Direct Power Control (DPC) and Power transfer Matrix control for the same wind speed are studied. The Power transfer matrix Control gave better results. The validity and performance of the proposed modelling and control approaches are investigated using a study system consisting of a grid connected DFIG WES. The performance of DFIG with Power Transfer Matrix and Direct Power Control (DPC) techniques are obtained through simulation. The time domain simulation of the study system using MATLAB Simulink is carried out. The results obtained in the two cases are compared.
Intelligent Control for Doubly Fed Induction Generator Connected to the Elect...IJPEDS-IAES
In this paper we are interested in optimizing the wind power capture, using the Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). This machine is preferred to other types of variable speed generator because of their advantages in economic terms and control. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based on Direct Torque Control (DTC) which is used to control the electromagnetic torque in order to extract the maximum power. The main objective of this intelligent technique is to replace the conventional switching table by a voltage selector based on (ANN) to reduce torque and flux ripples. Moreover, the fuzzy logic controller is used to grid side converter to keep DC link voltage constant, and also to achieve unity power factor operation. The main advantage of the two control strategies proposed in this paper is that they are not influenced by the variation of the machine parameter. The pitch control is also presented to limit the generator power at its rated value. Simulation results of 1,5 MW, for (DFIG) based Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) confirm the effectiveness and the performance of the global proposed approaches.
This article presents nonlinear control of wind conversion chain connected to the grid based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator. The control objectives are threefold; i) forcing the generator speed to track a varying reference signal in order to extract the maximum power at different wind speed (MPPT); ii) regulating the rectifier output capacitor voltage; iii) reducing the harmonic and reactive currents injected in the grid. This means that the inverter output current must be sinusoidal and in phase with the AC supply voltage (PFC). To this end, a nonlinear state-feedback control is developed, based on the average nonlinear model of the whole controlled system. This control strategy involves backstepping approach, Lyapunov stability and other tools from theory of linear systems. The proposed state-feedback control strategy is tested by numerical simulation which shows that the developed controller reaches its objectives.
Load Frequency Control of DFIG-isolated and Grid Connected ModeIJAPEJOURNAL
Wind energy is one of the extraordinary promising sources of renewable energy due to its clean character, free availability and economic viability. A Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) feeds power from both the stator and the rotor windings at speeds above synchronous speed of the machine. This paper deals the load frequency control of doubly fed induction generator in isolated mode and grid connected mode. The wind turbine model is obtained using MATLAB/ SIMULINK which consists of DFIG, rotor side rectifier, grid side inverter and grid. This model is controlled by conventional controllerand proposed Load Frequency Control (LFC) method. The results are proven that frequency control gives better results in all the aspects
Real time simulation of nonlinear generalized predictive control for wind ene...ISA Interchange
In order to make a wind power generation truly cost-effective and reliable, an advanced control techniques must be used. In this paper, we develop a new control strategy, using nonlinear generalized predictive control (NGPC) approach, for DFIG-based wind turbine. The proposed control law is based on two points: NGPC-based torque-current control loop generating the rotor reference voltage and NGPC-based speed control loop that provides the torque reference. In order to enhance the robustness of the controller, a disturbance observer is designed to estimate the aerodynamic torque which is considered as an unknown perturbation. Finally, a real-time simulation is carried out to illustrate the performance of the proposed controller.
This paper describes the testing of boost rectification required in the back-to-
back converter used in doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind energy
conversion systems (WECS). In this work testing is carried out on the single phase rectifier
section of back-to-back converter. Detail design of components of back to back converter is
explained. The hardware module of this back-to-back converter is fabricated in the
departmental laboratory. dSPACE and Microcontroller 8051 is used for implementing the
control. Results show that required boosting is satisfactorily obtained.
GRID SIDE CONVERTER CONTROL IN DFIG BASED WIND SYSTEM USING ENHANCED HYSTERES...ecij
The standard grid codes suggested, that the wind generators should stay in connected and reliable active and reactive power should be provided during uncertainties. This paper presents an independent control of Grid Side Converter (GSC) for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). A novel GSC controller has been designed by incorporating a new Enhanced hysteresis comparator (EHC) that utilizes the hysteresis band to produce the suitable switching signal to the GSC to get enhanced controllability during grid unbalance. The EHC produces higher duty-ratio linearity and larger fundamental GSC currents with
lesser harmonics. Thus achieve fast transient response for GSC. All these features are confirmed through time domain simulation on a 15 KW DFIG Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS).
The paper proposes a complete modeling and control technique of variable speed wind turbine system (WTS) based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). Two levels back-to-back converter is used to ensure the energy transfer between the DFIG rotor and the grid. The wind turbine to operate efficiently, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is implemented. Then, direct power control (DPC) strategy has been combined with the MPPT technique in order to guarantee the selection of the appropriate rotor voltage vectors and to minimize the active and reactive power errors. Finally, the simulation is performed by using MATLAB/simulink platform basing on 7.5KW DFIG wind generation system, and the results prove the effectiveness of our proposed control technique.
Ijaems apr-2016-29 Application of STATCOM for Enhancing Steady and Dynamic Pe...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The paper presents the application of Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) for enhancing steady and dynamic performance of distribution system with Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind power generation. The mathematical models of STATCOM, wind energy conversion system such as wind, wind turbine, drive train, DFIG, and converter are systematically derived. The dynamic behavior of the power system with STATCOM controller is also investigated by using MATLAB/Simulink. It was found in the simulation results that the STATCOM can improve the dynamic behavior of the system.
Load / Frequency balancing Control systems studyCAL
In this project, the load and frequency control problem on the power generator at 'Britannia sugar factory' is investigated under different governor action. The existing system employs a Mechanical-hydraulic governor. It is desired to improve the system's response to load disturbances on the interconnected power grid.
Performance Evaluation of Photo-Voltaic fed Brushless Direct Current Motor fo...IJERA Editor
This work presents an effective approach towards reduction of steps in power conversion from solar
photovoltaic system to load. When a Photovoltaic system is fed to an induction motor, it requires MPPT
controller and an Inverter circuit in first and second stages since Induction motor works with a.c supply. By
eliminating the Inverter circuit and employing a BLDC motor the efficiency of the system can be improved. The
BLDC motor works under Electronic commutation principle with VSI embedded in the motor. A PV Panel fed
to the "R" load with Hill Climbing MPPT is considered along with practical irradiance data. Simulation is
carried out by formulating the mathematical model for the photovoltaic source, MPPT, Motor. System
performance‟s are investigated under different levels of solar insolation.
In this work, we are interested in improving the performance of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind system, by applying a sliding mode control strategy. The objective is the regulation of the active and reactive power, also the voltage and the frequency of the signal injected into the distribution network. The model proposed for the control is based on the sliding mode technique with performance estimators. The proposed model was validated by a simulation on MATLAB/Simulink.
Neural Network Based Voltage and Frequency Controller for standalone Wind Pow...ijsrd.com
This paper deals with an artificial neural network based control of the voltage and frequency (VF) of autonomous wind power generation using an isolated asynchronous generator (IAG). The proposed controller has bidirectional active and reactive power flow capability along with battery energy storage system by which it controls the system voltage and frequency with variation of consumer loads and speed of wind. The proposed system is modelled and simulated in MATLAB using Simulink .The proposed controller has additional capability of harmonic elimination and load balancing and hence power quality can be improved.
Indirect Control of a Doubly-Fed Induction Machine for Wind Energy ConversionIAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, a grid connected wind power generation scheme using a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is studied. The aims of this paper are: The modelling and simulation of the operating in two quadrants (torque-speed) of a DFIG, the analysis employs a stator flux vector control algorithm to control rotor current, the system enables optimal speed tracking for maximum energy capture from the wind and high performance active and reactive power regulation using the PI regulator. The simulation calculations were achieved ®®
using MATLAB -SIMULINK package. Lastly, the obtained results are presented, for different operating points, illustrating the good control performances of the system
Control of DFIG Stator Voltage on Autonomous Micro Hydro Power PlantIJPEDS-IAES
An autonomous micro hydro power plant was proposed to utilize the small
hydro power potency as a run-of-river. It consisted of a PMSG, a DFIG, and
a converter and should be operated in the off-grid configuration. In a
previous research, the DFIG stator voltages couldn’t be controlled. In this
paper, the novel control algorithm that is able to maintain the DFIG stator
voltages of the autonomous micro hydro power plant in the off-grid
configuration is proposed. The control algorithm was proposed to use the
actual DFIG stator voltages and currents as feedback signals. The controller
was tested by varying three input signals, i.e. the DC-link voltage, the DFIG
stator voltage reference, and the external stator load which simulated the offgrid
configuration. The result of the simulation showed that the DFIG stator
voltages could be controlled and were always in accordance with the
reference.
A Performance Comparison of DFIG using Power Transfer Matrix and Direct Power...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a direct power control and power transfer matrix model for a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy system (WES). Control of DFIG wind turbine system is traditionally based on either stator- flux-oriented or stator-voltage-oriented vector control. The performance of Direct Power Control (DPC) and Power transfer Matrix control for the same wind speed are studied. The Power transfer matrix Control gave better results. The validity and performance of the proposed modelling and control approaches are investigated using a study system consisting of a grid connected DFIG WES. The performance of DFIG with Power Transfer Matrix and Direct Power Control (DPC) techniques are obtained through simulation. The time domain simulation of the study system using MATLAB Simulink is carried out. The results obtained in the two cases are compared.
Intelligent Control for Doubly Fed Induction Generator Connected to the Elect...IJPEDS-IAES
In this paper we are interested in optimizing the wind power capture, using the Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). This machine is preferred to other types of variable speed generator because of their advantages in economic terms and control. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based on Direct Torque Control (DTC) which is used to control the electromagnetic torque in order to extract the maximum power. The main objective of this intelligent technique is to replace the conventional switching table by a voltage selector based on (ANN) to reduce torque and flux ripples. Moreover, the fuzzy logic controller is used to grid side converter to keep DC link voltage constant, and also to achieve unity power factor operation. The main advantage of the two control strategies proposed in this paper is that they are not influenced by the variation of the machine parameter. The pitch control is also presented to limit the generator power at its rated value. Simulation results of 1,5 MW, for (DFIG) based Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) confirm the effectiveness and the performance of the global proposed approaches.
This article presents nonlinear control of wind conversion chain connected to the grid based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator. The control objectives are threefold; i) forcing the generator speed to track a varying reference signal in order to extract the maximum power at different wind speed (MPPT); ii) regulating the rectifier output capacitor voltage; iii) reducing the harmonic and reactive currents injected in the grid. This means that the inverter output current must be sinusoidal and in phase with the AC supply voltage (PFC). To this end, a nonlinear state-feedback control is developed, based on the average nonlinear model of the whole controlled system. This control strategy involves backstepping approach, Lyapunov stability and other tools from theory of linear systems. The proposed state-feedback control strategy is tested by numerical simulation which shows that the developed controller reaches its objectives.
Power Control of Wind Turbine Based on Fuzzy Sliding-Mode ControlIJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents the study of a variable speed wind energy conversion system (WECS) using a Wound Field Synchronous Generator (WFSG) based on a Fuzzy sliding mode control (FSMC) applied to achieve control of active and reactive powers exchanged between the stator of the WFSG and the grid to ensure a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of a wind energy conversion system. However the principal drawback of the sliding mode, is the chattering effect which characterized by torque ripple, this phenomena is undesirable and harmful for the machines, it generates noises and additional forces of torsion on the machine shaft. A direct fuzzy logic controller is designed and the sliding mode controller is added to compensate the fuzzy approximation errors. The simulation results clearly indicate the effectiveness and validity of the proposed method, in terms of convergence, time and precision.
A Fuzzy Logic Control Strategy for Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Improve...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, which is t

decouple PI control for output active and reactive powers
he common control technique for power converter of Doubly Fed
Induction Generator (DFIG) is presented. But there are some disadvantages with this control method like uncertainty about the exact model, behavior of some parameters or unpredictable wind speed and tuning of PI parameters. To overcome the mentioned disadvantages a fuzzy logic control of DFIG wind turbine is presented and is compared with PI controller. To validate the proposed scheme, simulation results are presented, these results showed that the performance of fuzzy control of DFIG is excellent and it improves power quality and stability of wind turbine compared to PI controller. The Fuzzy logic controller is applied to rotor side converter for active power control and voltage regulation of wind turbine. The entire work is carried out in MATLab/Simulink. Different faulty operating conditions are considered to
prove the effective implementation of the proposed control scheme.
Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Drive System Based on Maximum Power Curve Sear...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper proposes a novel variable speed control algorithm for a grid connected doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) system. The main objective is to track the maximum power curve characteristic by using an adaptive fuzzy logic controller, and to compare it with the conventional optimal torque control method for large inertia wind turbines. The role of the FLC is to adapt the transfer function of the harvested mechanical power controller according to the operating point in variable wind speed. The control system has two sub-systems for the rotor side and the grid side converters (RSC, GSC). Active and reactive power control of the back-to- back converters has been achieved indirectly by controlling q-axis and d-axis current components. The main function of the RSC controllers is to track the maximum power through controlling the electromagnetic torque of the wind turbine. The GSC controls the DC-link voltage, and guarantees unity power factor between the GSC and the grid. The proposed system is developed and tested in MATLAB/SimPowerSystem (SPS) environment.
The following article presents the control of the power generated by the Doubly Fed Induction Generator, integrated into the wind system, whose rotor is linked to the power converters (Rotor Side Convert (RSC) and Grid Side Converter (GSC)) interfaced by the DC-BUS and connected to the grid via a filter (Rf, Lf) in order to obtain an optimal power to the grid and to ensure system stability. The objective of this study is to understand and to make the comparison between Sliding mode Control technique and the Flux Oriented Control in order to control the Doubly Fed Induction Generator powers exchanged with the grid, it also aims at maintaining the DC-BUS voltage constant and a unit power factor at the grid connection point.The results of simulation show the performance of the Sliding mode Control in terms of monitoring, and robustness with regard to the parametric variations, compared to the Flux Oriented Control. The performance of the systems was tested and compared with the use of MATLAB/Simulink software.
ENHANCED CONTROL OF DFIG IN WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMIjorat1
The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine is a variable speed wind turbine widely used
in the modern wind power industries. At present, commercial DFIG wind turbines primarily make use of the
technology that was developed a decade ago. But, it is found in the paper that there is limitations conventional
control method. This project presents a fuzzy-logic approach to control the DFIG. Based on which fuzzy-logic
approach is controlled for real power, reactive power flow and electromagnetic torque of the wind turbine. A
direct current vector control strategy is developed to control the rotor side voltage source converter. This scheme
of direct current vector control strategy allows the independent control of the generated active and reactive
power as well as the rotor speed. In this project, a fuzzy-logic approach is proposed to control the DFIG. The
active and reactive power is controlled by rotor voltage, which goes through back-to-back voltage source
converter and DC-link voltage is also maintained stable. The conventional control approach is compared with the
proposed control techniques for DFIG wind turbine control under both steady and gusty wind conditions. A
MATLAB based simulation system was build to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed
method waveforms of real power, reactive power, DC link voltage and generator speed are compared with
conventional method. This paper shows that under the fuzzy-logic approach control techniques, a DFIG system
have a superior performance in various aspects.
Analytical Description of Dc Motor with Determination of Rotor Damping Consta...theijes
DC motor as an electric machine have been applied in numerous control systems. However, a critical parameter of interest that must be evaluated in designing a DC motor based system is the damping constant of the rotor. This paper analytically examines how to determine the damping constant of the rotor of a 12V DC motor, with the determination based on the following parameters: Armature resistance (Ra), inductance (La), Capacitance, the Stall current and the Angular rate of excitation of the motor with varying armature excitation of the current. These parameters help to ascertain the maximum and the minimum operating limit of the motor so as not to exceed the boundary-operating limits of the 12V motor. Experiments were performed in the laboratory and at the end of the analysis, the result shows that the value of damping constant of a 12V DC motor was -3.317 10-4 N-m-sec 2 . This parameter can be factored in future control system designs.
Flux Based Sensorless Speed Sensing and Real and Reactive Power Flow Control ...ijeei-iaes
This aim of this paper is to design controller for Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) converters and MPPT for turbine and a sensor-less rotor speed estimation to maintain equilibrium in rotor speed, generator torque, and stator and rotor voltages. It is also aimed to meet desired reference real and reactive power during the turbulences like sudden change in reactive power or voltage with concurrently changing wind speed. The turbine blade angle changes with variations in wind speed and direction of wind flow and improves the coefficient of power extracted from turbine using MPPT. Rotor side converter (RSC) helps to achieve optimal real and reactive power from generator, which keeps rotor to rotate at optimal speed and to vary current flow from rotor and stator terminals. Rotor speed is estimated using stator and rotor flux estimation algorithm. Parameters like tip speed ratio; coefficient of power, stator and rotor voltage, current, real, reactive power; rotor speed and electromagnetic torque are studied using MATLAB simulation. The performance of DFIG is compared when there is in wind speed change only; alter in reactive power and variation in grid voltage individually along with variation in wind speed.
This article addresses the problem of controlling an overall wind energy conversion system (WECS) formed by a wind turbine connected to the grid via a doubly fed introduction generator (DFIG) and an AC/DC/AC converter. The main control objectives are fourfold: (i) designing an output feedback speed controller that makes the DFIG rotate at the optimal value delivered by the MPPT strategy, (ii) controlling the stator reactive power so as to be null, (iii) guaranteeing the DC-link voltage in the grid side converter to be at a given constant value, (iv) ensuring a unitary power factor. A high gain observer is synthesized, in order to provide estimated values of the mechanical variables. To achieve the control objectives, a sliding mode controller involving the mechanical observer is designed. The performance of the system configuration based on the 2MW-DFIG with the proposed controller is evaluated by a numerical simulation under a realistic wind profile using MATLAB/SIMULINK/SimPowerSystems environment.
Performance and High Robustness DPC for PWM Rectifier under Unstable VDC BusIJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes a strategy de controlling a static AC / DC converter
based on direct power control (DPC). The instantaneous active and reactive
power is controlled in such a way to ensure the PWM rectifier with a
sinusoidal current absorption. This control has proven effective in terms of
reduction of total harmonic distortion (THD) of current absorbed. Offers a
good control of active and reactive power with an operation at unitary power
factor. The test of robustness carried out and the results have proven DPC
good performance with strong possibility of de integrate it into the field of
high voltage and high power as electric traction.
A Lyapunov Based Approach to Enchance Wind Turbine Stabilityijeei-iaes
This paper introduces a nonlinear control of a wind turbine based on a Double Feed Induction Generator. The Rotor Side converter is controlled by using field oriented control and Backstepping strategy to enhance the dynamic stability response. The Grid Side converter is controlled by a sliding mode. These methods aim to increase dynamic system stability for variable wind speed. Hence, The Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is studied in order to illustrate its behavior in case of severe disturbance, and its dynamic response in grid connected mode for variable speed wind operation. The model is presented and simulated under Matlab/ Simulink.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Similar to Direct Power Control of Brushless Doubly-fed Induction Generator Used in Wind Energy Conversion System (20)
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
This paper presents a fast and accurate fault detection, classification and direction discrimination algorithm of transmission lines using one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs) that have ingrained adaptive model to avoid the feature extraction difficulties and fault classification into one learning algorithm. A proposed algorithm is directly usable with raw data and this deletes the need of a discrete feature extraction method resulting in more effective protective system. The proposed approach based on the three-phase voltages and currents signals of one end at the relay location in the transmission line system are taken as input to the proposed 1D-CNN algorithm. A 132kV power transmission line is simulated by Matlab simulink to prepare the training and testing data for the proposed 1D- CNN algorithm. The testing accuracy of the proposed algorithm is compared with other two conventional methods which are neural network and fuzzy neural network. The results of test explain that the new proposed detection system is efficient and fast for classifying and direction discrimination of fault in transmission line with high accuracy as compared with other conventional methods under various conditions of faults.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
Large-scale grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) station are increasing rapidly. However, this large penetration of PV system creates frequency fluctuation in the grid due to the intermittency of solar irradiance. Therefore, in this paper, a robust droop control mechanism of the battery energy storage system (BESS) is developed in order to damp the frequency fluctuation of the multi-machine grid system due to variable active power injected from the PV panel. The proposed droop control strategy incorporates frequency error signal and dead-band for effective minimization of frequency fluctuation. The BESS system is used to consume/inject an effective amount of active power based upon the frequency oscillation of the grid system. The simulation analysis is carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC software to prove the effectiveness of the proposed droop control-based BESS system. The simulation result implies that the proposed scheme can efficiently curtail the frequency oscillation.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The electrical distribution network is undergoing tremendous modifications with the introduction of distributed generation technologies which have led to an increase in fault current levels in the distribution network. Fault current limiters have been developed as a promising technology to limit fault current levels in power systems. Though, quite a number of fault current limiters have been developed; the most common are the superconducting fault current limiters, solid-state fault current limiters, and saturated core fault current limiters. These fault current limiters present potential fault current limiting solutions in power systems. Nevertheless, they encounter various challenges hindering their deployment and commercialization. This research aimed at designing a bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter with a novel topology for distribution network applications. The proposed bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter was designed and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed design in fault current limiting, voltage sag compensation during fault conditions, and its ability not to affect the load voltage and current during normal conditions as well as in suppressing the source powers during fault conditions. Simulation results also showed very minimal power loss by the fault current limiter during normal conditions.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
More from International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (20)
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. ISSN: 2088-8694
IJPEDS Vol. 8, No. 1, March 2017 : 417 – 433
418
The variable speed constant frequency (VSCF) generator system of the turbine is more important to
improve the effectiveness in capturing the maximum energy of the wind and the assistance of the high
quality, the efficiency and the power controllable, where the major challenge is the independent control of the
active and reactive power exchanged between the BDFG and the grid.
A generator of a wind turbine should be fully controllable so that it can operate at a speed of shaft
which is dependent on wind conditions to obtain the maximum output power. Furthermore, reactive power
control is important for the production of electricity, and consequently, the functionality of the generator
controller to regulate the power factor is essential. Because the BDFIG isn't stable over the complete running
speed range, a controller is required to stabilize the machine at the same time as achieving nice dynamic
overall performance in controlling the speed and reactive energy. Robustness and fast dynamic reaction are
critical capabilities of such a controller for wind-electricity programs [3].
Some strategies of control have been used up to now in this machine (scalar current control, direct
torque control, fuzzy power control, sliding mode power control, and the rotor flux oriented control. A new
vector controller using a dynamic model with a unified reference frame based on the PW flux was
investigated for the BDFM [4]. Furthermore simplified controller oriented with the PW stator flux with a
complete mathematical derivation frame has been exhibited. with some experimental results presented on
both speed and reactive power regulating [5].
Classical control strategies for grid side converter (GSC) systems regulate both the active power and
reactive power flow by controllingthe currentvector orientation with respect to the grid voltage vector. This
technique is referred to as voltage oriented control (VOC) [5],[6]. The VOC technique decomposes the AC
line currents into the direct and quadrature components by using the Park transformation. This makes
possible to regulate the active and reactive powers by controlling the decoupled AC currents, using current
controllers [7].
However, there are a new strategies used to control grid- tied VSI systems in this type of program
which include as the Direct Power Control (DPC). One of the fundamental qualities of the DPC is that the
control directly the instantaneous active and reactive powers instead of instantaneous AC line currents. The
DPC is mainly based on the principle of Direct Torque Control (DTC) for electrical machines [8]. In effect
the DTC guides the stator flux and controls the torque of AC machines according to a switching table.
Similarly, the DPC regulates instantaneous active and reactive powers by using an optimal switching table.
This table determines the VSI switchingstates by means of using the errors of power and the position of the
grid voltage vector.
This paper is dedicated to the study and control of the wind power system based on a BDFIG the use
of indirect control power of machine side converter (MSC) by using PI controller and (DPC) control of
(GSC) converter to control the voltage of the DC Link, MPPT method is carried out to extract the maximum
power available. Figure 1 show the schematic diagram of power and control circuits of WECS studied in this
paper.
MPPT
sp
Q ref
sp
P ref
m
ref
Q dc
V ref
sp
P sp
Q Q dc
V
AC/DC/AC
Converter
GRID
AC
AC DC
DC
BDFIG
PW
CW
C
Pm
GSC
Control
MSC
Control
Gearbox
WIND
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of a BDFIG based wind power system
3. IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694
Direct Power Control of Brushless Doubly-fed Induction Generator Used in Wind .... (A. Rahab)
419
2. WECS MODELLING
2.1. Aerodynamic Model
The wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy of wind into mechanical energy. Wind
power is defined as follows [9]:
2 3
1
2
v
P R v
(2)
The aerodynamic power (Pa) captured by the wind turbine is given by:
2 3
1
,
2
a p
P R C v
(3)
The wind turbine is characterized by its curve Cp=f(λ) [10]-[13].The tip speed ratio (λ) is expressed by the
following expression :
tur
R
v
(4)
Cp : power coefficient; ρ: density of air (1.25 Kg/m3);
v: wind speed; tur
W : wind turbine speed; R : turbine rayon.
The power coefficient Cp represents the aerodynamic efficiency of the wind turbine, it is determine
by [10] :
5 /
1 2 3 4 6
( , ) ( / ) i
c
i i
Cp c c c c e c
l
l b l b l
-
= + + + (5)
Where,
3
1 1 0.035
0.08 1
i
l l b b
= -
+ +
(6)
With,
1 0.51
c = , 2 116
c = , 3 0.5
c = , 4 5
c = , 5 21
c = and 6 0.0068
c = .
Figure 2 show the typical curves of the power coefficient. We note that the maximum (Cpmax) is
reached for: (l = 8 and b =0).
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
pmax
C =0.48
opt
λ =8.1
β=15
β=10
β=5
C
P
λ
β=0
Figure 2. Typical curve of power coefficient
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From this power the wind torque is given by:
3
. . 1
. .
2
a
a
tur tur
P S v
C Cp
r
= =
W W
(7)
The dynamics equation is :
. mec
mec
d
J C
dt
W
= (8)
2
tur
g
J
J J
G
= + (9)
With:
mec
C
: Total mechanical torque applied to the rotor;
J : is the total inertia that appears on the generator rotor.
The mechanical torque:
mec g em vis
C C C C
= - - (10)
2.2. BDFG model
The model of the brushless doubly fed induction generator in the PW synchronously rotating d-q
reference frame is expressed as [14]-[16].
( ( ) )
( ( ) )
0 ( )
0 ( )
sp
qsp sp qsp dsp
dsp
d sp sp dsp p qsp
dsc
d sc sc dsc p p c r qsc
qsc
qsc sc qsc p p c r dsc
dr
r dr p p r qr
qr
r qr p p r dr
d
v R i p
dt
d
v R i
dt
d
v R i p p
dt
d
v R i p p
dt
d
R i p
dt
d
R i p
dt
(11)
dsp sp dsp spr dr
qsp sp qsp spr qr
dsc sc dsc scr dr
qsc sc qsc scr qr
dr r dr scr dsc spr dsp
qr r qr scr qsc spr qsp
=L i +M i
=L i + M i
=L i + M i
=L i + L i
=L i + M i L i
=L i + M i + L i
ì F
ï
ï
ï
ï F
ï
ï
ï
ï F
ï
ï
í
ï F
ï
ï
ï F
ï
ï
ï
ï F
ï
ï
î
(12)
The electromagnetic torque is expressed as [10] :
em p spr qsp dr dsp qr c scr dsc qr qsc dr
C p M (i i -i i )+p M (i i -i i )
= (13)
The active and reactive powers of the stator of PW are defined as:
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(14)
. .
sqp sdp sdp sqp
Q V I V I
3
=
p 2
(15)
3. CONTROL STRATEGIES
3.1. Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique
It is evident that it is clear that the wind power is affected by the wind speed. The wind speed
increases with the height most rapidly near the ground, increasing less rapidly with greater height.The wind
speed at which electric power production starts called the cut-in wind speed. The turbine will developenough
mechanical power to rotate itself at slightly lower speeds, but this wind speed will actually supply all the
generator and transmission losses so that useful electric power cannot be produced. At rated wind speed the
power input to the wind turbine will reach the limit for continuous operation (rated power). When the wind
speed exceeds this level the excess power in the wind must be discarded by varying the pitch angle of the
blades to prevent the turbine overloading. The power is maintained at its rated value until a maximum wind
speed is reached the cut-off wind speed (Vcut-off) then the turbine will shut down Figure 3 [13].
I II III
Rated power
Cut-out wind speed
Rated wind speed
Cut-in wind speed
Wind Speed
Power
Figure 3. Wind turbine power curve characteristics
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) strategies play an important role in wind power conversion
systems (WECS) because they maximize the power extracted from thewind, and therefore optimize the
conversion efficiency [17].
Figure 4 shows the Power-Speed characteristics of the wind turbine, the peak power for each wind
speed occurs at the point where Cp is maximized. To maximize the power generated, it is therefore desirable
for the generator to have a power characteristic that will follow the maximum Cpmax line.
. .
sdp sdp sqp sqp
P V I V I
3
=
p 2
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0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
0
1000
2000
3000
Power
Output
(Wat)
Nm(rpm)
v = 7 m/s
v = 8,6 m/s
v = 10,2 m/s
v = 11,8 m/s
v = 13,4 m/s
v = 15 m/s
v = 16,6 m/s
Optimal Power
Cuve (PMPPT)
Figure 4. Characteristics curve of wind turbine
To extract the maximum power generated, we must maintain λ at the optimal command rotor speed
λopt. The coordinates of the optimal point is the maximum power coefficient Cp are ( λopt = 8.1, Cpmax = 0.48,
β = 0). Increasing β allows the reduction of mechanical power recovered from the axis of the wind turbine
(see Figure 4).
Two strategies are used in literature [18], with or without speed control. In this paper, we used the
strategy with speed control; it permits to conduct the speed wind turbine to the desired value which
corresponds to the maximum power point. The simplified representation of wind turbine model with speed
control in the form of diagram blocks is given in Figure 5.
+-
+-
Strategy of Speed Control
Turbine Gearbox Shaft
1
G
1
J.s+f
tur
Ω mec
Ω
mec
Ω
λ
β
v
opt_turb
Ω
G
opt_mec
Ω _ref
Cem
1
G
p
C
a
C mec
C
tur
R.Ω
v
opt
λ .v
R
0 5 10
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
p
C
β=20
β=15
β=10
β=5
β=2
β=0
opt
λ
pmax
C
PI
3
p
ρ 1
C . .S.v .
2 Ω
Figure. 5 Wind turbine model with speed control
3.2. Control of the BDFG with a PW field oriented
If the d-axis of the PW synchronous reference frame is aligned with the PW air gap flux, the Rp of
PW is neglected.Then, the relation between the PW voltage and its flux is:
0
.
dsp
qsp p p p
V
V V w
ì =
ï
ï
í
ï = = F
ï
î
(16)
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dsp sp dsp spr dr
sp qsp spr qr
=L i +M i
0=L i + M i
ì F
ï
ï
í
ï
ï
î
(17)
From (17), the equations linking the rotor currents to the PW currents are deduced as:
sp
dsp
spr spr
sp
qr qsp
spr
L
i
M M
L
i i
M
p
dr
i
ì F
ï
ï = -
ï
ï
ï
ï
í
ï
ï
ï = -
ï
ï
ï
î
(18)
Figure 6 shows the control algorithm of BDFIG
Figure 6. General Scheme control of BDFIG
This scheme is based on the cascade regulation method [4]. Two independent regulation paths are
implemented:
Reactive power control: sp
Q spd scd scd
i i V
® ® ®
Active power control: sp spq scq scq
P i i V
® ® ®
3.3. PW current Control
The current derivative (CW) is given by the equation:
sp
sp sp sp r sp sp r sp q
scd scd r
scd sp Rsp scq Rsp
spr scr spr scr scr scr spr scr
R L L L L L
di i R
= .i i i
dt M M M M dt M M M M
s s
w w
- - F - + (19)
scq sp sp sp r sp scq sp r sp
r
scq sp Rsp spq Rsp scq
spr scr spr scr spr scr spr
di R L L L di L L
R
= .i i i
dt M M M M dt M M M
s s
w w
- - F - + (20)
Relationships (19) and (20) can be rearranged into two terms:
(21)
xd sp
xq sp
=a . ( , , )
=a . ( , , )
scd
spd yd spq scq
scq
spq yq spd scd
di
i a i i
dt
di
i a i i
dt
+ F
+ F
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With :
sp sp sp r sp spd
xd spd
spr spr spr scr
sp r sp
r
yd p Rsp spq Rsp scq
spr scr spr scr
R L L L di
a = .i
M M M M dt
L L
R
a = i i
M M M M
s
s
w w
ì
ï
ï -
ï
ï
ï
ï
í
ï
ï
ï - F - +
ï
ï
ï
î
(22)
sp sp sp r sp spq
xq spq
spr s2r spr scr
sp r sp
r
yq sp Rsp spq Rsp scq
spr scr spr
R L L L di
a = .i .
M M M M dt
L L
R
a = . .i .i
M M M
s
s
w w
ì
ï
ï -
ï
ï
ï
ï
í
ï
ï
ï - F - +
ï
ï
ï
î
(23)
The axd( spd
i ) and axq( spq
i ) reflect a linear relationship between direct current vector components of
(PW) and (CW), while ayd( , ,
spq scq sp
i i F ) and ayq( , , ,
spq scd scq sp
i i i F ) represent the current coupling
between the cross vector components d and q.
3.4. CW current control
The current derivative (PW) is given by the equation:
spd spr scr sp r spr scr
scd r
scr spd sp Rsp sp sp spq Rsp scr scq
sp r sp spr spr r sp
di M M L R M M
di R
= (M . i ) .( L i M .i )
dt L L dt M M Lp L
w s w
s s
- + F + - (24)
spq spr scr scq sp r spr spr
r
scr spq sp Rsp sp sp spd Rsp scr scd
sp r sp spr spr sp r sp
di M M di L R M M
R
= (M . i ) .( L i M .i )
dt L L dt M M L L
j w s w
s s
- + + - + (25)
The tension of (CW) given by the equation:
scd xd spd yd spd spq scq sp
scq xq spq yq spd spq sp
v =b .i b (i ,i ,i , )
v =b .i b (i ,i ,id, )
ì
ï + F
ï
ï
í
ï + F
ï
ï
î
(26)
whose individual terms are:
2
2
scr scd
xd sp scd sc
r sp
spr scr r scr sp
scr r scr
yd spd sp p r spq Rsp Rsp c r sc scq
sp r sp sp r sp spr r sp
M di
b =R .i ( L )
L dt
M M R M L
M R M
b = i - p i ( p )L .i
L L L L M L
s
j w w w w
s s s
ì
ï
ï + -
ï
ï
ï
ï
í é ù
ï
ï ê ú
ï - + - -
ï ê ú
ï ê ú
ï ë û
î
(27)
2
1
2
scq
scr
xq sp scq sc
r sp
spr scr r sp scr sp
scr scr
yq spq p Rsp sp p r spq Rsp Rsp c r sc scd
sp r sp spr sp scr r sp
di
M
b =R .i ( L )
L dt
M M R M L
M M
b = i - .p p i ( p )L .i
L L M M L
s
s
w j w w w w
s s s
ì
ï
ï + -
ï
ï
ï
ï
í é ù é ù
ï -
ï ê ú ê ú
ï + + - -
ï ê ú ê ú
ï ê ú ê ú
ï ë û ë û
î
(28)
3.5. Active and reactive power Control
The expression of reactive power based on the flow and current is:
sp
3
Q = . . .
2
sp
sp sp spd spq
d
i i
dt
w
F
F - (29)
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2
sp 1
3 3 3
P = . . . . .
2 2 2
sp
sp sp spq spd s sp
d
i i R i
dt
w
F
F + + (30)
As (
sp
d
dt
F
=0 ) the term can be neglected in (ispq). The transfer function of the control sp
Q must consider the
dynamics of the closed loop control of ( spd
i ):
spd
sp
sp sp Rég _i
spd
Q ( s ) 3
= . .FT( s )
i ( s ) 2
w K (31)
The transfer functions for regulating Psp is:
spq
sp
sp sp Rég _i
spq
P ( s ) 3
= . .FT( s )
i ( s ) 2
w F (32)
3.6. Direct power control of GSC
The basic principle of the DPC is based on the well know Direct Torque Control (DTC) for
induction machines. In the DPC, the active and reactive powers replace the torque and flux amplitude used as
the controlled output in the DTC [8],[19],[20]. Figure 7 shows the configuration of the direct instantaneous
active and reactive power controller. Where the hysteresis comparators and a switching table are used.
Power and Voltage Calculation Switching Table Vdc
PI
+
-
AC
DC
Idc
C
P Q
and
abc
αβ
β
α
e
arctan( )
e
α
β
Vg
V1 (1 0 0)
V2 (1 1 0)
V3 (0 1 0)
V4 (0 1 1)
V6 (1 0 1)
V5 (0 0 1)
V0 (0 0 0)
V7 (1 1 1)
1
θ
2
θ
3
θ
4
θ
5
θ
6
θ
7
θ
8
θ
9
θ 10
θ
12
θ
11
θ
θ
-
+
-
+
θ
dc
V ref
ref
P
P Q a
e b
e c
e
α
e β
e
a
e b
e c
e a
i b
i c
i
R L
K
S
a
s b
s c
s
P
d Q
d
ref
Q
Figure 7. Block diagram of DPC
Comparing the instantaneous active power (P) at a reference power (Pref), this latter is obtained by
the DC voltage control block at the capacitor terminals, where we use a PI controller (Proportional,
integrator) tocontrol the error between the sensed voltage (continuous) and reference[18],[20],[21]. Whilst to
achieve a unity power factor, reactive power reference is directly imposed zero (Qref =0).
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α
β
Vg
V1 (1 0 0)
V2 (1 1 0)
V3 (0 1 0)
V4 (0 1 1)
V6 (1 0 1)
V5 (0 0 1)
V0 (0 0 0)
V7 (1 1 1)
1
θ
2
θ
3
θ
4
θ
5
θ
6
θ
7
θ
8
θ
9
θ 10
θ
12
θ
11
θ
θ
Figure 8. Twelve (12) sectors on stationary coordinates to specify voltage vector phase
For this purpose, the stationary coordinates are divided into12 sectors, as shown in Figure 8, and the
sectors can be numerically expressed as:
( ) ( )
2 1 1 2 3 12
6 6
n
n * n * ;n , , ....
p p
q
- £ £ - = (33)
1
0
ref P
P
ref P
forP P H
d
forP P H
ì £ -
ï
ï
= í
ï ³ -
ï
î
(34)
Similarly for reactive power controller:
1
0
ref Q
Q
ref Q
forQ Q H
d
forP Q H
ì £ -
ï
ï
= í
ï ³ -
ï
î
(35)
With, dp,dq are digitized error Signals of P and Q; θn: voltage phase ;(Sa, Sb, and Sc) : switching state.
Table 1. Switching Table for DPC
dp dQ θ1 θ2 θ3 θ4 θ5 θ6 θ7 θ8 θ9 θ10 θ11 θ12
1 0 101 111 100 000 110 111 010 000 011 111 001 000
1 1 111 111 000 000 111 111 000 000 111 111 000 000
0 0 101 100 100 110 110 010 010 011 011 001 001 101
0 1 100 110 110 010 010 011 011 001 001 101 101 100
The instantaneous input active and reactive powers of three phase rectifier are generally defined as:
a a b b c c
P e .i e .i e .i
= + + (36)
( ) ( ) ( )
1
3
b c a c a b a b c
Q e e i e e i e e i
é ù
= - + - + -
ë û (37)
arctan
e
e
b
a
q
æ ö
÷
ç ÷
= ç ÷
ç ÷
ç
è ø
(38)
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4. SIMULATION RESULTS
The simulation was performed with the Matlab / Simulink software to validate the commands
studied in this work.We realized two operating points, one on the step of speed (see Figure 9(a))and other
variable speed (see wind profil Figure 16(a)).The wind speed is modelled by deterministic form a sum of
several harmonics:
( )
0
0
n
wind i i
i
V in t
V V s w
=
=
+ å (39)
The parameters of BDFIG used of this study are given in Table 1.
Table 3. BDFIG Parametres [4]
Power Windin (PW) Control Windin(CW) Rotor
1.732
sp
R = W 1.079
sc
R = W 0.473
r
R = W
714.8
sp
L mH
= 121.7
sc
L mH
= 132.6
r
L mH
=
242.1
spr
M mH
= 59.8
spr
M mH
=
=50Hz
1
p
P = 3
c
P =
=142mH =1.65
Concerning the results of the simulations, two cases have been analyzed corresponding to the
profiles of wind respectively represented , by the Figures 9(a) and 16(a). However for the two (2) profiles :
The speeds (see Figures 9(b) and 16(b) ) are almost adapted to the wind speed, respective, resulting
in a very significant increase of the power. By elsewhere, the speed is less than that of the synchrony (750
tr/m). This technique of extraction of the maximum of power is to determine the speed of the turbine which
allows you to get the maximum of power generated. Also, we note that the amplitudes of the current of
phases as the winding of power and control (Figures 10(a), 11(a), 17(a) and 18(a)), consequencement change,
with the variation of the speed of the wind and that their forms sinusoidal are given by the figures (10(b),
11(b), 17(b) and 18(b)).
First According to the Figures(12(a), 19(a)) and their zoom illustrat by 12(b) and 19(b),
respectively, it may be noted the robustness of the vector command in term of decoupling and the good
results obtained by the regulation the active and reactive power, second, we show that a small variation of
the wind can induce a large variation in the power extracted (mechanical power), because of the
proportionality of this last to the average value of the cubic speed of the wind.
We distinguishes the sinusoidal shape of the current of phase of the PW and the reactive power is
zero, which translated the production of electrical energy under unit power factor.
The MPPT strategy we allows to provide the totality of the active power produced at the electrical
network with a unit power factor. However, the command decoupled from the active and reactive power
allows to regulate the active and reactive power provided to the network. Figures 13 and 20 shows the CW
current components idc and iqc. This components imposent, respectivement, the reactive power (Q) and
active power (P).
The component in squaring of the flow (fluxqp) of (PW) cancels in permanent regime, and the direct
component of the flow (PW) (fluxdp) is equal to the value (-1.1 Wb) (see Figure 14 and 21), and the brusque
variation of the active power (Psp) has no influence on the flow of (PW). The Figures 14 shows the flow of
BP, one distinguishes the orientation of the flow on the direct axis, such as fluxdp = 0, this justifies that the
command to flow oriented.
The variation of the electrical power delivered to the network is adapted to the variation
consequence of the speed of the BDFIG, and the latter is adapted to the variation in the wind speed of the
wind. This shows the influence of the variation of the mechanical speed as a function of the speed of the
wind on the electrical power produced.
It was also noted that the simulation results show a continued good set point for the stator currents
(PW) and (CW). The instructions of power are well followed by the generator as well for the active power
that for the reactive power which is maintained zero. The stator frequency of the machine (control winding)
depends on the speed of rotation of the turbine.
p
f
r
L r
r
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Figures 15 and 20 shows that the voltage of continuous bus (Vdc) stabilizes on its reference value
(600 V) imposed by the command, and The continuing tension in output of the rectifier is well controlled
and quasi-insensitive to variations in the speed.
Figure 9. Wind Speed, Rotor Speed
Figure 10. Phase PW current of phase-a and zoom
Figure 11. Phase CW current of phase –a and zoom
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Figure 12. Power of PW
Figure 13. d-q CW Current
Figure 14. d-q PW Flux
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Figure 15. DC link Voltage
Figure 16. Wind Speed, Rotor Speed
Figure 17. Phase PW current
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Figure 18. Phase CW current
Figure 19. Power of PW
Figure 20. d-q CW Currents
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Figure 21. d-q PW Flux
Figure 22. DC link Voltage
5. CONCLUSION
This work dealt with the modelling and control of a wind system with variable speed based on a
brushless doubly fed induction generator. First, we have interested in modeling various parts of the wind
turbine system, in order to establish the various controls on the two converters (MSC and GSC). The PW flux
vector control is oriented to apply independent control of active power and reactive. Direct power control
applied to the GSC converter to maintain constant DC link voltage and the technique of MPPT is applied to
provide all of the active power generated to the grid with unity power factor .The results showed that the
active and reactive power of the wind energy system could be controlled independently while ensuring
optimum active power supplied to the grid, DPC applied to the GSC provides excellent dynamic response
and good steady state performances. The results of the simulation show that performance system is
encouraging.
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